TOTOLINK
Monthly
OS command injection in the exportOvpn handler of the TOTOLINK X5000R router firmware (9.1.0cu.2089_B20211224 and potentially other versions) allows an authenticated web-UI user to inject shell metacharacters through the 'filetype' argument supplied to /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi?action=exportOvpn&type=user, resulting in commands executed with the privileges of the underlying CGI process. The flaw is remotely reachable (CVSS 4.0 AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N) and publicly available exploit code exists, so any X5000R with an exposed or weakly-credentialed management interface should be treated as at risk. Impact per the supplied vector is limited (VC:L/VI:L/VA:L) but on an embedded device a successful injection typically yields full control of the appliance and its configuration.
Cross-site scripting in the Anchor Tag Handler of Totolink A3002MU firmware version Hh-B20211125.1046 allows network-accessible attackers with low-privilege credentials to inject malicious scripts into the router's web management interface, which execute in a victim's browser upon interaction. A public proof-of-concept exploit has been published on GitHub, lowering the technical barrier for exploitation. No vendor-released patch has been identified in the available intelligence, and the firmware timestamp (November 2021) suggests this is a long-unsupported build unlikely to receive a security update.
Command injection in TOTOLINK NR1800X firmware 9.1.0u.6681_B20230703 allows network-accessible attackers with low-privilege credentials to execute arbitrary OS commands by manipulating the 'ussd' parameter in the setUssd function exposed via /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi. A proof-of-concept exploit has been publicly released on GitHub, lowering the skill threshold for exploitation. On embedded router firmware, CGI processes typically run with root or near-root privileges, meaning successful exploitation likely yields full device control - a substantially higher real-world impact than the provided CVSS 4.0 score of 2.1 suggests.
Unauthenticated write access to the setApWiFiSchCfg function on TOTOLINK T6 firmware 4.1.5cu.748_B20211015 allows remote attackers to arbitrarily overwrite the device's AP wireless availability schedule by posting a crafted request to /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi. The CVSS PR:N metric confirms no credentials are required; the attack surface is the standard CGI management endpoint. No active exploitation is confirmed via CISA KEV, and EPSS sits at 0.16% (6th percentile), but the unauthenticated network vector makes this trivially reproducible against any device exposing its management interface to untrusted networks.
Unauthenticated access to the CloudSrvVersionCheck function in TOTOLINK T6 firmware 4.1.5cu.748_B20211015 allows remote attackers to trigger cloud-based firmware update checks by sending a crafted POST request to the /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi endpoint. The root cause is CWE-284 (Improper Access Control) - the function processes requests without verifying caller identity, a systemic pattern observed across multiple CGI handlers in this firmware batch. No public exploit code or active exploitation (CISA KEV) has been identified; EPSS at 0.18% (7th percentile) indicates low probability of automated exploitation.
Predictable authentication token generation in TOTOLINK N600R firmware 4.3.0cu.7866_B20220506 exposes the router's web management interface to session token prediction attacks from the network. The loginAuth function in /web_cste/cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi generates insufficiently random values (CWE-330), enabling unauthenticated remote attackers to predict valid session tokens and gain unauthorized access to router configuration data. A proof-of-concept exploit script (poc.py) is publicly available on GitHub, though high attack complexity limits practical exploitation to technically capable attackers.
Smart QoS configuration disclosure in TOTOLINK T6 firmware 4.1.5cu.748_B20211015 allows unauthenticated attackers on the same network segment to read QoS rules and configuration by sending a crafted POST request to /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi. The getSmartQosCfg function lacks any access control enforcement, exposing network prioritization policies and associated device rules without credentials. EPSS is low (0.18%, 7th percentile) and no active exploitation has been identified; however, this flaw is consistent with a documented systemic pattern of missing authentication across multiple TOTOLINK T6 CGI endpoints.
Remote command injection in TOTOLINK N600R firmware 4.3.0cu.7647_B20210106 allows unauthenticated network attackers to execute arbitrary OS commands by supplying shell metacharacters in the `ntp_server` parameter to the `getCurrentTime` handler at `/cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi`. A public proof-of-concept demonstrating popen-based injection is available on GitHub, confirmed by the CVSS 4.0 E:P exploit maturity indicator, meaning exploitation requires minimal attacker skill. No vendor-released patch has been identified in available intelligence, leaving internet-exposed devices unmitigated.
Denial-of-service in TOTOLINK EX1200L firmware 9.3.5u.6146_B20201023 allows authenticated remote attackers to crash the device by sending a crafted request to the setWizardCfg function in /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi, triggering a null pointer dereference. Impact is limited strictly to availability - no confidentiality or integrity compromise - but a publicly available proof-of-concept exploit on GitHub (CVSS 4.0 E:P) significantly lowers the exploitation barrier. No vendor patch has been identified and the device is not listed in CISA KEV, making access restriction to the management interface the primary mitigation.
Remote denial-of-service in TOTOLINK EX1200L firmware 9.3.5u.6146_B20201023 allows a low-privileged authenticated attacker to crash the device by submitting a malformed request to the setPasswordCfg function in the CGI-based web management interface. Exploitation triggers a null pointer dereference in /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi, rendering the device unresponsive and disrupting its network extension services entirely. A public proof-of-concept exploit exists on GitHub, lowering the bar for exploitation, though no active exploitation has been recorded in CISA KEV at time of analysis.
Least privilege violation in TOTOLINK CP450 router firmware 4.1.0cu.747 allows low-privileged remote attackers to perform unauthorized integrity-affecting actions via the vsftpd FTP service, whose configuration in /etc/vsftpd.conf grants excessive permissions beyond operational necessity. The vulnerability carries a low CVSS 4.0 score of 2.1, reflecting constrained impact limited to low integrity effects on the vulnerable system with no confidentiality or availability consequence. A publicly available proof-of-concept exploit exists, and no CISA KEV listing has been confirmed, indicating no known active widespread exploitation at time of analysis.
Least-privilege violation in TOTOLINK AC1200 T8 firmware 4.1.5cu.8611 exposes the vsftpd FTP service to unauthorized integrity manipulation by low-privileged authenticated network users. The /etc/vsftpd.conf configuration grants excessive permissions beyond the principle of least privilege (CWE-272), allowing a low-privilege authenticated attacker to perform write operations they should not be authorized to execute. A proof-of-concept exploit has been publicly disclosed; the vulnerability is not confirmed in CISA KEV, but the CVSS temporal vector (E:P, RC:R) reflects publicly available exploit code with reasonable confidence in the report.
OS command injection in Totolink CA750-PoE 6.2c.510 allows a low-privileged remote attacker to execute arbitrary operating system commands by manipulating the PIN argument passed to the setWiFiWpsConfig function within /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi. The attack requires no user interaction and is reachable over the network, making it a credible threat to any deployment exposing the device's management interface. A public proof-of-concept exploit has been published on GitHub, and EPSS places this at the 87th percentile of exploitation likelihood despite a low raw CVSS 4.0 score of 2.1 - a signal worth noting against the mismatch.
OS command injection in Totolink CA750-PoE firmware 6.2c.510 enables remote attackers with low-level credentials to execute arbitrary operating system commands via the fwUrl and magicid parameters of the recvUpgradeNewFw function within /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi. The firmware upgrade Setting Handler fails to sanitize user-supplied input before passing it to the underlying OS shell, exposing the device to command execution. A public proof-of-concept exploit is available on GitHub; while not yet listed in CISA KEV, the EPSS 87th-percentile ranking signals elevated real-world exploitation interest relative to the broader vulnerability landscape.
OS command injection in Totolink CA750-PoE firmware 6.2c.510 allows authenticated remote attackers to execute arbitrary shell commands by manipulating the FileName argument passed to the setUploadUserData function within the /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi Setting Handler. A public proof-of-concept exploit is available on GitHub, meaningfully lowering the skill barrier for adversaries. While not listed in CISA KEV, the EPSS score of 2.95% at the 87th percentile signals real-world exploitation probability well above average, making this a higher practical risk than the CVSS 4.0 base score of 2.1 alone would suggest.
OS command injection in Totolink CA750-PoE firmware 6.2c.510 allows a network-adjacent authenticated attacker to execute arbitrary operating system commands by manipulating the FileName argument passed to the setUpgradeUboot function within the /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi Setting Handler. Publicly available exploit code exists, hosted on GitHub, making exploitation accessible to low-skilled attackers. No public exploit identified in CISA KEV at time of analysis, though the EPSS 87th percentile ranking signals elevated exploitation interest relative to the broader CVE population despite a low absolute probability of 2.95%.
