Attack ChainAIDerived
Hypothetical attack flow derived from CVE metadata – not a confirmed exploit chain
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AccessSubmit quiz form with shortcode payload in User-Agent or referer_url
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ExploitBytes pass sanitize_text_field()/esc_html() with brackets intact
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Execution{quiz_result} substitution triggers do_shortcode() on full notification body
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ImpactRegistered shortcodes execute, injecting content or disclosing information
Vulnerability Assessment
| Weakness |
CWE
OWASP Top 10:2025
A05:2025 - Injection
ASVS 5.0
V1 - Encoding and Sanitization Code injection prevention, sandbox exec
MITRE ATT&CK
2 techniques across 2 tactics: Execution, Initial Access The technique list with ATT&CK links and the kill-chain view is part of the Basic plan and up. |
| Exploitation Conditions | Requires a published Forminator quiz form whose email/notification template contains the {quiz_result} merge tag, because do_shortcode() is only invoked on the expanded notification body after that tag is substituted - this is a non-default configuration choice by the site operator. The attacker-controlled injection points are the HTTP User-Agent header and the referer_url POST parameter, which flow through sanitize_text_field()/esc_html() without '[' or ']' being stripped. Realized impact is further limited by, and entirely dependent on, which shortcodes are registered by other installed plugins/themes; a site with no dangerous registered shortcodes suffers little practical impact. No authentication is required (CVSS PR:N), and no user interaction is needed, but the quiz-notification precondition is the primary real-world limiting factor. |
| Impact | The official CVSS 3.1 vector (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N, base 6.5 MEDIUM) describes an unauthenticated, network-reachable flaw requiring no user interaction, which argues for easy triggering. However, the impact signals are deliberately modest (C:L/I:L/A:N) because the vulnerability only grants execution of WordPress shortcodes already registered by OTHER installed plugins/themes - not native PHP/OS code execution - so the real-world severity is entirely dependent on which shortcodes are exposed. Critically, exploitation also depends on a non-default condition (a published quiz whose notification body contains the {quiz_result} merge tag), which meaningfully lowers the universal attack-complexity picture versus what AC:L suggests; I assess this as AC:H / CVSS 4.0 AT:P. No EPSS score, no CISA KEV listing, no SSVC decision data, and no public POC are present in the provided intelligence, so there is no evidence of active or at-scale exploitation. Net judgment: this is a legitimate unauthenticated vulnerability worth patching promptly on affected sites, but it is a conditional, bounded-impact issue rather than a drop-everything emergency; the absence of EPSS/KEV/SSVC signals should be treated as 'unknown,' not as 'safe.' |
| Exploit ScenarioDerived | An unauthenticated attacker locates a WordPress site running Forminator (≤1.58.1) with a quiz form whose email/notification template includes the {quiz_result} merge tag. They submit the quiz while placing a shortcode payload (e.g. '[some_registered_shortcode]') in the User-Agent header or the referer_url POST parameter; because sanitize_text_field()/esc_html() do not strip '[' and ']', the payload survives into the notification body that do_shortcode() later expands, causing arbitrary registered shortcodes to execute. No public exploit identified at time of analysis, and realized impact depends on which shortcodes other installed plugins/themes expose. |
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Alert meAnalysisAIv1 – Oct 16, 2026
Unauthenticated arbitrary shortcode execution in the WordPress plugin Forminator Forms (Contact Form, Payment Form & Custom Form Builder) affects all versions up to and including 1.58.1, allowing remote attackers to run any WordPress shortcode registered on the target site by submitting a quiz form. Exploitation is gated by a non-default configuration: a published quiz whose email/notification template contains the {quiz_result} merge tag, after which attacker bytes injected via the User-Agent header or the referer_url POST parameter (neither of which is stripped of the '[' and ']' shortcode delimiters by sanitize_text_field()/esc_html()) are fed to do_shortcode(). The assessed vector is CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N (Attack Complexity High, unauthenticated) because the quiz-result template precondition must be met; no public exploit code and no CISA KEV active-exploitation entry were identified at time of analysis, and real-world impact scales with which dangerous shortcodes other installed plugins or themes expose.
