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Attack ChainAIDerived

Hypothetical attack flow derived from CVE metadata – not a confirmed exploit chain

  1. Access
    Obtain low-privilege local account
  2. Delivery
    Drop race exploit binary
  3. Exploit
    Spawn concurrent threads against WpnUserService
  4. Execution
    Win TOCTOU window on shared resource
  5. Persist
    Execute code as elevated service
  6. Impact
    Access protected resources cross-scope

Vulnerability Assessment

Weakness
CWE
OWASP Top 10:2025
A06:2025 - Insecure Design
ASVS 5.0
V15 - Secure Coding and Architecture Concurrency control, locking
MITRE ATT&CK

1 technique across 1 tactic: Privilege Escalation

The technique list with ATT&CK links and the kill-chain view is part of the Basic plan and up.

Exploitation Conditions

Attacker must already have authenticated local code execution as a low-privileged user (PR:L) on the target Windows host - this is not remotely exploitable. The attacker must specifically interact with the Windows Push Notifications service (WpnUserService/WpnService), which is enabled by default on Windows client editions, and must reliably win a timing race window between concurrent threads - the CVSS High attack complexity (AC:H) reflects that this race is not trivially won and may require many attempts or specific hardware/scheduling conditions. No user interaction is required (UI:N). Hosts that have the Push Notifications service disabled, or that do not permit untrusted users to execute arbitrary code locally, are not realistically exploitable.

Impact

Real-world risk is moderate rather than critical despite the 7.8 CVSS base score. The vector AV:L/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H confirms local access with low privileges is required, attack complexity is High (meaning the race condition window is non-trivial to win reliably), and no user interaction is needed. The High attack complexity is significant - race conditions often require many attempts, precise timing, or specific hardware configurations to land. EPSS data was not provided in the input, and the CVE is not listed in CISA KEV, indicating no confirmed active exploitation. No public POC is referenced. The Information Disclosure tag in the metadata is slightly inconsistent with the description's framing as an elevation of privilege - verify with the Microsoft advisory which impact dominates. Priority should be standard Patch-Tuesday cadence for endpoints where untrusted local users may execute code, elevated for multi-tenant or shared workstations.

Exploit ScenarioDerived

An attacker with valid low-privilege credentials on a Windows host - for example a standard domain user on a shared workstation, a compromised service account, or a foothold gained through phishing - runs a small tool that repeatedly invokes Push Notifications APIs while a second thread manipulates the shared resource to win the race window. On a successful run, the attacker's code executes in the security context of the higher-privileged notification service, allowing them to access protected resources or stage further lateral movement. The High attack complexity means the attacker may need to retry many times or run on specific CPU configurations.

Act Now Prioritize within 24-48h. Why: Active threat signals + CRITICAL/HIGH severity.
Patch available 0.0% exploitation probability (EPSS)

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AnalysisAIv1 – Jun 09, 2026

Local privilege escalation in Microsoft Windows Push Notifications service stems from a race condition (CWE-362) that an authenticated low-privilege user can win to gain higher privileges on the host. The CVSS 7.8 score with Scope:Changed indicates successful exploitation crosses a security boundary, impacting confidentiality, integrity, and availability of resources beyond the vulnerable component. No public exploit identified at time of analysis, and the vulnerability is not listed in CISA KEV.

RemediationAI

Apply the patch available per Microsoft Security Response Center advisory CVE-2026-42991 (https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2026-42991) through standard Windows Update or WSUS channels for all affected client and server SKUs; exact fix KB numbers are listed in the MSRC entry and should be cited from that advisory rather than inferred. Until patches are deployed, compensating controls include restricting interactive logon and local code execution on affected hosts to trusted administrators (since the attacker requires local low-privilege access), and disabling the Windows Push Notifications User Service (WpnUserService) where applications do not depend on toast or tile notifications - note that this will break notification delivery for UWP and modern apps and is rarely viable on user workstations. EDR detections for anomalous child processes spawned by the WpnUserService or rapid repeated calls into push notification APIs from non-notification-consuming processes can help identify exploit attempts.

Affected VersionsENISA

Windows 11 version 26H1 10.0.28000.0 <10.0.28000.2269
Windows 10 Version 22H2 10.0.19045.0 <10.0.19045.7417
Windows 11 Version 23H2 10.0.22631.0 <10.0.22631.7219
Windows Server 2025 (Server Core installation) 10.0.26100.0 <10.0.26100.32995
Windows Server 2025 10.0.26100.0 <10.0.26100.32995
Windows 10 Version 21H2 10.0.19044.0 <10.0.19044.7417
Windows 11 Version 25H2 10.0.26200.0 <10.0.26200.8655
Windows Server 2022 10.0.20348.0 <10.0.20348.5256
Windows Server 2019 10.0.17763.0 <10.0.17763.8880
Windows 10 Version 1809 10.0.17763.0 <10.0.17763.8880
Windows 11 Version 24H2 10.0.26100.0 <10.0.26100.8655
Windows Server 2019 (Server Core installation) 10.0.17763.0 <10.0.17763.8880

