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Vulnerability Assessment

Weakness
CWE
CWE-362
OWASP Top 10:2025
A06:2025 - Insecure Design
ASVS 5.0
V15 - Secure Coding and Architecture Concurrency control, locking
MITRE ATT&CK

1 technique across 1 tactic: Privilege Escalation

The technique list with ATT&CK links and the kill-chain view is part of the Basic plan and up.

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Impact

CVSS score of 6.4 (MEDIUM). Attack characteristics: local attack vector, high complexity, high privileges required, no user interaction not required.
Exploit ScenarioDerived

Successful exploitation could compromise the medium-severity affected system.
This Month Plan within 30 days. Why: MEDIUM severity (CVSS 4.0-6.9).
Patch available 1.0% exploitation probability (EPSS)

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AnalysisAI

GRUB2 contains a race condition in grub_script_function_create() leading to a use-after-free vulnerability which can be triggered by redefining a function whilst the same function is already. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.4).

RemediationAI

A vendor patch is available. Apply the latest security update as soon as possible. Apply vendor patches when available. Implement network segmentation and monitoring as interim mitigations.

Affects your stack

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Technical ContextAI · show details

This vulnerability is classified under CWE-362. GRUB2 contains a race condition in grub_script_function_create() leading to a use-after-free vulnerability which can be triggered by redefining a function whilst the same function is already executing, leading to arbitrary code execution and secure boot restriction bypass.04 and prior versions. Affected products include: Gnu Grub2, Redhat Enterprise Linux Atomic Host, Redhat Openshift Container Platform, Canonical Ubuntu Linux, Debian Debian Linux. Version information: version 2.04.

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  • Exploit and PoC references, threat intelligence from 22 sources
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Severity by source

NVD PRIMARY 6.4 MEDIUM
AV:L/AC:H/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

Primary rating from NVD · only source for this CVE.

CVSS VectorNVD

Attack Vector
Local
Attack Complexity
High
Privileges Required
High
User Interaction
None
Scope
Unchanged
Confidentiality
High
Integrity
High
Availability
High

DescriptionNVD

GRUB2 contains a race condition in grub_script_function_create() leading to a use-after-free vulnerability which can be triggered by redefining a function whilst the same function is already executing, leading to arbitrary code execution and secure boot restriction bypass. This issue affects GRUB2 version 2.04 and prior versions.

Threat Intelligence Overview

EPSS Score
1.0%
Top 42% exploitable
Data Quality
2 sources
Confidence: Low
NVD CVE.org EPSS

How this decision was reached

The engine reads each signal below and applies a fixed list of rules from top to bottom. The first rule that matches sets the recommended action – like a statement, every line is shown.

SignalValue
Severity MEDIUM
CISA KEV No
Public POC No
EPSS 1.0%
Patch available Yes
Active threat No
Deciding rule
MEDIUM severity (CVSS 4.0-6.9)
What every action level means
Emergency Immediate action required. Criteria: CRITICAL + in CISA KEV (actively exploited) without patch, OR CRITICAL + EPSS > 30% without patch, OR CRITICAL + active threat signals without patch.
Act Now Prioritize within 24-48h. Criteria: in KEV with patch available, OR CRITICAL + public POC, OR HIGH + EPSS > 10%, OR CRITICAL + active threat, OR any CRITICAL severity.
This Week Schedule remediation this week. Criteria: HIGH severity (CVSS 7.0-8.9). Patch within normal change window.
This Month Plan within 30 days. Criteria: MEDIUM severity (CVSS 4.0-6.9), lower exploitation probability. Include in regular patch cycle.
Monitor Track and reassess. Criteria: LOW severity (CVSS 0.1-3.9), minimal exploitation risk. No immediate action needed.