OS command injection in Totolink CA750-PoE firmware 6.2c.510 allows a remote, low-privileged attacker to execute arbitrary operating system commands on the device by manipulating the plugin_version parameter in the setUnloadUserData function of /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi. A public proof-of-concept exploit exists on GitHub, and the EPSS percentile (87th) indicates this CVE carries meaningfully higher exploitation likelihood than the majority of published vulnerabilities despite its low CVSS 4.0 base score of 2.1. No public exploit identified as actively exploited (CISA KEV), but POC availability on a network-accessible embedded device warrants prompt attention in exposed deployments.
OS command injection in Totolink CA750-PoE firmware 6.2c.510 allows authenticated remote attackers to execute arbitrary operating system commands by manipulating network diagnostic parameters in the device's CGI handler. The vulnerable function setNetworkDiag, reachable at /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi, passes attacker-controlled values for NetDiagHost, NetDiagPingNum, NetDiagPingSize, NetDiagPingTimeOut, and NetDiagTracertHop directly into OS command execution without sanitization. A public proof-of-concept exploit exists on GitHub; the EPSS score of 2.95% at the 87th percentile indicates elevated exploitation likelihood relative to the broader CVE population, though SSVC assessment rates the attack as not automatable.
OS command injection in Totolink CA750-PoE firmware 6.2c.510 allows a low-privileged remote attacker to execute arbitrary system commands on the device by manipulating the host_time argument passed to the NTPSyncWithHost function within the CGI-based Setting Handler. A public proof-of-concept exploit is available on GitHub, lowering the bar for exploitation. Despite being an OS command injection - a class of vulnerability typically associated with high-severity scores - the vendor CVSS 4.0 score of 2.1 reflects unusually low impact ratings (VC:L/VI:L/VA:L) that security teams should independently verify, as the 87th-percentile EPSS score signals that this CVE's characteristics are consistent with real-world exploitation interest.
OS command injection in Totolink CA750-PoE firmware 6.2c.510 allows a network-reachable, low-privilege authenticated attacker to execute arbitrary operating system commands by injecting shell metacharacters into the admuser or admpass arguments of the setPasswordCfg function within /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi. A public proof-of-concept exploit has been published on GitHub, materially lowering the bar for exploitation. No vendor-released patch has been identified at time of analysis, leaving affected deployments dependent on compensating controls.
OS command injection in Totolink CA750-PoE firmware 6.2c.510 allows authenticated remote attackers to execute arbitrary OS commands by manipulating the webWlanIdx argument within the setWebWlanIdx function of /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi. A publicly available proof-of-concept exploit hosted on GitHub exists, materially lowering the skill threshold for exploitation despite the low CVSS 4.0 score of 2.1. No public exploit identified at time of analysis as confirmed actively exploited (CISA KEV), but EPSS places this at the 85th percentile, signaling elevated exploitation likelihood relative to the broader CVE population.
Command injection in Totolink WA300 firmware version 5.2cu.7112_B20190227 allows authenticated remote attackers to execute arbitrary commands via the hostTime parameter in the NTPSyncWithHost function accessible through /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi. Publicly available exploit code exists, though actual real-world exploitation risk is mitigated by the requirement for authenticated access and the low impact scope (limited to confidentiality, integrity, and availability of the application itself, with no system-wide impact).
Command injection in Totolink WA300 5.2cu.7112_B20190227 allows authenticated remote attackers to execute arbitrary commands via the langType parameter in the setLanguageCfg function of /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi. Publicly available exploit code exists, though the low CVSS 2.1 score reflects limited scope (only low confidentiality and integrity impact, no system integrity or availability impact) and authentication requirement, reducing real-world attack surface.
Command injection in Totolink WA300 firmware version 5.2cu.7112_B20190227 allows authenticated remote attackers to execute arbitrary commands via the webWlanIdx parameter in the setWebWlanIdx function of /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi. The vulnerability requires valid user credentials but no user interaction, with publicly available exploit code demonstrating the attack.
External file inclusion in Totolink N300RH firmware 6.1c.1353_B20190305 allows remote unauthenticated attackers to manipulate the FileName parameter in the setUploadSetting function via /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi, enabling arbitrary file writes and denial of service. Publicly available exploit code exists, and the vulnerability carries a CVSS score of 6.5 reflecting network-accessible attack vector with low complexity.
Remote code execution in Totolink N300RH firmware 6.1c.1353_B20190305 allows unauthenticated network attackers to execute arbitrary OS commands via command injection in the FileName parameter of the setUpgradeUboot function in upgrade.so. Publicly available exploit code exists for this vulnerability, which carries a CVSS 6.9 score reflecting network-accessible attack vector with low complexity and no authentication requirements.
OS command injection in Totolink A7100RU router firmware 7.4cu.2313_b20191024 allows unauthenticated remote attackers to execute arbitrary system commands via the 'enable' parameter in the setGameSpeedCfg function of /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi. Public exploit code exists on GitHub (EPSS and KEV status not provided, but publicly available proof-of-concept increases immediate risk). Attack vector is network-based with low complexity requiring no user interaction or authentication (CVSS:3.1 AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N).
OS command injection in Totolink A7100RU router firmware version 7.4cu.2313_b20191024 allows unauthenticated remote attackers to execute arbitrary system commands via the 'provider' parameter in the setDdnsCfg function of /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi. Publicly available exploit code exists (GitHub POC) demonstrating practical exploitation. With CVSS 7.3 and network-accessible attack vector requiring no authentication or user interaction, this represents a significant risk to exposed devices, though no active exploitation confirmed by CISA KEV at time of analysis.
OS command injection in Totolink A3300R firmware version 17.0.0cu.557_B20221024 allows authenticated local attackers to execute arbitrary commands via the stun_pass parameter in the vsetTr069Cfg function of /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi. The vulnerability has a CVSS score of 5.1 (medium severity) with CVSS:4.0/AV:A/AC:L/PR:L vector indicating adjacent network access and low authentication requirements. Publicly available exploit code exists, though active exploitation status (CISA KEV) is not confirmed.
OS command injection in Totolink A7100RU firmware version 7.4cu.2313_b20191024 allows unauthenticated remote attackers to execute arbitrary commands via manipulation of the mode parameter in the setScheduleCfg function of /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi. Publicly available exploit code exists for this vulnerability, creating immediate risk for exposed devices.
Remote command injection in Totolink A7100RU firmware 7.4cu.2313_b20191024 allows unauthenticated attackers to execute arbitrary OS commands via manipulation of the resetFlags parameter in the CsteSystem function (/cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi). Publicly available exploit code exists for this vulnerability, which achieves a CVSS 6.9 score with low confidentiality, integrity, and availability impact across multiple scopes.
Authentication bypass in Totolink A8000R 5.9c.681_B20180413 allows remote attackers to manipulate the langType parameter in the setLanguageCfg function at /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi to bypass authentication controls without credentials. This unauthenticated remote vulnerability has publicly available exploit code and poses a confirmed risk to exposed router management interfaces.
Command injection in Totolink A3300R firmware 17.0.0cu.557_b20221024 allows authenticated remote attackers to execute arbitrary commands via the vlanPriLan3 parameter in the setIptvCfg function of /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi. The vulnerability has a publicly available exploit and carries moderate severity (CVSS 6.3) with confirmed exploitability signals (EPSS P/E indicator). Successful exploitation grants an authenticated attacker the ability to manipulate VLAN priority settings and potentially gain code execution on the affected router.
Command injection in Totolink A3300R 17.0.0cu.557_b20221024 allows authenticated remote attackers to execute arbitrary commands via manipulation of the rxRate parameter in the setWiFiBasicCfg function at /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi. The vulnerability has a CVSS score of 6.3 with publicly available exploit code, making it a moderate-priority issue for affected device administrators despite requiring prior authentication.
Command injection in Totolink A3300R router firmware 17.0.0cu.557_b20221024 allows unauthenticated remote attackers to execute arbitrary system commands via the setSyslogCfg function in /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi. Public exploit code is available on GitHub, significantly lowering the barrier to exploitation. The CVSS vector (AV:N/AC:L/PR:N) confirms network-accessible exploitation with low complexity and no authentication required, enabling pre-authentication remote code execution on affected routers.
Command injection in Totolink A3300R firmware version 17.0.0cu.557_b20221024 allows authenticated remote attackers to execute arbitrary commands via manipulation of the pptpPassThru parameter in the setVpnPassCfg function of /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi. The vulnerability has a CVSS score of 6.3 (medium severity) with network-accessible attack vector and low complexity; publicly available exploit code exists, making this an actionable threat for affected deployments.
