What is the CVSS score of CVE-2025-28028?

CVE-2025-28028 has a CVSS 3.1 base score of 7.3 (High). CVSS vector: CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L. EPSS exploitation probability: 0.3%.

Is there a public PoC exploit available for CVE-2025-28028?

Yes, a public proof-of-concept exploit is available for CVE-2025-28028. Prioritise patching immediately. EPSS: 0.3%.

How to fix or mitigate CVE-2025-28028?

Within 7 days: Identify all affected systems running a buffer overflow vulnerability in downloadFile.cgi and apply vendor patches promptly. If patching is delayed, consider network segmentation to limit exposure.

A950rg Firmware CVE-2025-28028

HIGH

Classic Buffer Overflow (CWE-120)

2025-04-23 cve@mitre.org

Buffer Overflow A950rg Firmware A3000Ru Firmware A3100R Firmware A830R Firmware TOTOLINK

7.3

CVSS 3.1 · NVD

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Vulnerability Assessment

Weakness	CWE CWE-120 OWASP Top 10:2025 A06:2021 - Vulnerable and Outdated Components ASVS 5.0 V15 - Secure Coding and Architecture Buffer copy size validation MITRE ATT&CK 1 technique across 1 tactic: Execution The technique list with ATT&CK links and the kill-chain view is part of the Basic plan and up. Sign in to read
Impact	CVSS score of 7.3 (HIGH). Attack characteristics: network attack vector, low complexity, no privileges required, no user interaction not required. Public proof-of-concept exploit code is available. EPSS exploitation probability: 0.32%.
Exploit ScenarioDerived	A remote attacker could overflow a buffer to corrupt adjacent memory by sending crafted requests to the affected application. No authentication is required to exploit this vulnerability.

This Week Schedule remediation this week. Why: HIGH severity (CVSS 7.0-8.9).

No patch listed yet 0.3% exploitation probability (EPSS)

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AnalysisAIv1 – Mar 28, 2026

TOTOLINK A830R V4.1.2cu.5182_B20201102, A950RG V4.1.2cu.5161_B20200903, A3000RU V5.9c.5185_B20201128, and A3100R V4.1.2cu.5247_B20211129 were found to contain a buffer overflow vulnerability in. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.

RemediationAI

No vendor patch is available at time of analysis. Monitor vendor advisories for updates. Always validate buffer sizes before copy operations. Use bounded functions (strncpy, snprintf). Enable compiler protections.

Affects your stack

Find out whether the stacks and servers you run are on an affected version.

Checking this CVE against your own stacks and servers is part of the Basic plan and up.

Technical ContextAI · show details

This vulnerability is classified as Buffer Copy without Size Check (CWE-120), which allows attackers to overflow a buffer to corrupt adjacent memory. TOTOLINK A830R V4.1.2cu.5182_B20201102, A950RG V4.1.2cu.5161_B20200903, A3000RU V5.9c.5185_B20201128, and A3100R V4.1.2cu.5247_B20211129 were found to contain a buffer overflow vulnerability in downloadFile.cgi through the v5 parameter. Affected products include: Totolink A830R Firmware, Totolink A950Rg Firmware, Totolink A3000Ru Firmware, Totolink A3100R Firmware.

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Exploit and PoC references, threat intelligence from 22 sources

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Severity by source

NVD PRIMARY 7.3 HIGH

AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L

Primary rating from NVD · only source for this CVE.

CVSS VectorNVD

Attack Vector

Network

Attack Complexity

Low

Privileges Required

None

User Interaction

None

Scope

Unchanged

Confidentiality

Low

Integrity

Low

Availability

Low

Lifecycle Timeline

PoC Detected

May 06, 2025 - 20:08 vuln.today

Public exploit code

CVE Published

Apr 23, 2025 - 17:16 nvd

HIGH 7.3

DescriptionCVE.org

Executive ViewAI

Why It Matters

Organizations using a buffer overflow vulnerability in downloadFile.cgi face moderate risk from CVE-2025-28028, a buffer overflow vulnerability rated CVSS 7.3. Exploitation could allow attackers to corrupt memory, crash the application, or potentially execute arbitrary code. Proof-of-concept code is publicly available, increasing the risk of exploitation. Organizations should apply vendor updates when available and consider compensating controls in the interim.

Business Impact: Moderate

Compensating Controls

Apply vendor patch. If immediate patching is not feasible: (1) Enable ASLR and DEP where available; (2) Implement network segmentation; (3) Monitor for exploitation indicators.

Threat Intelligence Overview

EPSS Score

0.3%

Top 45% exploitable

Exploit

POC

Public exploit code exists

Data Quality

3 sources

Confidence: Low

NVD

CVE.org

EPSS

How this decision was reached

The engine reads each signal below and applies a fixed list of rules from top to bottom. The first rule that matches sets the recommended action – like a statement, every line is shown.

SignalValue

Severity HIGH

CISA KEV No

Public POC Yes

EPSS 0.3%

Patch available No

Active threat No

Deciding rule

HIGH severity (CVSS 7.0-8.9)

What every action level means

Emergency Immediate action required. Criteria: CRITICAL + in CISA KEV (actively exploited) without patch, OR CRITICAL + EPSS > 30% without patch, OR CRITICAL + active threat signals without patch.

Act Now Prioritize within 24-48h. Criteria: in KEV with patch available, OR CRITICAL + public POC, OR HIGH + EPSS > 10%, OR CRITICAL + active threat, OR any CRITICAL severity.

This Week Schedule remediation this week. Criteria: HIGH severity (CVSS 7.0-8.9). Patch within normal change window.

This Month Plan within 30 days. Criteria: MEDIUM severity (CVSS 4.0-6.9), lower exploitation probability. Include in regular patch cycle.

Monitor Track and reassess. Criteria: LOW severity (CVSS 0.1-3.9), minimal exploitation risk. No immediate action needed.

SSVC AssessmentENISA

Exploitation· derived

Poc

System Exposure· derived

Open

Automatable· derived

Yes

Priority Score

Low Medium High Critical

KEV: 0

EPSS: 0

CVSS: +36

PoC: +20

Weaponized: 0

Threat intel: 0

Gov advisory: 0

Attack Technique

Buffer Overflow HIGH

A buffer overflow occurs when a program writes more data to a memory buffer than it was allocated to hold, causing the excess data to spill into adjacent memory regions.