SSVC AssessmentENISA

SSVC Decision· derived
Defer
Exploitation· derived
None
System Exposure· derived
Small
Automatable· derived
No
Human Impact· derived
Medium

Priority Score

33
Low Medium High Critical
KEV: 0
EPSS: +1
CVSS: +32
PoC: 0
Weaponized: 0
Threat intel: 0
Gov advisory: 0

Attack Technique

Race Condition MEDIUM

Race conditions occur when multiple concurrent requests exploit the brief time gap between checking a condition and acting upon it (TOCTOU - Time of Check, Time of Use).

Remote Code Execution CRITICAL

Remote Code Execution represents the critical moment when an attacker successfully runs arbitrary code on a target system without physical access.

Affected Products (CPE)NVD

cpe:2.3:a:gnu:grub2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:redhat:enterprise_linux_atomic_host:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:redhat:openshift_container_platform:4.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:o:canonical:ubuntu_linux:14.04:*:*:*:esm:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:o:canonical:ubuntu_linux:16.04:*:*:*:lts:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:o:canonical:ubuntu_linux:18.04:*:*:*:lts:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:o:canonical:ubuntu_linux:20.04:*:*:*:lts:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:o:debian:debian_linux:10.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:o:redhat:enterprise_linux:7.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:o:redhat:enterprise_linux:8.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:o:suse:suse_linux_enterprise_server:11:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:o:suse:suse_linux_enterprise_server:12:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:o:suse:suse_linux_enterprise_server:15:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_10:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_10:1607:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_10:1709:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_10:1803:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_10:1809:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_10:1903:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_10:1909:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
+ 16 more

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An out-of-bounds read flaw was found on grub2's NTFS filesystem driver. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.6), this vulnerabi
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CVE-2025-0678 HIGH
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A flaw was found in grub2. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch

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A flaw was found in the HFS filesystem. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No

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When reading data from a hfs filesystem, grub's hfs filesystem module uses user-controlled parameters from the filesyste

Same weakness CWE-362 – Race Condition

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CVE-2023-36884 HIGH POC
7.5
CVE-2016-5195 HIGH POC
7.0
CVE-2017-1000112 HIGH POC
7.0
CVE-2014-0196 MEDIUM POC
5.5
CVE-2014-0226 MEDIUM POC
6.8
CVE-2016-1757 HIGH POC
7.0
CVE-2016-8655 HIGH POC
7.8
CVE-2025-39964 MEDIUM POC
5.5

Same technique RCE

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CVE-2021-44228 CRITICAL POC
10.0
CVE-2017-7269 CRITICAL POC
9.8
CVE-2022-47966 CRITICAL POC
9.8
CVE-2012-4681 CRITICAL POC
9.8
CVE-2023-3519 CRITICAL POC
9.8
CVE-2015-5119 CRITICAL POC
9.8
CVE-2016-4117 CRITICAL POC
9.8
CVE-2015-3113 CRITICAL POC
9.8

References

Advisories & patches
PATCH https://portal.msrc.microsoft.com/en-US/security-guidance/advisory/ADV200011 ADVISORY https://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/grub-devel/2020-07/msg00034.html REF http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2020-08/msg00016.html REF http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2020-08/msg00017.html REF http://ubuntu.com/security/notices/USN-4432-1 REF http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2020/07/29/3 REF https://access.redhat.com/security/vulnerabilities/grub2bootloader REF https://security.gentoo.org/glsa/202104-05 REF https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20200731-0008/ REF https://usn.ubuntu.com/4432-1/ REF https://wiki.ubuntu.com/SecurityTeam/KnowledgeBase/GRUB2SecureBootBypass REF https://www.debian.org/security/2020-GRUB-UEFI-SecureBoot REF https://www.debian.org/security/2020/dsa-4735 REF https://www.eclypsium.com/2020/07/29/theres-a-hole-in-the-boot/ REF https://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2020/07/29/3 REF https://www.suse.com/c/suse-addresses-grub2-secure-boot-issue/ REF https://www.suse.com/support/kb/doc/?id=000019673

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