Command injection in Totolink A3300R router firmware version 17.0.0cu.557_b20221024 allows authenticated remote attackers to execute arbitrary commands via a crafted ip parameter in the setStaticRoute function of /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi. The vulnerability carries a CVSS score of 6.3 (medium severity) with public exploit code available, enabling potential compromise of router configuration and data integrity.
Remote command injection in Totolink A3300R firmware 17.0.0cu.557_b20221024 allows authenticated remote attackers to execute arbitrary commands via the enable parameter in the setUPnPCfg function at /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi. Publicly available exploit code exists, and the vulnerability has a CVSS score of 6.3 with confirmed proof-of-concept demonstrated on GitHub.
Command injection in Totolink A3300R 17.0.0cu.557_b20221024 allows authenticated remote attackers to execute arbitrary system commands via the qos_up_bw parameter in the setSmartQosCfg function of /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi. The vulnerability has a CVSS score of 6.3 (medium severity) with low attack complexity, and publicly available exploit code exists, though no active exploitation via CISA KEV has been confirmed at time of analysis.
Command injection in Totolink A3300R firmware versions up to 17.0.0cu.557_b20221024 allows authenticated remote attackers to execute arbitrary commands via the lanIp parameter in the setLanCfg function of /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi. Publicly available exploit code exists for this vulnerability. With a CVSS score of 5.3 and moderate real-world exploitability, this presents a meaningful risk to affected router installations.
Command injection in Totolink NR1800X firmware 9.1.0u.6279_B20210910 allows authenticated remote attackers to execute arbitrary commands via the host_time parameter in the NTPSyncWithHost function of /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi. The vulnerability has a CVSS score of 6.3 (medium severity) with publicly available exploit code, though it requires valid login credentials to exploit. Real-world risk is moderate given the authentication requirement and moderate EPSS probability (indicated by E:P in vector).
Command injection in Totolink A3600R firmware 4.1.2cu.5182_B20201102 allows authenticated remote attackers to execute arbitrary commands via the NoticeUrl parameter in the setNoticeCfg function of /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi. The vulnerability has a CVSS score of 6.3 (low-to-medium severity) but is confirmed by publicly available exploit code, making it an active threat to deployed devices despite the authentication requirement.
A critical OS command injection vulnerability exists in Totolink WA300 router firmware version 5.2cu.7112_B20190227, specifically in the recvUpgradeNewFw function within /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi. An unauthenticated remote attacker can exploit this flaw to execute arbitrary operating system commands on the affected device. A public proof-of-concept exploit has been released on GitHub, significantly lowering the barrier to exploitation and increasing real-world risk.
OS command injection in Totolink N300RH firmware allows unauthenticated remote attackers to execute arbitrary commands through the setWiFiWpsConfig function in the CGI handler. Public exploit code exists for this vulnerability, and no patch is currently available. Affected users should restrict network access to the device's management interface until a fix is released.
X5000R Firmware versions up to 9.1.0cu.2415_b20250515 is affected by uncontrolled resource consumption (CVSS 7.5).
X6000R Firmware versions up to 9.4.0cu.1498_b20250826 is affected by os command injection (CVSS 8.8).
Argument injection in TOTOLINK X5000R router v9.1.0cu via setDiagnosisCfg handler allows unauthenticated remote code execution. EPSS 2.0% with PoC available.
X5000R Firmware versions up to 9.1.0cu.2415_b20250515 is affected by os command injection (CVSS 8.0).
OS command injection in Totolik WA300 firmware via the setAPNetwork function allows authenticated remote attackers to execute arbitrary commands with network access. Public exploit code exists for this vulnerability, and no patch is currently available. The flaw affects firmware version 5.2cu.7112_B20190227 and impacts the /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi endpoint through manipulation of the Ipaddr parameter.
A950Rg Firmware versions up to 4.1.2cu.5204_b20210112 is affected by classic buffer overflow (CVSS 6.5).
TOTOLINK A950RG has a third buffer overflow in setRadvdCfg providing yet another RCE vector through the router's IPv6 configuration interface.
TOTOLINK A950RG has a stack-based buffer overflow in a second endpoint, providing an additional RCE vector through the router's CGI interface.
TOTOLINK A950RG router firmware has a buffer overflow in setUrlFilterRules that allows remote attackers to execute code through the router's management interface.
Command injection in Totolik A7000R firmware through the setUpgradeFW function allows unauthenticated remote attackers to execute arbitrary commands via a malicious FileName parameter. Public exploit code exists for this vulnerability, increasing the risk of active exploitation. The device remains vulnerable as no patch is currently available.
A7000R Firmware versions up to 4.1cu.4154 contains a vulnerability that allows attackers to command injection (CVSS 6.3).
Command injection in Totolik A7000R firmware (version 4.1cu.4154) via the CloudACManualUpdateUserdata function allows authenticated remote attackers to execute arbitrary commands through a crafted url parameter. Public exploit code exists for this vulnerability and no patch is currently available.
Command injection in Totolik A7000R firmware allows authenticated remote attackers to execute arbitrary commands through the plugin_name parameter in the setUnloadUserData function. Public exploit code exists for this vulnerability, and no patch is currently available. The attack requires network access and valid credentials but no user interaction.
Totolik NR1800X firmware versions up to 9.1.0u.6279_B20210910 contain a command injection vulnerability in the setTracerouteCfg function that allows authenticated remote attackers to execute arbitrary commands via malicious POST requests. Public exploit code exists for this vulnerability, and no patch is currently available. An attacker with valid credentials can leverage this to achieve remote code execution on affected network devices.
Command injection in Totolik NR1800X firmware allows authenticated remote attackers to execute arbitrary commands through the Hostname parameter in the setWanCfg POST handler. Public exploit code exists for this vulnerability, creating elevated risk despite no patch availability. Affected devices can be compromised to gain full system control with network access and valid credentials.
Command injection in Totolik LR350 firmware through the setTracerouteCfg function allows authenticated remote attackers to execute arbitrary system commands via a malicious POST request to /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi. Public exploit code is available and the vulnerability remains unpatched, creating immediate risk for deployed devices. An attacker with network access and valid credentials can achieve code execution with full device compromise potential.
Command injection in Totolink LR350 firmware allows authenticated remote attackers to execute arbitrary commands through the ip parameter in the setDiagnosisCfg function. Public exploit code exists for this vulnerability, and no patch is currently available. Affected users should restrict access to the affected device until a fix is released.
A null pointer dereference in TOTOLINK WA1200 5.9c.2914's HTTP request handler (cstecgi.cgi) allows remote unauthenticated attackers to trigger a denial of service condition. Public exploit code is available for this vulnerability, increasing the risk of active exploitation. A patch is not currently available, leaving affected devices vulnerable until an update is released.
Command injection in TOTOLINK WA300 firmware (version 5.2cu.7112_B20190227 and earlier) allows authenticated remote attackers to execute arbitrary commands through a malformed UPLOAD_FILENAME parameter in the cstecgi.cgi function. Public exploit code exists for this vulnerability, and no patch is currently available.
Incorrect access control in the web management interface of TOTOLINK A3300R and N200RE router firmware allows remote, unauthenticated attackers to send requests to protected interface endpoints without logging in, granting them high-impact read and write capability over device configuration and data (CVSS 3.1 base 9.1, AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N). Affected builds include A3300R V17.0.0cu.557_B20221024 and N200RE V9.3.5u.6448_B20240521 and V9.3.5u.6437_B20230519, with the practical exposure ceiling set by whether the management interface is reachable from the WAN side. Publicly available exploit code exists (a published proof-of-concept is linked from the NVD entry), but the flaw is not confirmed as actively exploited (no CISA KEV listing) at time of analysis.
Command injection in the TOTOLINK N200RE router firmware (V9.3.5u.6437_B20230519) lets an attacker on the same local network execute arbitrary shell commands on the device through the setOpModeCfg handler's hostName parameter. Because the vector is AV:A with PR:N/UI:N, no credentials or user interaction are needed, but the attacker must already be on the device's Wi-Fi or wired LAN segment (for example a guest, neighbor, or rogue client sharing the broadcast domain) rather than reaching it from the internet. Publicly available exploit code exists (a proof-of-concept PDF is linked from the NVD record), and the flaws were confirmed as command injection per CWE-77; there is no evidence of confirmed in-the-wild exploitation and the vendor has published no fixed firmware in the supplied references.
