EUVD-2026-41901Severity by source
AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
Untrusted .gd input decoded without user interaction gives AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N; impact is memory-exhaustion DoS only, so C:N/I:N/A:H.
Primary rating from Vendor (GitHub_M).
CVSS VectorVendor: GitHub_M
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
Lifecycle Timeline
2Blast Radius
ecosystem impact- 85,213 pypi packages depend on pillow (18,358 direct, 68,183 indirect)
Ecosystem-wide dependent count for version 12.3.0.
DescriptionCVE.org
Pillow is a Python imaging library. Prior to 12.3.0, PIL/GdImageFile.py GdImageFile._open() read image dimensions from the GD 2.x header and stored them in self._size without calling Image._decompression_bomb_check(), allowing a crafted .gd file to trigger excessive C-heap allocation when loaded. This issue is fixed in version 12.3.0.
Articles & Coverage 1
AnalysisAI
Denial-of-service via memory exhaustion in Python Pillow before 12.3.0 allows a crafted GD-format (.gd) image to trigger excessive C-heap allocation when opened, because GdImageFile._open() reads image dimensions straight from the GD 2.x header without invoking Pillow's Image._decompression_bomb_check() guard. Any application that loads untrusted .gd files with a vulnerable Pillow version can be crashed or driven into out-of-memory conditions. …
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Attack ChainAIDerived
Hypothetical attack flow derived from CVE metadata
Vulnerability AssessmentAI
| Exploitation | Exploitation requires that the target application actually loads and decodes an attacker-supplied file in the libgd 'GD' 2.x format through Pillow's GdImageFile plugin (e.g. … Additional conditions and limiting factors are described in the full assessment. |
| Risk Assessment | The CVSS 3.1 vector (AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H, score 7.5) reflects a pure availability impact - no confidentiality or integrity loss - which contradicts the source 'Information Disclosure' tag; treat that tag as mislabeled, since the code path only causes excessive allocation, not data leakage. … Full risk analysis with EPSS, KEV, and SSVC signal comparison available after sign-in. |
| Exploit Scenario | An attacker uploads a small crafted .gd file whose GD 2.x header declares enormous width and height values to a web service that uses Pillow to open user-submitted images. When the server calls Image.open() on the file, GdImageFile._open() trusts the header dimensions and drives a massive C-heap allocation, exhausting memory and crashing the worker or host. … |
| Remediation | Vendor-released patch: upgrade Pillow to version 12.3.0 or later, which adds the missing Image._decompression_bomb_check() call to the GD plugin (commit f39b0ae6624eb2d7c5c5d651d9bb5fdbd96a8675; advisory GHSA-phj9-mv4w-65pm). … Detailed patch versions, workarounds, and compensating controls in full report. |
Recommended ActionAI
Within 24 hours: Identify all applications using Pillow versions before 12.3.0; disable or block GD file format handling. …
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