RemediationAI
Update the Forminator Forms plugin beyond version 1.58.1: an upstream fix is referenced through the WordPress.org Trac changeset at https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset?reponame=&old=3745883%40forminator&new=3745883%40forminator (upstream fix available via commit/changeset; a specific released patched version number is not independently confirmed here), so verify the installed plugin version from the WordPress.org plugin page or the vendor advisory at https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/27640d44-1474-416a-8efd-e9524f9d3c7f?source=cve and confirm the do_shortcode() call no longer runs after {quiz_result} expansion. If immediate updating is not possible, the most effective compensating control is to remove the {quiz_result} merge tag from every quiz notification/email template - this eliminates the do_shortcode() trigger entirely and is a configuration-only change, at the cost of losing quiz-result reporting in notification emails. Additionally, avoid combining {user_agent} or {refer_url} with {quiz_result} in the same template, and disable quiz-result notification templates altogether on sites that do not need them. Audit which shortcodes are registered by other active plugins and themes, since realized impact depends entirely on them; deactivating plugins that register powerful shortcodes (file inclusion, SQL, user management, arbitrary content) reduces the blast radius but may break site functionality. A WAF or reverse-proxy rule that rejects requests whose User-Agent header contains '[' or ']' characters is a low-risk virtual patch with negligible legitimate-traffic fallout, though it does not cover the referer_url POST parameter and should be paired with filtering of that field for shortcode delimiters. Because the flaw is unauthenticated and requires no user interaction, prioritize this on any public-facing WordPress site running Forminator Forms with quizzes enabled.
Affected VersionsENISA
Affected Packages
Source: OSV (Open Source Vulnerabilities)
Affects your stack
Affects 1 package in euvd
Checking this CVE against your own stacks and servers is part of the Basic plan and up.
Technical ContextAI · show details
Forminator Forms is a WordPress form/quiz builder whose notification pipeline performs merge-tag substitution on the outgoing email body. The root cause class is CWE-94 (Improper Control of Generation of Code / Code Injection): the helper forminator_replace_quiz_form_data() calls do_shortcode() on the notification body only after the {quiz_result} merge tag has been expanded, but earlier-substituted tags such as {user_agent} and {refer_url} are populated with unauthenticated attacker-controlled values (the HTTP User-Agent header and the referer_url POST field). Those values pass through sanitize_text_field() and esc_html(), which neutralize HTML but do not remove the square-bracket delimiters WordPress uses to mark shortcodes, so an attacker can smuggle a shortcode payload into the notification body that is then executed by WordPress's shortcode parser. Because WordPress shortcode execution is a global dispatcher, the actual capability granted is whatever shortcodes are registered by the site's active plugins and theme - from simple content injection to information disclosure or worse depending on registrations. The vulnerable sinks are in library/helpers/helper-fields.php (lines ~1476 and ~1652, and the do_shortcode sink near line 2965), library/modules/quizzes/front/front-mail.php (line 36), and the front-action abstract class (abstract-class-front-action.php, line 127), per the referenced plugin source at tag 1.57.3. The CPE identifier is cpe:2.3:a:wpmudev:forminator_forms_-_contact_form,_payment_form_&_custom_form_builder. Note that our independent assessment raises Attack Complexity from the vendor's AC:L to AC:H because the notification-template precondition is operator-dependent rather than attacker-controlled.
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Severity by source
AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N
Unauthenticated network injection (AV:N/PR:N/UI:N), but AC:H because exploitation depends on an operator-configured {quiz_result} notification; impact limited to content injection/disclosure (C:L/I:L), no availability effect.
Primary rating from Vendor (Wordfence).
CVSS VectorVendor: Wordfence
DescriptionCVE.org
The Forminator Forms - Contact Form, Payment Form & Custom Form Builder plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Arbitrary Shortcode Execution in versions up to, and including, 1.58.1. This is due to the forminator_replace_quiz_form_data() helper invoking do_shortcode() on the fully expanded notification body once the {quiz_result} merge tag has been substituted, while the earlier-substituted {user_agent} and {refer_url} merge tags carry unauthenticated attacker-controlled bytes (the User-Agent header and the referer_url POST parameter) through sanitize_text_field()/esc_html(), neither of which strip the '[' and ']' shortcode delimiters. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to execute arbitrary WordPress shortcodes registered on the site by submitting a quiz whose notification template contains {quiz_result}; the resulting impact depends on the shortcodes exposed by other installed plugins/themes and can range from arbitrary content injection to information disclosure.
Threat Intelligence Overview
How this decision was reached
The engine reads each signal below and applies a fixed list of rules from top to bottom. The first rule that matches sets the recommended action – like a statement, every line is shown.
What every action level means
SSVC AssessmentENISA
Priority Score
Attack Technique
Information disclosure occurs when an application unintentionally exposes sensitive data that aids attackers in reconnaissance or directly compromises security.
Code injection occurs when an application accepts user input and passes it directly into a language interpreter or evaluator without proper sanitization.
Remote Code Execution represents the critical moment when an attacker successfully runs arbitrary code on a target system without physical access.
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EUVD-2026-102637
GHSA-j6gp-6943-4w67
NVD
CVE.org
EPSS
Vulnrichment
Exploit-DB