Skip to main content

Grub2 CVE-2025-1125

HIGH
Out-of-bounds Write (CWE-787)
2025-03-03 secalert@redhat.com
RCE Buffer Overflow Memory Corruption Grub2 Gnu
7.8
CVSS 3.1 · Vendor: redhat
View

Vulnerability Assessment

Weakness
CWE
CWE-787
OWASP Top 10:2025
A06:2021 - Vulnerable and Outdated Components
ASVS 5.0
V15 - Secure Coding and Architecture Bounds checking, write limits
MITRE ATT&CK

2 techniques across 2 tactics: Execution, Privilege Escalation

The technique list with ATT&CK links and the kill-chain view is part of the Basic plan and up.

Sign in to read
Impact

CVSS score of 7.8 (HIGH). Attack characteristics: local attack vector, low complexity, no privileges required, user interaction required. EPSS exploitation probability: 0.03%.
Exploit ScenarioDerived

A local attacker with access to the system could write data beyond allocated buffer boundaries leading to code execution or crashes. No authentication is required to exploit this vulnerability.
This Week Schedule remediation this week. Why: HIGH severity (CVSS 7.0-8.9).
Patch available 0.0% exploitation probability (EPSS)

Get an e-mail when this CVE is exploited, patched or re-scored. Free account.

Alert me

AnalysisAIv1 – Mar 28, 2026

When reading data from a hfs filesystem, grub's hfs filesystem module uses user-controlled parameters from the filesystem metadata to calculate the internal buffers size, however it misses to. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.

RemediationAI

No vendor patch is available at time of analysis. Monitor vendor advisories for updates. Validate write boundaries, use memory-safe languages, enable compiler protections (ASLR, stack canaries).

Affects your stack

Find out whether the stacks and servers you run are on an affected version.

Checking this CVE against your own stacks and servers is part of the Basic plan and up.

Sign in to check
Technical ContextAI · show details

This vulnerability is classified as Out-of-bounds Write (CWE-787), which allows attackers to write data beyond allocated buffer boundaries leading to code execution or crashes. When reading data from a hfs filesystem, grub's hfs filesystem module uses user-controlled parameters from the filesystem metadata to calculate the internal buffers size, however it misses to properly check for integer overflows. A maliciouly crafted filesystem may lead some of those buffer size calculation to overflow, causing it to perform a grub_malloc() operation with a smaller size than expected. As a result the hfsplus_open_compressed_real() function will write past of the internal buffer length. This flaw may be leveraged to corrupt grub's internal critical data and may result in arbitrary code execution by-passing secure boot protections. Affected products include: Gnu Grub2.

Know when Grub2 gets its next vulnerability

  • Watch products and get an email when something new is published
  • Check this CVE against your own stack and servers
  • Exploit and PoC references, threat intelligence from 22 sources
Continue with Google Continue with GitHub

No credit card · 7-day full trial

Severity by source

Vendor (redhat) PRIMARY 7.8 HIGH
AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
SUSE HIGH
Red Hat 7.8 MEDIUM

Primary rating from Vendor (redhat).

CVSS VectorVendor: redhat

Attack Vector
Local
Attack Complexity
Low
Privileges Required
None
User Interaction
Required
Scope
Unchanged
Confidentiality
High
Integrity
High
Availability
High

Lifecycle Timeline

2
Patch released
Apr 05, 2026 - 02:30 nvd
Patch available
CVE Published
Mar 03, 2025 - 15:15 nvd
HIGH 7.8

DescriptionCVE.org

When reading data from a hfs filesystem, grub's hfs filesystem module uses user-controlled parameters from the filesystem metadata to calculate the internal buffers size, however it misses to properly check for integer overflows. A maliciouly crafted filesystem may lead some of those buffer size calculation to overflow, causing it to perform a grub_malloc() operation with a smaller size than expected. As a result the hfsplus_open_compressed_real() function will write past of the internal buffer length. This flaw may be leveraged to corrupt grub's internal critical data and may result in arbitrary code execution by-passing secure boot protections.

Executive ViewAI

Why It Matters

CVE-2025-1125 presents notable security risk, a out-of-bounds write vulnerability rated CVSS 7.8. Exploitation could allow attackers to corrupt memory, crash the application, or potentially execute arbitrary code. Organizations should apply vendor updates when available and consider compensating controls in the interim.

Business Impact: High
Compensating Controls

Apply vendor patch. If immediate patching is not feasible: (1) Enable ASLR and DEP where available; (2) Implement network segmentation; (3) Monitor for exploitation indicators.

