Information Disclosure
Information disclosure occurs when an application unintentionally exposes sensitive data that aids attackers in reconnaissance or directly compromises security.
How It Works
Information disclosure occurs when an application unintentionally exposes sensitive data that aids attackers in reconnaissance or directly compromises security. This happens through multiple channels: verbose error messages that display stack traces revealing internal paths and frameworks, improperly secured debug endpoints left active in production, and misconfigured servers that expose directory listings or version control artifacts like .git folders. APIs often leak excessive data in responses—returning full user objects when only a name is needed, or revealing system internals through metadata fields.
Attackers exploit these exposures systematically. They probe for common sensitive files (.env, config.php, backup archives), trigger error conditions to extract framework details, and analyze response timing or content differences to enumerate valid usernames or resources. Even subtle variations—like "invalid password" versus "user not found"—enable account enumeration. Exposed configuration files frequently contain database credentials, API keys, or internal service URLs that unlock further attack vectors.
The attack flow typically starts with passive reconnaissance: examining HTTP headers, JavaScript bundles, and public endpoints for version information and architecture clues. Active probing follows—testing predictable paths, manipulating parameters to trigger exceptions, and comparing responses across similar requests to identify information leakage patterns.
Impact
- Credential compromise: Exposed configuration files, hardcoded secrets in source code, or API keys enable direct authentication bypass
- Attack surface mapping: Stack traces, framework versions, and internal paths help attackers craft targeted exploits for known vulnerabilities
- Data breach: Direct exposure of user data, payment information, or proprietary business logic through oversharing APIs or accessible backups
- Privilege escalation pathway: Internal URLs, service discovery information, and architecture details facilitate lateral movement and SSRF attacks
- Compliance violations: GDPR, PCI-DSS, and HIPAA penalties for exposing regulated data through preventable disclosures
Real-World Examples
A major Git repository exposure affected thousands of websites when .git folders remained accessible on production servers, allowing attackers to reconstruct entire source code histories including deleted commits containing credentials. Tools like GitDumper automated mass exploitation of this misconfiguration.
Cloud storage misconfigurations have repeatedly exposed sensitive data when companies left S3 buckets or Azure Blob containers publicly readable. One incident exposed 150 million voter records because verbose API error messages revealed the storage URL structure, and no authentication was required.
Framework debug modes left enabled in production have caused numerous breaches. Django's DEBUG=True setting exposed complete stack traces with database queries and environment variables, while Laravel's debug pages revealed encryption keys through the APP_KEY variable in environment dumps.
Mitigation
- Generic error pages: Return uniform error messages to users; log detailed exceptions server-side only
- Disable debug modes: Enforce production configurations that suppress stack traces, verbose logging, and debug endpoints through deployment automation
- Access control audits: Restrict or remove development artifacts (
.git, backup files,phpinfo()) and internal endpoints before deployment - Response minimization: API responses should return only necessary fields; implement allowlists rather than blocklists for data exposure
- Security headers: Deploy
X-Content-Type-Options, remove server version banners, and disable directory indexing - Timing consistency: Ensure authentication and validation responses take uniform time regardless of input validity
Recent CVEs (68061)
A remote code execution vulnerability in Linkwarden (CVSS 8.7). High severity vulnerability requiring prompt remediation.
A data exfiltration vulnerability exists in Anthropic’s deprecated Slack Model Context Protocol (MCP) Server via automatic link unfurling. When an AI agent using the Slack MCP Server processes untrusted data, it can be manipulated to generate messages containing attacker-crafted hyperlinks embedding sensitive data. Slack’s link preview bots (e.g., Slack-LinkExpanding, Slackbot, Slack-ImgProxy) will then issue outbound requests to the attacker-controlled URL, resulting in zero-click exfiltration of private data.
An information disclosure vulnerability exists in Ruijie NBR series routers (known to affect NBR2000G, NBR1300G, and NBR1000 models) via the /WEB_VMS/LEVEL15/ endpoint. By crafting a specific POST request with modified Cookie headers and specially formatted parameters, an unauthenticated attacker can retrieve administrative account credentials in plaintext. This flaw allows direct disclosure of sensitive user data due to improper authentication checks and insecure backend logic. Exploitation evidence was observed by the Shadowserver Foundation on 2025-02-05 UTC.