OS command injection in TOTOLINK X5000R firmware 9.1.0cu.2089_B20211224 allows authenticated remote attackers to execute arbitrary system commands via the User parameter in the /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi exportOvpn function. The vulnerability requires valid login credentials but results in complete system compromise once authenticated. Public exploit code is available, and the CVSS score of 2.1 significantly underrepresents the true risk due to the low-impact scoring parameters masking the severity of unauthenticated command execution in a network-accessible management interface.
Unauthenticated remote attackers can enable Telnet on TOTOLINK X5000R AX1800 routers running firmware V9.1.0u.6369_B20230113 by abusing an authorization bypass in the cstecgi.cgi endpoint, and then log in as root using a blank password on factory-reset devices, yielding arbitrary command execution. Publicly available exploit code exists (a detailed write-up is referenced by NVD), and EPSS places this at roughly 11.28% (96th percentile), indicating elevated real-world interest, though there is no CISA KEV confirmation of active exploitation. The CVSS 3.1 vector (AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H, score 9.8) confirms the bypass is fully unauthenticated and requires no user interaction; risk is highest where the router's web management interface is reachable from the WAN or an untrusted network.
A command injection vulnerability exists in the TOTOLINK A950RG Router firmware V5.9c.4592_B20191022_ALL within the `system.so` binary. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
A buffer overflow vulnerability exists in the TOTOLINK A950RG Router firmware V5.9c.4592_B20191022_ALL within the `global.so` binary. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
A stack buffer overflow vulnerability exists in the ToToLink LR1200GB (V9.1.0u.6619_B20230130) and NR1800X (V9.1.0u.6681_B20230703) Router firmware within the cstecgi.cgi binary (setDefResponse. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
An unauthenticated command injection vulnerability exists in the ToToLink LR1200GB Router firmware V9.1.0u.6619_B20230130 within the cstecgi.cgi binary (sub_41EC68 function). Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
A local stack-based buffer overflow vulnerability exists in the infostat.cgi and cstecgi.cgi binaries of ToToLink routers (A720R V4.1.5cu.614_B20230630, LR1200GB V9.1.0u.6619_B20230130, and NR1800X. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.1), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
A stack buffer overflow exists in the ToToLink A720R Router firmware V4.1.5cu.614_B20230630 within the sysconf binary (sub_401EE0 function). Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.1), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
A stack buffer overflow vulnerability exists in the ToToLink LR1200GB (V9.1.0u.6619_B20230130) and NR1800X (V9.1.0u.6681_B20230703) Router firmware within the cstecgi.cgi binary (sub_42F32C. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
A command injection vulnerability exists in the ToToLink A720R Router firmware V4.1.5cu.614_B20230630 within the sysconf binary, specifically in the sub_40BFA4 function that handles network interface. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and EPSS exploitation probability 10.3%.
A command injection vulnerability exists in the ToToLink A720R Router firmware V4.1.5cu.614_B20230630 within the cloudupdate_check binary, specifically in the sub_402414 function that handles cloud. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
TOTOLink A7000R V9.1.0u.6115_B20201022 was discovered to contain a stack overflow in the addEffect parameter of the urldecode function. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
TOTOLink A7000R V9.1.0u.6115_B20201022 was discovered to contain a stack overflow in the ssid parameter of the urldecode function. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
Stack-based buffer overflow in TOTOLINK LR350 firmware 9.3.5u.6369_B20220309 allows a crafted request containing an overlong ssid parameter handled by sub_422880 to crash the device and cause denial of service. Only that firmware build is identified as affected, and the impact is availability-only (CVSS 3.1 7.5, C:N/I:N/A:H). A public PoC reference exists but is not verified as working exploit code; EPSS is 0.41% (35th percentile), no CISA KEV entry is reported, and the sources do not confirm whether the relevant endpoint is reachable without authentication despite the PR:N vector.
Stack overflow in the ssid parameter handler of TOTOLINK LR350 firmware 9.3.5u.6369_B20220309 can crash the device, producing a denial of service; assessed impact is availability only, with no confidentiality, integrity, or code-execution effect shown. NVD lists PR:N, but the independent assessment rates it PR:L because SSID configuration is normally part of the authenticated web administration interface and the sources do not confirm a pre-authentication path. A public PoC reference exists; it is not verified as working exploit code, EPSS is low at 0.41% (35th percentile), and there is no indication of confirmed active exploitation.
A stack-based buffer overflow in the setSyslogCfg handler of TOTOLINK A3300R firmware 17.0.0cu.557_B20221024 lets remote attackers crash the device, and likely gain code execution, by sending an oversized value in the 'enable' POST parameter to /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi. The affected attack surface is the router's web/management interface, so exploitation requires network reachability to that interface and - per the assessed CVSS vector (PR:L) - likely a valid authenticated session, although pre-authentication access is not confirmed. Publicly available exploit code exists (a public PoC write-up is linked in the references), but there is no indication of confirmed active exploitation (not in CISA KEV); EPSS is 1.02% (62nd percentile), indicating moderate, not top-tier, exploitation likelihood.
Authenticated stack-based buffer overflow in the TOTOLINK A3300R SOHO router (firmware 17.0.0cu.557_B20221024) allows a remote attacker holding valid web-management credentials to corrupt memory by sending an over-length 'lang' value to the setLanguageCfg function of /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi, resulting in a device crash and, depending on the runtime build, potential code execution with full loss of confidentiality, integrity and availability. Publicly available exploit code exists (a step-by-step proof-of-concept for this exact firmware is published on GitHub), but the flaw is not in CISA KEV, so active exploitation is not confirmed; EPSS is 1.03% (63rd percentile), a moderate score consistent with a targeted IoT/router issue rather than mass scanning. Both the CVSS 4.0 base of 7.4 and the independent assessment (CVSS:3.1 AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H) agree on High impacts but require the attacker to first reach the router's HTTP management interface and authenticate at low privilege (PR:L), and only the one firmware build listed under the CPE is confirmed affected.
Authenticated remote attackers can trigger a buffer overflow in the setDmzCfg handler of TOTOLINK A3300R firmware 17.0.0cu.557_B20221024 by sending a crafted ip parameter to /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi, potentially leading to arbitrary code execution or device crash with high confidentiality, integrity, and availability impact. Publicly available exploit code exists, and EPSS is 0.84% (56th percentile), but no confirmed active exploitation (CISA KEV) is indicated in the provided data. The attack requires network access to the router's web management interface and a valid low-privilege session (PR:L in both the supplied CVSS 4.0 vector and the independent CVSS 3.1 assessment), so default or compromised credentials or an authentication bypass would be needed.
Buffer overflow in the TOTOLINK A3300R router firmware (17.0.0cu.557_B20221024) lets an authenticated, low-privilege remote attacker corrupt memory through the setDdnsCfg function of /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi, with high impact to confidentiality, integrity and availability on the device. Exploitation requires network reachability to the device's web management service and a valid low-privilege session (CVSS PR:L), though default or weak credentials on consumer routers can make that trivial; no user interaction is required. Publicly available exploit code exists (a proof-of-concept writeup is published on GitHub), but there is no KEV listing and no confirmed active exploitation, and EPSS is low at 0.84% (56th percentile), so risk is moderate and driven mainly by exposure of the management interface.
Denial of service in TOTOLINK N600R routers running firmware 4.3.0cu.7866_B20220506 allows unauthenticated network attackers to crash the device's HTTP service with a single crafted request that dereferences a NULL pointer in the main function. CVSS 3.1 scores the flaw 7.5 (AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H), reflecting availability-only impact with no confidentiality or integrity effect, and EPSS places near-term exploitation likelihood at about 2.13% (82nd percentile). A public PoC reference exists (a GitHub BinaryAudit write-up); it is not verified as working exploit code, and there is no confirmed active exploitation (no CISA KEV listing).
A buffer overflow in the TOTOLINK N600R router's HTTP management interface allows authenticated remote attackers to execute arbitrary code by sending an overlong 'wepkey' parameter to the setWiFiBasicConfig function. Publicly available exploit code exists, and the EPSS score is low (1.04%, 63rd percentile), suggesting limited exploitation activity. Affected devices run firmware up to 4.3.0cu.7866_B20220506, and no vendor patch has been identified; mitigation relies on restricting management interface access and changing default credentials.
Command injection in TOTOLINK X18 via mac parameter. EPSS 3.4%. PoC available.
Command injection in TOTOLINK X18 via agentName in setEasyMeshAgentCfg. EPSS 2.7%. PoC available.
Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection') vulnerability in TOTOLINK X6000R allows OS Command Injection.4.0cu.1458_B20250708. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
A NULL pointer dereference in TOTOLINK N600R firmware v4.3.0cu.7866_B2022506 allows attackers to cause a Denial of Service. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
OS command injection in the exportOvpn handler of the TOTOLINK X5000R router firmware (9.1.0cu.2089_B20211224 and potentially other versions) allows an authenticated web-UI user to inject shell metacharacters through the 'filetype' argument supplied to /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi?action=exportOvpn&type=user, resulting in commands executed with the privileges of the underlying CGI process. The flaw is remotely reachable (CVSS 4.0 AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N) and publicly available exploit code exists, so any X5000R with an exposed or weakly-credentialed management interface should be treated as at risk. Impact per the supplied vector is limited (VC:L/VI:L/VA:L) but on an embedded device a successful injection typically yields full control of the appliance and its configuration.
Cross-site scripting in the Anchor Tag Handler of Totolink A3002MU firmware version Hh-B20211125.1046 allows network-accessible attackers with low-privilege credentials to inject malicious scripts into the router's web management interface, which execute in a victim's browser upon interaction. A public proof-of-concept exploit has been published on GitHub, lowering the technical barrier for exploitation. No vendor-released patch has been identified in the available intelligence, and the firmware timestamp (November 2021) suggests this is a long-unsupported build unlikely to receive a security update.
Command injection in TOTOLINK NR1800X firmware 9.1.0u.6681_B20230703 allows network-accessible attackers with low-privilege credentials to execute arbitrary OS commands by manipulating the 'ussd' parameter in the setUssd function exposed via /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi. A proof-of-concept exploit has been publicly released on GitHub, lowering the skill threshold for exploitation. On embedded router firmware, CGI processes typically run with root or near-root privileges, meaning successful exploitation likely yields full device control - a substantially higher real-world impact than the provided CVSS 4.0 score of 2.1 suggests.
Unauthenticated write access to the setApWiFiSchCfg function on TOTOLINK T6 firmware 4.1.5cu.748_B20211015 allows remote attackers to arbitrarily overwrite the device's AP wireless availability schedule by posting a crafted request to /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi. The CVSS PR:N metric confirms no credentials are required; the attack surface is the standard CGI management endpoint. No active exploitation is confirmed via CISA KEV, and EPSS sits at 0.16% (6th percentile), but the unauthenticated network vector makes this trivially reproducible against any device exposing its management interface to untrusted networks.
Unauthenticated access to the CloudSrvVersionCheck function in TOTOLINK T6 firmware 4.1.5cu.748_B20211015 allows remote attackers to trigger cloud-based firmware update checks by sending a crafted POST request to the /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi endpoint. The root cause is CWE-284 (Improper Access Control) - the function processes requests without verifying caller identity, a systemic pattern observed across multiple CGI handlers in this firmware batch. No public exploit code or active exploitation (CISA KEV) has been identified; EPSS at 0.18% (7th percentile) indicates low probability of automated exploitation.
Predictable authentication token generation in TOTOLINK N600R firmware 4.3.0cu.7866_B20220506 exposes the router's web management interface to session token prediction attacks from the network. The loginAuth function in /web_cste/cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi generates insufficiently random values (CWE-330), enabling unauthenticated remote attackers to predict valid session tokens and gain unauthorized access to router configuration data. A proof-of-concept exploit script (poc.py) is publicly available on GitHub, though high attack complexity limits practical exploitation to technically capable attackers.
Smart QoS configuration disclosure in TOTOLINK T6 firmware 4.1.5cu.748_B20211015 allows unauthenticated attackers on the same network segment to read QoS rules and configuration by sending a crafted POST request to /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi. The getSmartQosCfg function lacks any access control enforcement, exposing network prioritization policies and associated device rules without credentials. EPSS is low (0.18%, 7th percentile) and no active exploitation has been identified; however, this flaw is consistent with a documented systemic pattern of missing authentication across multiple TOTOLINK T6 CGI endpoints.
Remote command injection in TOTOLINK N600R firmware 4.3.0cu.7647_B20210106 allows unauthenticated network attackers to execute arbitrary OS commands by supplying shell metacharacters in the `ntp_server` parameter to the `getCurrentTime` handler at `/cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi`. A public proof-of-concept demonstrating popen-based injection is available on GitHub, confirmed by the CVSS 4.0 E:P exploit maturity indicator, meaning exploitation requires minimal attacker skill. No vendor-released patch has been identified in available intelligence, leaving internet-exposed devices unmitigated.
Denial-of-service in TOTOLINK EX1200L firmware 9.3.5u.6146_B20201023 allows authenticated remote attackers to crash the device by sending a crafted request to the setWizardCfg function in /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi, triggering a null pointer dereference. Impact is limited strictly to availability - no confidentiality or integrity compromise - but a publicly available proof-of-concept exploit on GitHub (CVSS 4.0 E:P) significantly lowers the exploitation barrier. No vendor patch has been identified and the device is not listed in CISA KEV, making access restriction to the management interface the primary mitigation.
Remote denial-of-service in TOTOLINK EX1200L firmware 9.3.5u.6146_B20201023 allows a low-privileged authenticated attacker to crash the device by submitting a malformed request to the setPasswordCfg function in the CGI-based web management interface. Exploitation triggers a null pointer dereference in /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi, rendering the device unresponsive and disrupting its network extension services entirely. A public proof-of-concept exploit exists on GitHub, lowering the bar for exploitation, though no active exploitation has been recorded in CISA KEV at time of analysis.
Least privilege violation in TOTOLINK CP450 router firmware 4.1.0cu.747 allows low-privileged remote attackers to perform unauthorized integrity-affecting actions via the vsftpd FTP service, whose configuration in /etc/vsftpd.conf grants excessive permissions beyond operational necessity. The vulnerability carries a low CVSS 4.0 score of 2.1, reflecting constrained impact limited to low integrity effects on the vulnerable system with no confidentiality or availability consequence. A publicly available proof-of-concept exploit exists, and no CISA KEV listing has been confirmed, indicating no known active widespread exploitation at time of analysis.
Least-privilege violation in TOTOLINK AC1200 T8 firmware 4.1.5cu.8611 exposes the vsftpd FTP service to unauthorized integrity manipulation by low-privileged authenticated network users. The /etc/vsftpd.conf configuration grants excessive permissions beyond the principle of least privilege (CWE-272), allowing a low-privilege authenticated attacker to perform write operations they should not be authorized to execute. A proof-of-concept exploit has been publicly disclosed; the vulnerability is not confirmed in CISA KEV, but the CVSS temporal vector (E:P, RC:R) reflects publicly available exploit code with reasonable confidence in the report.
OS command injection in Totolink CA750-PoE 6.2c.510 allows a low-privileged remote attacker to execute arbitrary operating system commands by manipulating the PIN argument passed to the setWiFiWpsConfig function within /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi. The attack requires no user interaction and is reachable over the network, making it a credible threat to any deployment exposing the device's management interface. A public proof-of-concept exploit has been published on GitHub, and EPSS places this at the 87th percentile of exploitation likelihood despite a low raw CVSS 4.0 score of 2.1 - a signal worth noting against the mismatch.
OS command injection in Totolink CA750-PoE firmware 6.2c.510 enables remote attackers with low-level credentials to execute arbitrary operating system commands via the fwUrl and magicid parameters of the recvUpgradeNewFw function within /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi. The firmware upgrade Setting Handler fails to sanitize user-supplied input before passing it to the underlying OS shell, exposing the device to command execution. A public proof-of-concept exploit is available on GitHub; while not yet listed in CISA KEV, the EPSS 87th-percentile ranking signals elevated real-world exploitation interest relative to the broader vulnerability landscape.
OS command injection in Totolink CA750-PoE firmware 6.2c.510 allows authenticated remote attackers to execute arbitrary shell commands by manipulating the FileName argument passed to the setUploadUserData function within the /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi Setting Handler. A public proof-of-concept exploit is available on GitHub, meaningfully lowering the skill barrier for adversaries. While not listed in CISA KEV, the EPSS score of 2.95% at the 87th percentile signals real-world exploitation probability well above average, making this a higher practical risk than the CVSS 4.0 base score of 2.1 alone would suggest.
OS command injection in Totolink CA750-PoE firmware 6.2c.510 allows a network-adjacent authenticated attacker to execute arbitrary operating system commands by manipulating the FileName argument passed to the setUpgradeUboot function within the /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi Setting Handler. Publicly available exploit code exists, hosted on GitHub, making exploitation accessible to low-skilled attackers. No public exploit identified in CISA KEV at time of analysis, though the EPSS 87th percentile ranking signals elevated exploitation interest relative to the broader CVE population despite a low absolute probability of 2.95%.