Threat Intelligence Overview

EPSS Score
0.0%
Top 91% exploitable
Data Quality
4 sources
Confidence: Medium
NVD CVE.org EPSS Vendor

How this decision was reached

The engine reads each signal below and applies a fixed list of rules from top to bottom. The first rule that matches sets the recommended action – like a statement, every line is shown.

SignalValue
Severity HIGH
CISA KEV No
Public POC No
EPSS 0.0%
Patch available Yes
Active threat No
Deciding rule
HIGH severity (CVSS 7.0-8.9)
What every action level means
Emergency Immediate action required. Criteria: CRITICAL + in CISA KEV (actively exploited) without patch, OR CRITICAL + EPSS > 30% without patch, OR CRITICAL + active threat signals without patch.
Act Now Prioritize within 24-48h. Criteria: in KEV with patch available, OR CRITICAL + public POC, OR HIGH + EPSS > 10%, OR CRITICAL + active threat, OR any CRITICAL severity.
This Week Schedule remediation this week. Criteria: HIGH severity (CVSS 7.0-8.9). Patch within normal change window.
This Month Plan within 30 days. Criteria: MEDIUM severity (CVSS 4.0-6.9), lower exploitation probability. Include in regular patch cycle.
Monitor Track and reassess. Criteria: LOW severity (CVSS 0.1-3.9), minimal exploitation risk. No immediate action needed.

SSVC AssessmentENISA

SSVC Decision· derived
Scheduled
Exploitation· derived
None
System Exposure· derived
Small
Automatable· derived
No
Human Impact
High

Priority Score

39
Low Medium High Critical
KEV: 0
EPSS: 0
CVSS: +39
PoC: 0
Weaponized: 0
Threat intel: 0
Gov advisory: 0

Attack Technique

Buffer Overflow HIGH

A buffer overflow occurs when a program writes more data to a memory buffer than it was allocated to hold, causing the excess data to spill into adjacent memory regions.

Memory Corruption HIGH

Memory corruption occurs when a program writes data beyond the boundaries of allocated memory regions or accesses memory in unintended ways, violating the integrity of the process's address space.

Remote Code Execution CRITICAL

Remote Code Execution represents the critical moment when an attacker successfully runs arbitrary code on a target system without physical access.

Affected Products (CPE)CVE.org

cpe:2.3:a:gnu:grub2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*

More in Grub2

View all
CVE-2015-8370 HIGH POC
7.4 Dec 16

Multiple integer underflows in Grub2 1.98 through 2.02 allow physically proximate attackers to bypass authentication, ob
CVE-2023-4692 HIGH POC
7.8 Oct 25

An out-of-bounds write flaw was found in grub2's NTFS filesystem driver. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerabil
CVE-2024-2312 MEDIUM POC
6.7 Apr 05

GRUB2 does not call the module fini functions on exit, leading to Debian/Ubuntu's peimage GRUB2 module leaving UEFI syst
CVE-2020-15707 MEDIUM POC
6.4 Jul 29

Integer overflows were discovered in the functions grub_cmd_initrd and grub_initrd_init in the efilinux component of GRU
CVE-2024-56737 HIGH
8.8 Dec 29

GNU GRUB (aka GRUB2) through 2.12 has a heap-based buffer overflow in fs/hfs.c via crafted sblock data in an HFS filesys
CVE-2023-4693 MEDIUM POC
4.6 Oct 25

An out-of-bounds read flaw was found on grub2's NTFS filesystem driver. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.6), this vulnerabi
CVE-2022-2601 HIGH
8.6 Dec 14

A buffer overflow was found in grub_font_construct_glyph(). Rated high severity (CVSS 8.6), this vulnerability is no aut
CVE-2021-20233 HIGH
8.2 Mar 03

A flaw was found in grub2 in versions prior to 2.06. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.2), this vulnerability is low attack co
CVE-2020-10713 HIGH
8.2 Jul 30

A flaw was found in grub2, prior to version 2.06. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.2), this vulnerability is low attack compl
CVE-2025-0678 HIGH
7.8 Mar 03

A flaw was found in grub2. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch

CVE-2024-45782 HIGH
7.8 Mar 03

A flaw was found in the HFS filesystem. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No

CVE-2025-0689 HIGH
7.8 Mar 03

When reading data from disk, the grub's UDF filesystem module utilizes the user controlled data length metadata to alloc

Same weakness CWE-787 – Out-of-bounds Write

View all
CVE-2015-3113 CRITICAL POC
9.8
CVE-2011-2462 CRITICAL POC
9.8
CVE-2012-1889 HIGH POC
8.8
CVE-2010-3333 HIGH POC
7.8
CVE-2014-1761 HIGH POC
7.8
CVE-2009-3129 HIGH POC
7.8
CVE-2021-1732 HIGH POC
7.8
CVE-2013-3346 CRITICAL POC
9.8