A security vulnerability in the WebGUI for CLI deactivation in Infinera G42 (CVSS 4.9) that allows an authenticated administrator. Remediation should follow standard vulnerability management procedures.
CVE-2025-46647 is a security vulnerability (CVSS 5.3). Remediation should follow standard vulnerability management procedures.
A security vulnerability in SFTP service in Infinera G42 (CVSS 6.5) that allows remote authenticated users. Remediation should follow standard vulnerability management procedures.
Lack or insufficent input validation in WebGUI CLI web in Infinera G42 version R6.1.3 allows remote authenticated users to read all OS files via crafted CLI commands. Details: The web interface based management of the Infinera G42 appliance enables the feature of executing a restricted set of commands. This feature also offers the option to execute a script-file already present on the target device. When a non-script or incorrect file is specified, the content of the file is shown along with an error message. Due to an execution of the http service with a privileged user all files on the file system can be viewed this way.
The misconfiguration in the sudoers configuration of the operating system in Infinera G42 version R6.1.3 allows low privileged OS users to read/write physical memory via devmem command line tool. This could allow sensitive information disclosure, denial of service, and privilege escalation by tampering with kernel memory. Details: The output of "sudo -l" reports the presence of "devmem" command executable as super user without using a password. This command allows to read and write an arbitrary memory area of the target device, specifying an absolute address.
CVE-2025-24334 is a security vulnerability (CVSS 3.3). Remediation should follow standard vulnerability management procedures.
A security vulnerability in Nokia Single RAN AirScale baseband (CVSS 7.1) that allows an authenticated administrative user access. High severity vulnerability requiring prompt remediation.
A security vulnerability in Red Hat Advanced Cluster Management (CVSS 5.5) that allows an unprivileged user. Remediation should follow standard vulnerability management procedures.
The education theme for WordPress is vulnerable to PHP Object Injection in all versions up to, and including, 3.6.10 via deserialization of untrusted input in the 'themerex_callback_view_more_posts' function. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to inject a PHP Object. No known POP chain is present in the vulnerable software, which means this vulnerability has no impact unless another plugin or theme containing a POP chain is installed on the site. If a POP chain is present via an additional plugin or theme installed on the target system, it may allow the attacker to perform actions like delete arbitrary files, retrieve sensitive data, or execute code depending on the POP chain present.
The Forminator Forms - Contact Form, Payment Form & Custom Form Builder plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to PHP Object Injection in all versions up to, and including, 1.44.2 via deserialization of untrusted input in the 'entry_delete_upload_files' function. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to inject a PHP Object through a PHAR file. No known POP chain is present in the vulnerable software, which means this vulnerability has no impact unless another plugin or theme containing a POP chain is installed on the site. If a POP chain is present via an additional plugin or theme installed on the target system, it may allow the attacker to perform actions like delete arbitrary files, retrieve sensitive data, or execute code depending on the POP chain present. Deserialization occurs when the form submission is deleted, whether by an Administrator or via auto-deletion determined by plugin settings.
The Contact Form by Bit Form: Multi Step Form, Calculation Contact Form, Payment Contact Form & Custom Contact Form builder plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Sensitive Information Exposure in all versions up to, and including, 2.17.4 via file uploads due to insufficient directory listing prevention and lack of randomization of file names. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to extract sensitive data including files uploaded via a form. The vulnerability was partially patched in version 2.17.5.
A security vulnerability in One Identity OneLogin Active Directory Connector (CVSS 5.0). Remediation should follow standard vulnerability management procedures.
The Ads Pro Plugin - Multi-Purpose WordPress Advertising Manager plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Local File Inclusion in all versions up to, and including, 4.89 via the 'bsa_template' parameter of the `bsa_preview_callback` function. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to include and execute arbitrary files on the server, allowing the execution of any PHP code in those files. This can be used to bypass access controls, obtain sensitive data, or achieve code execution in cases .php files can can be uploaded and included, or already exist on the site.