OS command injection in Totolink CA750-PoE firmware 6.2c.510 allows a remote, low-privileged attacker to execute arbitrary operating system commands on the device by manipulating the plugin_version parameter in the setUnloadUserData function of /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi. A public proof-of-concept exploit exists on GitHub, and the EPSS percentile (87th) indicates this CVE carries meaningfully higher exploitation likelihood than the majority of published vulnerabilities despite its low CVSS 4.0 base score of 2.1. No public exploit identified as actively exploited (CISA KEV), but POC availability on a network-accessible embedded device warrants prompt attention in exposed deployments.
OS command injection in Totolink CA750-PoE firmware 6.2c.510 allows authenticated remote attackers to execute arbitrary operating system commands by manipulating network diagnostic parameters in the device's CGI handler. The vulnerable function setNetworkDiag, reachable at /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi, passes attacker-controlled values for NetDiagHost, NetDiagPingNum, NetDiagPingSize, NetDiagPingTimeOut, and NetDiagTracertHop directly into OS command execution without sanitization. A public proof-of-concept exploit exists on GitHub; the EPSS score of 2.95% at the 87th percentile indicates elevated exploitation likelihood relative to the broader CVE population, though SSVC assessment rates the attack as not automatable.
OS command injection in Totolink CA750-PoE firmware 6.2c.510 allows a low-privileged remote attacker to execute arbitrary system commands on the device by manipulating the host_time argument passed to the NTPSyncWithHost function within the CGI-based Setting Handler. A public proof-of-concept exploit is available on GitHub, lowering the bar for exploitation. Despite being an OS command injection - a class of vulnerability typically associated with high-severity scores - the vendor CVSS 4.0 score of 2.1 reflects unusually low impact ratings (VC:L/VI:L/VA:L) that security teams should independently verify, as the 87th-percentile EPSS score signals that this CVE's characteristics are consistent with real-world exploitation interest.
OS command injection in Totolink CA750-PoE firmware 6.2c.510 allows a network-reachable, low-privilege authenticated attacker to execute arbitrary operating system commands by injecting shell metacharacters into the admuser or admpass arguments of the setPasswordCfg function within /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi. A public proof-of-concept exploit has been published on GitHub, materially lowering the bar for exploitation. No vendor-released patch has been identified at time of analysis, leaving affected deployments dependent on compensating controls.
OS command injection in Totolink CA750-PoE firmware 6.2c.510 allows authenticated remote attackers to execute arbitrary OS commands by manipulating the webWlanIdx argument within the setWebWlanIdx function of /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi. A publicly available proof-of-concept exploit hosted on GitHub exists, materially lowering the skill threshold for exploitation despite the low CVSS 4.0 score of 2.1. No public exploit identified at time of analysis as confirmed actively exploited (CISA KEV), but EPSS places this at the 85th percentile, signaling elevated exploitation likelihood relative to the broader CVE population.
Command injection in Totolink WA300 firmware version 5.2cu.7112_B20190227 allows authenticated remote attackers to execute arbitrary commands via the hostTime parameter in the NTPSyncWithHost function accessible through /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi. Publicly available exploit code exists, though actual real-world exploitation risk is mitigated by the requirement for authenticated access and the low impact scope (limited to confidentiality, integrity, and availability of the application itself, with no system-wide impact).
Command injection in Totolink WA300 5.2cu.7112_B20190227 allows authenticated remote attackers to execute arbitrary commands via the langType parameter in the setLanguageCfg function of /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi. Publicly available exploit code exists, though the low CVSS 2.1 score reflects limited scope (only low confidentiality and integrity impact, no system integrity or availability impact) and authentication requirement, reducing real-world attack surface.
Command injection in Totolink WA300 firmware version 5.2cu.7112_B20190227 allows authenticated remote attackers to execute arbitrary commands via the webWlanIdx parameter in the setWebWlanIdx function of /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi. The vulnerability requires valid user credentials but no user interaction, with publicly available exploit code demonstrating the attack.
External file inclusion in Totolink N300RH firmware 6.1c.1353_B20190305 allows remote unauthenticated attackers to manipulate the FileName parameter in the setUploadSetting function via /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi, enabling arbitrary file writes and denial of service. Publicly available exploit code exists, and the vulnerability carries a CVSS score of 6.5 reflecting network-accessible attack vector with low complexity.
Remote code execution in Totolink N300RH firmware 6.1c.1353_B20190305 allows unauthenticated network attackers to execute arbitrary OS commands via command injection in the FileName parameter of the setUpgradeUboot function in upgrade.so. Publicly available exploit code exists for this vulnerability, which carries a CVSS 6.9 score reflecting network-accessible attack vector with low complexity and no authentication requirements.
OS command injection in Totolink A7100RU router firmware 7.4cu.2313_b20191024 allows unauthenticated remote attackers to execute arbitrary system commands via the 'enable' parameter in the setGameSpeedCfg function of /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi. Public exploit code exists on GitHub (EPSS and KEV status not provided, but publicly available proof-of-concept increases immediate risk). Attack vector is network-based with low complexity requiring no user interaction or authentication (CVSS:3.1 AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N).
OS command injection in Totolink A7100RU router firmware version 7.4cu.2313_b20191024 allows unauthenticated remote attackers to execute arbitrary system commands via the 'provider' parameter in the setDdnsCfg function of /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi. Publicly available exploit code exists (GitHub POC) demonstrating practical exploitation. With CVSS 7.3 and network-accessible attack vector requiring no authentication or user interaction, this represents a significant risk to exposed devices, though no active exploitation confirmed by CISA KEV at time of analysis.
OS command injection in Totolink A3300R firmware version 17.0.0cu.557_B20221024 allows authenticated local attackers to execute arbitrary commands via the stun_pass parameter in the vsetTr069Cfg function of /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi. The vulnerability has a CVSS score of 5.1 (medium severity) with CVSS:4.0/AV:A/AC:L/PR:L vector indicating adjacent network access and low authentication requirements. Publicly available exploit code exists, though active exploitation status (CISA KEV) is not confirmed.
OS command injection in Totolink A7100RU firmware version 7.4cu.2313_b20191024 allows unauthenticated remote attackers to execute arbitrary commands via manipulation of the mode parameter in the setScheduleCfg function of /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi. Publicly available exploit code exists for this vulnerability, creating immediate risk for exposed devices.
Remote command injection in Totolink A7100RU firmware 7.4cu.2313_b20191024 allows unauthenticated attackers to execute arbitrary OS commands via manipulation of the resetFlags parameter in the CsteSystem function (/cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi). Publicly available exploit code exists for this vulnerability, which achieves a CVSS 6.9 score with low confidentiality, integrity, and availability impact across multiple scopes.
Authentication bypass in Totolink A8000R 5.9c.681_B20180413 allows remote attackers to manipulate the langType parameter in the setLanguageCfg function at /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi to bypass authentication controls without credentials. This unauthenticated remote vulnerability has publicly available exploit code and poses a confirmed risk to exposed router management interfaces.
Command injection in Totolink A3300R firmware 17.0.0cu.557_b20221024 allows authenticated remote attackers to execute arbitrary commands via the vlanPriLan3 parameter in the setIptvCfg function of /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi. The vulnerability has a publicly available exploit and carries moderate severity (CVSS 6.3) with confirmed exploitability signals (EPSS P/E indicator). Successful exploitation grants an authenticated attacker the ability to manipulate VLAN priority settings and potentially gain code execution on the affected router.
Command injection in Totolink A3300R 17.0.0cu.557_b20221024 allows authenticated remote attackers to execute arbitrary commands via manipulation of the rxRate parameter in the setWiFiBasicCfg function at /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi. The vulnerability has a CVSS score of 6.3 with publicly available exploit code, making it a moderate-priority issue for affected device administrators despite requiring prior authentication.
Command injection in Totolink A3300R router firmware 17.0.0cu.557_b20221024 allows unauthenticated remote attackers to execute arbitrary system commands via the setSyslogCfg function in /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi. Public exploit code is available on GitHub, significantly lowering the barrier to exploitation. The CVSS vector (AV:N/AC:L/PR:N) confirms network-accessible exploitation with low complexity and no authentication required, enabling pre-authentication remote code execution on affected routers.
Command injection in Totolink A3300R firmware version 17.0.0cu.557_b20221024 allows authenticated remote attackers to execute arbitrary commands via manipulation of the pptpPassThru parameter in the setVpnPassCfg function of /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi. The vulnerability has a CVSS score of 6.3 (medium severity) with network-accessible attack vector and low complexity; publicly available exploit code exists, making this an actionable threat for affected deployments.