Same technique RCE

View all
CVE-2021-44228 CRITICAL POC
10.0
CVE-2017-7269 CRITICAL POC
9.8
CVE-2022-47966 CRITICAL POC
9.8
CVE-2012-4681 CRITICAL POC
9.8
CVE-2023-3519 CRITICAL POC
9.8
CVE-2015-5119 CRITICAL POC
9.8
CVE-2016-4117 CRITICAL POC
9.8

Vendor StatusVendor

SUSE

Severity: High
Product Status
Container suse/manager/5.0/x86_64/server:5.0.4.7.19.1 Affected
Container suse/sl-micro/6.0/base-os-container:2.1.3-7.30 Affected
Container suse/sl-micro/6.1/base-os-container:2.2.1-5.40 Affected
Container suse/sle-micro-rancher/5.2:latest Image SLES15-SP3-BYOS-Azure Image SLES15-SP3-BYOS-GCE Image SLES15-SP3-HPC-BYOS-Azure Image SLES15-SP3-HPC-BYOS-GCE Image SLES15-SP3-Micro-5-2-BYOS-Azure Image SLES15-SP3-Micro-5-2-BYOS-GCE Image SLES15-SP3-SAP-Azure-VLI-BYOS-Production Image SLES15-SP3-SAP-BYOS-Azure Image SLES15-SP3-SAP-BYOS-GCE Image SLES15-SP3-SAPCAL-Azure Image SLES15-SP3-SAPCAL-GCE Affected
Container suse/sle-micro-rancher/5.3:latest Container suse/sle-micro-rancher/5.4:latest Image SLES15-SP4-BYOS-Azure Image SLES15-SP4-BYOS-GCE Image SLES15-SP4-CHOST-BYOS-Azure Image SLES15-SP4-CHOST-BYOS-GCE Image SLES15-SP4-CHOST-BYOS-SAP-CCloud Image SLES15-SP4-HPC-BYOS-Azure Image SLES15-SP4-HPC-BYOS-GCE Image SLES15-SP4-HPC-GCE Image SLES15-SP4-Hardened-BYOS-Azure Image SLES15-SP4-Hardened-BYOS-GCE Image SLES15-SP4-Manager-Proxy-4-3-BYOS Image SLES15-SP4-Manager-Proxy-4-3-BYOS-Azure Image SLES15-SP4-Manager-Proxy-4-3-BYOS-GCE Image SLES15-SP4-Manager-Server-4-3-BYOS Image SLES15-SP4-Manager-Server-4-3-BYOS-Azure Image SLES15-SP4-Manager-Server-4-3-BYOS-GCE Image SLES15-SP4-SAP-Azure Image SLES15-SP4-SAP-Azure-LI-BYOS Image SLES15-SP4-SAP-Azure-LI-BYOS-Production Image SLES15-SP4-SAP-Azure-VLI-BYOS Image SLES15-SP4-SAP-Azure-VLI-BYOS-Production Image SLES15-SP4-SAP-BYOS-Azure Image SLES15-SP4-SAP-BYOS-GCE Image SLES15-SP4-SAP-GCE Image SLES15-SP4-SAP-Hardened Image SLES15-SP4-SAP-Hardened-Azure Image SLES15-SP4-SAP-Hardened-BYOS-Azure Image SLES15-SP4-SAP-Hardened-BYOS-GCE Image SLES15-SP4-SAP-Hardened-GCE Image SLES15-SP4-SAPCAL-Azure Image SLES15-SP4-SAPCAL-GCE Affected

References

Advisories & patches
ADVISORY https://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/grub-devel/2025-02/msg00024.html ADVISORY https://www.suse.com/support/update/SUSE-SU-2025:01961/ ADVISORY https://www.suse.com/support/update/SUSE-SU-2025:0586/ ADVISORY https://www.suse.com/support/update/SUSE-SU-2025:0587/ ADVISORY https://www.suse.com/support/update/SUSE-SU-2025:0588/ ADVISORY https://www.suse.com/support/update/SUSE-SU-2025:0607/ ADVISORY https://www.suse.com/support/update/SUSE-SU-2025:0629/ ADVISORY https://www.suse.com/support/update/SUSE-SU-2025:14822/ ADVISORY https://www.suse.com/support/update/SUSE-SU-2025:20511/ ADVISORY https://www.suse.com/support/update/SUSE-SU-2025:20863/ REF https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2025-1125 REF https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2346138

Search Externally

GitHub PoC Exploit-DB PacketStorm Snyk Rapid7 Nuclei Templates Trickest PoC
Back

This site uses cookies essential for authentication and security. No tracking or analytics cookies are used. Privacy Policy