Rejected reason: ** REJECT ** DO NOT USE THIS CANDIDATE NUMBER. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
A security vulnerability in No cwe for this (CVSS 7.4) that allows an unauthorized attacker. Risk factors: public PoC available.
A remote code execution vulnerability (CVSS 9.1). Critical severity with potential for significant impact on affected systems.
An exposure of sensitive information vulnerability was identified in GitHub Enterprise Server that could allow an attacker to disclose the names of private repositories within an organization. This issue could be exploited by leveraging a user-to-server token with no scopes via the Search API endpoint. Successful exploitation required an organization administrator to install a malicious GitHub App in the organization’s repositories. This vulnerability impacted only GitHub Enterprise Server version 3.17 and was addressed in version 3.17.2. The vulnerability was reported through the GitHub Bug Bounty program.
A security vulnerability in is a ticket escalation process helper for GLPI. (CVSS 6.5). Remediation should follow standard vulnerability management procedures.
A security vulnerability in JUnit (CVSS 5.8). Remediation should follow standard vulnerability management procedures.
Rejected reason: DO NOT USE THIS CANDIDATE NUMBER. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
The Contec Co.,Ltd. CONPROSYS HMI System (CHS) exposes a PHP phpinfo() debug page to unauthenticated users that may contain sensitive data useful for an attacker.This issue affects CONPROSYS HMI System (CHS): before 3.7.7.
Sentry is a developer-first error tracking and performance monitoring tool. Prior to version 25.5.0, an attacker with a malicious OAuth application registered with Sentry can take advantage of a race condition and improper handling of authorization code within Sentry to maintain persistence to a user's account. With a specially timed requests and redirect flows, an attacker could generate multiple authorization codes that could be used to exchange for access and refresh tokens. This was possible even after de-authorizing the particular application. This issue has been patched in version 25.5.0. Self-hosted Sentry users should upgrade to version 25.5.0 or higher. Sentry SaaS users do not need to take any action.
CVE-2025-34066 is a security vulnerability (CVSS 8.3). Risk factors: public PoC available.
A cloud infrastructure misconfiguration in OneLogin AD Connector results in log data being sent to a hardcoded S3 bucket (onelogin-adc-logs-production) without validating bucket ownership. An attacker who registers this unclaimed bucket can begin receiving log files from other OneLogin tenants. These logs may contain sensitive data such as directory tokens, user metadata, and environment configuration. This enables cross-tenant leakage of secrets, potentially allowing JWT signing key recovery and user impersonation.
An information disclosure vulnerability exists in OneLogin AD Connector versions prior to 6.1.5 via the /api/adc/v4/configuration endpoint. An attacker with access to a valid directory_token-which may be retrievable from host registry keys or improperly secured logs-can retrieve a plaintext response disclosing sensitive credentials. These may include an API key, AWS IAM access and secret keys, and a base64-encoded JWT signing key used in the tenant’s SSO IdP configuration.
Rejected reason: An unauthenticated endpoint that exposes firmware version, MAC address, and supported codecs is not indicative of a security boundary being crossed, as this metadata is not. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.9), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Epss exploitation probability 14.0% and no vendor patch available.
A server-side request forgery vulnerability exists in multiple firmware versions of AVTECH DVR devices that exposes the /cgi-bin/nobody/Search.cgi?action=cgi_query endpoint without authentication. An attacker can manipulate the ip, port, and queryb64str parameters to make arbitrary HTTP requests from the DVR to internal or external systems, potentially exposing sensitive data or interacting with internal services.
Dell NetWorker, versions 19.12.0.1 and prior, contains a Selection of Less-Secure Algorithm During Negotiation ('Algorithm Downgrade') vulnerability. An unauthenticated attacker with remote access could potentially exploit this vulnerability, leading to Information disclosure.
A security vulnerability in SAFECAM X300 (CVSS 4.3). Remediation should follow standard vulnerability management procedures.