Command injection in Totolink A3300R router firmware version 17.0.0cu.557_b20221024 allows authenticated remote attackers to execute arbitrary commands via a crafted ip parameter in the setStaticRoute function of /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi. The vulnerability carries a CVSS score of 6.3 (medium severity) with public exploit code available, enabling potential compromise of router configuration and data integrity.
Remote command injection in Totolink A3300R firmware 17.0.0cu.557_b20221024 allows authenticated remote attackers to execute arbitrary commands via the enable parameter in the setUPnPCfg function at /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi. Publicly available exploit code exists, and the vulnerability has a CVSS score of 6.3 with confirmed proof-of-concept demonstrated on GitHub.
Command injection in Totolink A3300R 17.0.0cu.557_b20221024 allows authenticated remote attackers to execute arbitrary system commands via the qos_up_bw parameter in the setSmartQosCfg function of /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi. The vulnerability has a CVSS score of 6.3 (medium severity) with low attack complexity, and publicly available exploit code exists, though no active exploitation via CISA KEV has been confirmed at time of analysis.
Command injection in Totolink A3300R firmware versions up to 17.0.0cu.557_b20221024 allows authenticated remote attackers to execute arbitrary commands via the lanIp parameter in the setLanCfg function of /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi. Publicly available exploit code exists for this vulnerability. With a CVSS score of 5.3 and moderate real-world exploitability, this presents a meaningful risk to affected router installations.
Command injection in Totolink NR1800X firmware 9.1.0u.6279_B20210910 allows authenticated remote attackers to execute arbitrary commands via the host_time parameter in the NTPSyncWithHost function of /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi. The vulnerability has a CVSS score of 6.3 (medium severity) with publicly available exploit code, though it requires valid login credentials to exploit. Real-world risk is moderate given the authentication requirement and moderate EPSS probability (indicated by E:P in vector).
Command injection in Totolink A3600R firmware 4.1.2cu.5182_B20201102 allows authenticated remote attackers to execute arbitrary commands via the NoticeUrl parameter in the setNoticeCfg function of /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi. The vulnerability has a CVSS score of 6.3 (low-to-medium severity) but is confirmed by publicly available exploit code, making it an active threat to deployed devices despite the authentication requirement.
A critical OS command injection vulnerability exists in Totolink WA300 router firmware version 5.2cu.7112_B20190227, specifically in the recvUpgradeNewFw function within /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi. An unauthenticated remote attacker can exploit this flaw to execute arbitrary operating system commands on the affected device. A public proof-of-concept exploit has been released on GitHub, significantly lowering the barrier to exploitation and increasing real-world risk.
OS command injection in Totolink N300RH firmware allows unauthenticated remote attackers to execute arbitrary commands through the setWiFiWpsConfig function in the CGI handler. Public exploit code exists for this vulnerability, and no patch is currently available. Affected users should restrict network access to the device's management interface until a fix is released.
X5000R Firmware versions up to 9.1.0cu.2415_b20250515 is affected by uncontrolled resource consumption (CVSS 7.5).
X6000R Firmware versions up to 9.4.0cu.1498_b20250826 is affected by os command injection (CVSS 8.8).
Argument injection in TOTOLINK X5000R router v9.1.0cu via setDiagnosisCfg handler allows unauthenticated remote code execution. EPSS 2.0% with PoC available.
X5000R Firmware versions up to 9.1.0cu.2415_b20250515 is affected by os command injection (CVSS 8.0).
OS command injection in Totolik WA300 firmware via the setAPNetwork function allows authenticated remote attackers to execute arbitrary commands with network access. Public exploit code exists for this vulnerability, and no patch is currently available. The flaw affects firmware version 5.2cu.7112_B20190227 and impacts the /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi endpoint through manipulation of the Ipaddr parameter.
A950Rg Firmware versions up to 4.1.2cu.5204_b20210112 is affected by classic buffer overflow (CVSS 6.5).
TOTOLINK A950RG has a third buffer overflow in setRadvdCfg providing yet another RCE vector through the router's IPv6 configuration interface.
TOTOLINK A950RG has a stack-based buffer overflow in a second endpoint, providing an additional RCE vector through the router's CGI interface.
TOTOLINK A950RG router firmware has a buffer overflow in setUrlFilterRules that allows remote attackers to execute code through the router's management interface.
Command injection in Totolik A7000R firmware through the setUpgradeFW function allows unauthenticated remote attackers to execute arbitrary commands via a malicious FileName parameter. Public exploit code exists for this vulnerability, increasing the risk of active exploitation. The device remains vulnerable as no patch is currently available.
A7000R Firmware versions up to 4.1cu.4154 contains a vulnerability that allows attackers to command injection (CVSS 6.3).
Command injection in Totolik A7000R firmware (version 4.1cu.4154) via the CloudACManualUpdateUserdata function allows authenticated remote attackers to execute arbitrary commands through a crafted url parameter. Public exploit code exists for this vulnerability and no patch is currently available.
Command injection in Totolik A7000R firmware allows authenticated remote attackers to execute arbitrary commands through the plugin_name parameter in the setUnloadUserData function. Public exploit code exists for this vulnerability, and no patch is currently available. The attack requires network access and valid credentials but no user interaction.
Totolik NR1800X firmware versions up to 9.1.0u.6279_B20210910 contain a command injection vulnerability in the setTracerouteCfg function that allows authenticated remote attackers to execute arbitrary commands via malicious POST requests. Public exploit code exists for this vulnerability, and no patch is currently available. An attacker with valid credentials can leverage this to achieve remote code execution on affected network devices.
Command injection in Totolik NR1800X firmware allows authenticated remote attackers to execute arbitrary commands through the Hostname parameter in the setWanCfg POST handler. Public exploit code exists for this vulnerability, creating elevated risk despite no patch availability. Affected devices can be compromised to gain full system control with network access and valid credentials.
Command injection in Totolik LR350 firmware through the setTracerouteCfg function allows authenticated remote attackers to execute arbitrary system commands via a malicious POST request to /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi. Public exploit code is available and the vulnerability remains unpatched, creating immediate risk for deployed devices. An attacker with network access and valid credentials can achieve code execution with full device compromise potential.
Command injection in Totolink LR350 firmware allows authenticated remote attackers to execute arbitrary commands through the ip parameter in the setDiagnosisCfg function. Public exploit code exists for this vulnerability, and no patch is currently available. Affected users should restrict access to the affected device until a fix is released.
A null pointer dereference in TOTOLINK WA1200 5.9c.2914's HTTP request handler (cstecgi.cgi) allows remote unauthenticated attackers to trigger a denial of service condition. Public exploit code is available for this vulnerability, increasing the risk of active exploitation. A patch is not currently available, leaving affected devices vulnerable until an update is released.
Command injection in TOTOLINK WA300 firmware (version 5.2cu.7112_B20190227 and earlier) allows authenticated remote attackers to execute arbitrary commands through a malformed UPLOAD_FILENAME parameter in the cstecgi.cgi function. Public exploit code exists for this vulnerability, and no patch is currently available.
Incorrect access control in the web management interface of TOTOLINK A3300R and N200RE router firmware allows remote, unauthenticated attackers to send requests to protected interface endpoints without logging in, granting them high-impact read and write capability over device configuration and data (CVSS 3.1 base 9.1, AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N). Affected builds include A3300R V17.0.0cu.557_B20221024 and N200RE V9.3.5u.6448_B20240521 and V9.3.5u.6437_B20230519, with the practical exposure ceiling set by whether the management interface is reachable from the WAN side. Publicly available exploit code exists (a published proof-of-concept is linked from the NVD entry), but the flaw is not confirmed as actively exploited (no CISA KEV listing) at time of analysis.
Command injection in the TOTOLINK N200RE router firmware (V9.3.5u.6437_B20230519) lets an attacker on the same local network execute arbitrary shell commands on the device through the setOpModeCfg handler's hostName parameter. Because the vector is AV:A with PR:N/UI:N, no credentials or user interaction are needed, but the attacker must already be on the device's Wi-Fi or wired LAN segment (for example a guest, neighbor, or rogue client sharing the broadcast domain) rather than reaching it from the internet. Publicly available exploit code exists (a proof-of-concept PDF is linked from the NVD record), and the flaws were confirmed as command injection per CWE-77; there is no evidence of confirmed in-the-wild exploitation and the vendor has published no fixed firmware in the supplied references.