Improper Resource Shutdown or Release vulnerability in ASR180x 、ASR190x in tr069 modules allows Resource Leak Exposure. This vulnerability is associated with program files tr069/tr069_uci.c. This issue affects Falcon_Linux、Kestrel、Lapwing_Linux: before v1536.
Improper Resource Shutdown or Release vulnerability in ASR180x 、ASR190x in tr069 modules allows Resource Leak Exposure. This vulnerability is associated with program files tr069/tr098.c. This issue affects Falcon_Linux、Kestrel、Lapwing_Linux: before v1536.
Improper Resource Shutdown or Release vulnerability in ASR180x 、ASR190x in router modules allows Resource Leak Exposure. This vulnerability is associated with program files router/phonebook/pbwork-queue.C. This issue affects Falcon_Linux、Kestrel、Lapwing_Linux: before v1536.
Out-of-bounds access in ASR180x 、ASR190x in lte-telephony, This vulnerability is associated with program files apps/lzma/src/LzmaEnc.c. This issue affects Falcon_Linux、Kestrel、Lapwing_Linux: before v1536.
Certificate generation in juju/utils using the cert.NewLeaf function could include private information. If this certificate were then transferred over the network in plaintext, an attacker listening on that network could sniff the certificate and trivially extract the private key from it.
Improper Resource Shutdown or Release vulnerability in ASR Falcon_Linux、Kestrel、Lapwing_Linux on Linux (traffic_stat modules) allows Resource Leak Exposure. This vulnerability is associated with program files traffic_stat/traffic_service/traffic_service.C. This issue affects Falcon_Linux、Kestrel、Lapwing_Linux: before v1536.
Improper Resource Shutdown or Release vulnerability in ASR180x 、ASR190x in router components allows Resource Leak Exposure. This vulnerability is associated with program files router/phonebook/pb.c. This issue affects Falcon_Linux、Kestrel、Lapwing_Linux: before v1536.
Resource leak vulnerability in ASR180x in router allows Resource Leak Exposure. This vulnerability is associated with program files router/sms/sms.c. This issue affects Falcon_Linux、Kestrel、Lapwing_Linux: before v1536.
Improper Resource Shutdown or Release vulnerability in ASR Falcon_Linux、Kestrel、Lapwing_Linux on Linux (con_mgr components) allows Resource Leak Exposure. This vulnerability is associated with program files con_mgr/dialer_task.C. This issue affects Falcon_Linux、Kestrel、Lapwing_Linux: before v1536.
Resource leak vulnerability in ASR180x、ASR190x in con_mgr allows Resource Leak Exposure.This issue affects Falcon_Linux、Kestrel、Lapwing_Linux: before v1536.
Insufficiently Protected Credentials in LDAP in Konica Minolta bizhub 227 Multifunction printers version GCQ-Y3 or earlier allows an attacker can reconfigure the target device to use an external LDAP service controlled by the attacker. If an LDAP password is set on the target device, the attacker can force the target device to authenticate to the attacker controlled LDAP service. This will allow the attacker to capture the plaintext password of the configured LDAP service.
A stored cross-site scripting vulnerability in ENS HX 10.0.4 allows a malicious user to inject arbitrary HTML into the ENS HX Malware Scan Name field, resulting in the exposure of sensitive data.
The Janssen Project is an open-source identity and access management (IAM) platform. Prior to version 1.8.0, the Config API returns results without scope verification. This has a large internal surface attack area that exposes all sorts of information from the IDP including clients, users, scripts ..etc. This issue has been patched in version 1.8.0. A workaround for this vulnerability involves users forking and building the config api, patching it in their system following commit 92eea4d.
Insufficient entropy in root password generation allows remote attackers to predict administrator credentials on D-Link DCS-6517 and DCS-7517 cameras running firmware up to 2.02.0. The vulnerability arises from the generate_pass_from_mac function, enabling password disclosure via a high-complexity attack. Public exploit code is available, but the products are end-of-life and no longer supported.
Chrome's V8 engine contains a type confusion vulnerability (CVE-2025-6554, CVSS 8.1) enabling arbitrary read/write operations through crafted HTML pages. KEV-listed with public PoC, type confusion in V8 is the most reliable class of browser exploitation primitives, providing full memory read/write capability for code execution within the renderer sandbox.
Sudo before 1.9.17p1 contains a local root escalation vulnerability (CVE-2025-32463, CVSS 9.3) through the --chroot option, which loads /etc/nsswitch.conf from the user-controlled chroot directory instead of the host system. KEV-listed with EPSS 26.5% and public PoC, this vulnerability allows any user with sudo --chroot access to achieve root privileges by placing a malicious nsswitch configuration and library in their chroot.
File Browser provides a file managing interface within a specified directory and it can be used to upload, delete, preview, rename and edit files. Prior to version 2.34.1, a missing password policy and brute-force protection makes the authentication process insecure. Attackers could mount a brute-force attack to retrieve the passwords of all accounts in a given instance. This issue has been patched in version 2.34.1.
CVE-2025-52996 is a security vulnerability (CVSS 3.1). Risk factors: public PoC available.
CVE-2025-52901 is a security vulnerability (CVSS 4.5). Risk factors: public PoC available. Vendor patch is available.
Frappe is a full-stack web application framework. Prior to versions 14.94.3 and 15.58.0, a carefully crafted request could lead to a malicious actor getting access to a user's password reset token. This can only be exploited on self hosted instances configured in a certain way. Frappe Cloud users are safe. This issue has been patched in versions 14.94.3 and 15.58.0. Workarounds for this issue involve verifying password reset URLs before clicking on them or upgrading for self hosted users.
Rejected reason: Reason: This candidate was issued in error. No vendor patch available.
Rejected reason: Reason: This candidate was issued in error. No vendor patch available.
A security vulnerability in the default settings of MikroTik RouterOS 7 and fixed in (CVSS 6.5). Remediation should follow standard vulnerability management procedures.
Insufficient Session Expiration vulnerability in ABB Lite Panel Pro.This issue affects Lite Panel Pro: through 1.0.1.
A security vulnerability in Daily Expense Manager (CVSS 7.5). High severity vulnerability requiring prompt remediation.
CVE-2025-38090 is a security vulnerability (CVSS 5.5). Remediation should follow standard vulnerability management procedures. Vendor patch is available.
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: powerpc/powernv/memtrace: Fix out of bounds issue in memtrace mmap memtrace mmap issue has an out of bounds issue. This patch fixes the by checking that the requested mapping region size should stay within the allocated region size.
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: net/sched: fix use-after-free in taprio_dev_notifier Since taprio’s taprio_dev_notifier() isn’t protected by an RCU read-side critical section, a race with advance_sched() can lead to a use-after-free. Adding rcu_read_lock() inside taprio_dev_notifier() prevents this.
Improper Input Validation vulnerability in Samsung Open Source rLottie allows Overread Buffers.This issue affects rLottie: V0.2.
Out-of-bounds Read vulnerability in Samsung Open Source rLottie allows Overflow Buffers.This issue affects rLottie: V0.2.
A security vulnerability in RLPx 5 (CVSS 3.4). Remediation should follow standard vulnerability management procedures.
CVE-2024-24915 is a security vulnerability (CVSS 6.1). Remediation should follow standard vulnerability management procedures.
Backdoor in Conjure Position Department Service Quality Evaluation System allows remote authenticated users with low privileges to execute arbitrary code via a crafted payload to the eval function in a PHP mixin file. A public proof-of-concept exploit exists, but EPSS probability is low (0.08%) and no active exploitation has been confirmed. The CVSS score (2.1) and vector indicate low impact, contradicting the 'critical' classification in the description.
Rejected reason: This CVE ID has been rejected or withdrawn by its CVE Numbering Authority. No vendor patch available.
A specific flaw exists within the Bluetooth stack of the MIB3 infotainment. The issue results from the lack of proper validation of user-supplied data, which can result in an arbitrary channel disconnection. An attacker can leverage this vulnerability to cause a denial-of-service attack for every connected client of the infotainment device. The vulnerability was originally discovered in Skoda Superb III car with MIB3 infotainment unit OEM part number 3V0035820. The list of affected MIB3 OEM part numbers is provided in the referenced resources.