OS command injection in TOTOLINK X5000R firmware 9.1.0cu.2089_B20211224 allows authenticated remote attackers to execute arbitrary system commands via the User parameter in the /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi exportOvpn function. The vulnerability requires valid login credentials but results in complete system compromise once authenticated. Public exploit code is available, and the CVSS score of 2.1 significantly underrepresents the true risk due to the low-impact scoring parameters masking the severity of unauthenticated command execution in a network-accessible management interface.
Unauthenticated remote attackers can enable Telnet on TOTOLINK X5000R AX1800 routers running firmware V9.1.0u.6369_B20230113 by abusing an authorization bypass in the cstecgi.cgi endpoint, and then log in as root using a blank password on factory-reset devices, yielding arbitrary command execution. Publicly available exploit code exists (a detailed write-up is referenced by NVD), and EPSS places this at roughly 11.28% (96th percentile), indicating elevated real-world interest, though there is no CISA KEV confirmation of active exploitation. The CVSS 3.1 vector (AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H, score 9.8) confirms the bypass is fully unauthenticated and requires no user interaction; risk is highest where the router's web management interface is reachable from the WAN or an untrusted network.
A command injection vulnerability exists in the TOTOLINK A950RG Router firmware V5.9c.4592_B20191022_ALL within the `system.so` binary. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
A buffer overflow vulnerability exists in the TOTOLINK A950RG Router firmware V5.9c.4592_B20191022_ALL within the `global.so` binary. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
A stack buffer overflow vulnerability exists in the ToToLink LR1200GB (V9.1.0u.6619_B20230130) and NR1800X (V9.1.0u.6681_B20230703) Router firmware within the cstecgi.cgi binary (setDefResponse. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
An unauthenticated command injection vulnerability exists in the ToToLink LR1200GB Router firmware V9.1.0u.6619_B20230130 within the cstecgi.cgi binary (sub_41EC68 function). Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
A local stack-based buffer overflow vulnerability exists in the infostat.cgi and cstecgi.cgi binaries of ToToLink routers (A720R V4.1.5cu.614_B20230630, LR1200GB V9.1.0u.6619_B20230130, and NR1800X. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.1), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
A stack buffer overflow exists in the ToToLink A720R Router firmware V4.1.5cu.614_B20230630 within the sysconf binary (sub_401EE0 function). Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.1), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
A stack buffer overflow vulnerability exists in the ToToLink LR1200GB (V9.1.0u.6619_B20230130) and NR1800X (V9.1.0u.6681_B20230703) Router firmware within the cstecgi.cgi binary (sub_42F32C. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
A command injection vulnerability exists in the ToToLink A720R Router firmware V4.1.5cu.614_B20230630 within the sysconf binary, specifically in the sub_40BFA4 function that handles network interface. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and EPSS exploitation probability 10.3%.
A command injection vulnerability exists in the ToToLink A720R Router firmware V4.1.5cu.614_B20230630 within the cloudupdate_check binary, specifically in the sub_402414 function that handles cloud. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
TOTOLink A7000R V9.1.0u.6115_B20201022 was discovered to contain a stack overflow in the addEffect parameter of the urldecode function. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
TOTOLink A7000R V9.1.0u.6115_B20201022 was discovered to contain a stack overflow in the ssid parameter of the urldecode function. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
Stack-based buffer overflow in TOTOLINK LR350 firmware 9.3.5u.6369_B20220309 allows a crafted request containing an overlong ssid parameter handled by sub_422880 to crash the device and cause denial of service. Only that firmware build is identified as affected, and the impact is availability-only (CVSS 3.1 7.5, C:N/I:N/A:H). A public PoC reference exists but is not verified as working exploit code; EPSS is 0.41% (35th percentile), no CISA KEV entry is reported, and the sources do not confirm whether the relevant endpoint is reachable without authentication despite the PR:N vector.
Stack overflow in the ssid parameter handler of TOTOLINK LR350 firmware 9.3.5u.6369_B20220309 can crash the device, producing a denial of service; assessed impact is availability only, with no confidentiality, integrity, or code-execution effect shown. NVD lists PR:N, but the independent assessment rates it PR:L because SSID configuration is normally part of the authenticated web administration interface and the sources do not confirm a pre-authentication path. A public PoC reference exists; it is not verified as working exploit code, EPSS is low at 0.41% (35th percentile), and there is no indication of confirmed active exploitation.
A stack-based buffer overflow in the setSyslogCfg handler of TOTOLINK A3300R firmware 17.0.0cu.557_B20221024 lets remote attackers crash the device, and likely gain code execution, by sending an oversized value in the 'enable' POST parameter to /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi. The affected attack surface is the router's web/management interface, so exploitation requires network reachability to that interface and - per the assessed CVSS vector (PR:L) - likely a valid authenticated session, although pre-authentication access is not confirmed. Publicly available exploit code exists (a public PoC write-up is linked in the references), but there is no indication of confirmed active exploitation (not in CISA KEV); EPSS is 1.02% (62nd percentile), indicating moderate, not top-tier, exploitation likelihood.
Authenticated stack-based buffer overflow in the TOTOLINK A3300R SOHO router (firmware 17.0.0cu.557_B20221024) allows a remote attacker holding valid web-management credentials to corrupt memory by sending an over-length 'lang' value to the setLanguageCfg function of /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi, resulting in a device crash and, depending on the runtime build, potential code execution with full loss of confidentiality, integrity and availability. Publicly available exploit code exists (a step-by-step proof-of-concept for this exact firmware is published on GitHub), but the flaw is not in CISA KEV, so active exploitation is not confirmed; EPSS is 1.03% (63rd percentile), a moderate score consistent with a targeted IoT/router issue rather than mass scanning. Both the CVSS 4.0 base of 7.4 and the independent assessment (CVSS:3.1 AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H) agree on High impacts but require the attacker to first reach the router's HTTP management interface and authenticate at low privilege (PR:L), and only the one firmware build listed under the CPE is confirmed affected.
Authenticated remote attackers can trigger a buffer overflow in the setDmzCfg handler of TOTOLINK A3300R firmware 17.0.0cu.557_B20221024 by sending a crafted ip parameter to /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi, potentially leading to arbitrary code execution or device crash with high confidentiality, integrity, and availability impact. Publicly available exploit code exists, and EPSS is 0.84% (56th percentile), but no confirmed active exploitation (CISA KEV) is indicated in the provided data. The attack requires network access to the router's web management interface and a valid low-privilege session (PR:L in both the supplied CVSS 4.0 vector and the independent CVSS 3.1 assessment), so default or compromised credentials or an authentication bypass would be needed.
Buffer overflow in the TOTOLINK A3300R router firmware (17.0.0cu.557_B20221024) lets an authenticated, low-privilege remote attacker corrupt memory through the setDdnsCfg function of /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi, with high impact to confidentiality, integrity and availability on the device. Exploitation requires network reachability to the device's web management service and a valid low-privilege session (CVSS PR:L), though default or weak credentials on consumer routers can make that trivial; no user interaction is required. Publicly available exploit code exists (a proof-of-concept writeup is published on GitHub), but there is no KEV listing and no confirmed active exploitation, and EPSS is low at 0.84% (56th percentile), so risk is moderate and driven mainly by exposure of the management interface.
Denial of service in TOTOLINK N600R routers running firmware 4.3.0cu.7866_B20220506 allows unauthenticated network attackers to crash the device's HTTP service with a single crafted request that dereferences a NULL pointer in the main function. CVSS 3.1 scores the flaw 7.5 (AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H), reflecting availability-only impact with no confidentiality or integrity effect, and EPSS places near-term exploitation likelihood at about 2.13% (82nd percentile). A public PoC reference exists (a GitHub BinaryAudit write-up); it is not verified as working exploit code, and there is no confirmed active exploitation (no CISA KEV listing).
A buffer overflow in the TOTOLINK N600R router's HTTP management interface allows authenticated remote attackers to execute arbitrary code by sending an overlong 'wepkey' parameter to the setWiFiBasicConfig function. Publicly available exploit code exists, and the EPSS score is low (1.04%, 63rd percentile), suggesting limited exploitation activity. Affected devices run firmware up to 4.3.0cu.7866_B20220506, and no vendor patch has been identified; mitigation relies on restricting management interface access and changing default credentials.
Command injection in TOTOLINK X18 via mac parameter. EPSS 3.4%. PoC available.
Command injection in TOTOLINK X18 via agentName in setEasyMeshAgentCfg. EPSS 2.7%. PoC available.
Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection') vulnerability in TOTOLINK X6000R allows OS Command Injection.4.0cu.1458_B20250708. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
A NULL pointer dereference in TOTOLINK N600R firmware v4.3.0cu.7866_B2022506 allows attackers to cause a Denial of Service. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.