An integer underflow in the image processing binary of the MIB3 infotainment unit allows an attacker with local access to the vehicle to cause denial-of-service of the infotainment system. The vulnerability was originally discovered in Skoda Superb III car with MIB3 infotainment unit OEM part number 3V0035820. The list of affected MIB3 OEM part numbers is provided in the referenced resources.
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: net: ch9200: fix uninitialised access during mii_nway_restart In mii_nway_restart() the code attempts to call mii->mdio_read which is ch9200_mdio_read(). ch9200_mdio_read() utilises a local buffer called "buff", which is initialised with control_read(). However "buff" is conditionally initialised inside control_read(): if (err == size) { memcpy(data, buf, size); } If the condition of "err == size" is not met, then "buff" remains uninitialised. Once this happens the uninitialised "buff" is accessed and returned during ch9200_mdio_read(): return (buff[0] | buff[1] << 8); The problem stems from the fact that ch9200_mdio_read() ignores the return value of control_read(), leading to uinit-access of "buff". To fix this we should check the return value of control_read() and return early on error.
CVE-2025-38084 is a security vulnerability (CVSS 5.5) that allows racing vma-locked page faults. Remediation should follow standard vulnerability management procedures. Vendor patch is available.
Rejected reason: Not used. No vendor patch available.
Rejected reason: Not used. No vendor patch available.
Rejected reason: Not used. No vendor patch available.
Rejected reason: Not used. No vendor patch available.
Rejected reason: Not used. No vendor patch available.
Rejected reason: Not used. No vendor patch available.
Rejected reason: Not used. No vendor patch available.
Rejected reason: Not used. No vendor patch available.
Rejected reason: Not used. No vendor patch available.
CVE-2025-36026 is a security vulnerability (CVSS 4.3). Remediation should follow standard vulnerability management procedures.
IBM Datacap Navigator 9.1.7, 9.1.8, and 9.1.9 could allow a remote attacker to hijack the clicking action of the victim. By persuading a victim to visit a malicious Web site, a remote attacker could exploit this vulnerability to hijack the victim's click actions and possibly launch further attacks against the victim.
Improper signature verification in AMD CPU ROM microcode patch loader may allow an attacker with local administrator privilege to load malicious microcode, potentially resulting in loss of integrity of x86 instruction execution, loss of confidentiality and integrity of data in x86 CPU privileged context and compromise of SMM execution environment.
A security vulnerability in Roo Code (CVSS 5.9). Remediation should follow standard vulnerability management procedures. Vendor patch is available.
During the initial setup of the device the user connects to an access point broadcast by the Sight Bulb Pro. During the negotiation, AES Encryption keys are passed in cleartext. If captured, an attacker may be able to decrypt communications between the management app and the Sight Bulb Pro which may include sensitive information such as network credentials.
A security vulnerability in MikoPBX (CVSS 9.9) that allows uploading a php script. Critical severity with potential for significant impact on affected systems.
CVE-2025-46708 is a security vulnerability (CVSS 4.3). Remediation should follow standard vulnerability management procedures.
Software installed and running inside a Guest VM may override Firmware's state and gain access to the GPU.
A security vulnerability in devnex Devnex Addons For Elementor allows PHP Local File Inclusion (CVSS 7.5). High severity vulnerability requiring prompt remediation.
Sensitive information exposure in the Accept Authorize.NET Payments WordPress plugin up to version 2.5 allows unauthenticated remote attackers to retrieve embedded sensitive data from sent form submissions. The vulnerability has a CVSS base score of 5.3 with low confidentiality impact and requires no user interaction, but there is no evidence of public exploit code or active exploitation; EPSS probability is very low (0.06%).
Unauthenticated exposure of sensitive data in Accept Stripe Payments Using Contact Form 7 plugin up to version 3.0 sends embedded secrets (e.g., API keys) in network traffic, allowing remote attackers to retrieve that data. The vulnerability stems from insertion of sensitive information into sent data, with a CVSS 5.3 base score. No active exploitation or public proof-of-concept has been identified at this time, and the EPSS exploitation probability is very low (0.06%).