Affected Packages

microsoft windows_10_version_1809_10_0_17763_8880 fix: Windows 10 Version 1809 for 32-bit Systems 10.0.17763.8880, Windows 10 Version 1809 for x64-based Systems 10.0.17763.8880
microsoft windows_10_version_21h2_10_0_19044_7417 fix: Windows 10 Version 21H2 for 32-bit Systems 10.0.19044.7417, Windows 10 Version 21H2 for ARM64-based Systems 10.0.19044.7417, Windows 10 Version 21H2 for x64-based Systems 10.0.19044.7417
microsoft windows_10_version_22h2_10_0_19045_7417 fix: Windows 10 Version 22H2 for 32-bit Systems 10.0.19045.7417, Windows 10 Version 22H2 for ARM64-based Systems 10.0.19045.7417, Windows 10 Version 22H2 for x64-based Systems 10.0.19045.7417
microsoft windows_11_version_23h2_10_0_22631_7219 fix: Windows 11 Version 23H2 for ARM64-based Systems 10.0.22631.7219, Windows 11 Version 23H2 for x64-based Systems 10.0.22631.7219
microsoft windows_11_version_24h2_10_0_26100_8655 fix: Windows 11 Version 24H2 for ARM64-based Systems 10.0.26100.8655, Windows 11 Version 24H2 for x64-based Systems 10.0.26100.8655
microsoft windows_11_version_25h2_10_0_26200_8655 fix: Windows 11 Version 25H2 for ARM64-based Systems 10.0.26200.8655, Windows 11 Version 25H2 for x64-based Systems 10.0.26200.8655
microsoft windows_11_version_26h1_10_0_28000_2269 fix: Windows 11 Version 26H1 for ARM64-based Systems 10.0.28000.2269, Windows 11 version 26H1 for x64-based Systems 10.0.28000.2269
microsoft windows_server_2019_10_0_17763_8880 fix: Windows Server 2019 10.0.17763.8880, Windows Server 2019 (Server Core installation) 10.0.17763.8880
microsoft windows_server_2022_10_0_20348_5256 fix: Windows Server 2022 10.0.20348.5256, Windows Server 2022 (Server Core installation) 10.0.20348.5256
microsoft windows_server_2025_10_0_26100_32995 fix: Windows Server 2025 10.0.26100.32995, Windows Server 2025 (Server Core installation) 10.0.26100.32995
euvd windows_10_version_1809 fix: 10.0.17763.8880
euvd windows_10_version_21h2 fix: 10.0.19044.7417
euvd windows_10_version_22h2 fix: 10.0.19045.7417
euvd windows_11_version_23h2 fix: 10.0.22631.7219
euvd windows_11_version_24h2 fix: 10.0.26100.8655
euvd windows_11_version_25h2 fix: 10.0.26200.8655
euvd windows_11_version_26h1 fix: 10.0.28000.2269
euvd windows_server_2019 fix: 10.0.17763.8880
euvd windows_server_2019_server_core_installation fix: 10.0.17763.8880
euvd windows_server_2022 fix: 10.0.20348.5256
euvd windows_server_2025 fix: 10.0.26100.32995
euvd windows_server_2025_server_core_installation fix: 10.0.26100.32995

Source: OSV (Open Source Vulnerabilities)

Affects your stack

Affects 22 packages in microsoft, euvd

Checking this CVE against your own stacks and servers is part of the Basic plan and up.

Technical ContextAI · show details

Windows Push Notifications (WNS) is the Microsoft platform service that delivers toast, tile, badge, and raw notifications to Windows applications, typically implemented through the WpnUserService and WpnService components running with elevated rights to broker notification delivery between user-mode apps and the kernel. The flaw is classified as CWE-362 (Concurrent Execution using Shared Resource with Improper Synchronization), a classic time-of-check/time-of-use (TOCTOU) class of bug where two threads or processes manipulate a shared resource without adequate locking, allowing an attacker-controlled thread to interpose between a privileged operation's validation and its use. Because the CVSS vector marks Scope:Changed, the race occurs in a component whose successful exploitation impacts resources managed by a different security authority - consistent with a user-mode caller manipulating a service running at higher integrity.

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  • Exploit and PoC references, threat intelligence from 22 sources

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Severity by source

Sources disagree (Medium–Critical)
Vendor (microsoft) PRIMARY 7.8 HIGH
AV:L/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H
ENISA EUVD CRITICAL
CIRCL (temporal) 6.8 MEDIUM

vuln.today treats the vendor’s rating as authoritative. A higher third-party CVSS (e.g. CISA-ADP) is shown for transparency but does not drive the headline severity.

CVSS VectorVendor: microsoft

Attack Vector
Local
Attack Complexity
High
Privileges Required
Low
User Interaction
None
Scope
Changed
Confidentiality
High
Integrity
High
Availability
High

DescriptionCVE.org

Concurrent execution using shared resource with improper synchronization ('race condition') in Windows Push Notifications allows an authorized attacker to elevate privileges locally.

Executive ViewAI

Why It Matters

CVE-2026-42991 is a local privilege escalation in Microsoft Windows Push Notifications service that allows authenticated users to gain elevated system privileges. Any Windows system with standard or low-privilege users has exposure; successful exploitation compromises data confidentiality, system integrity, and service availability. A vendor patch is available and should be deployed as a priority remediation.

Business Impact: High
Compensating Controls

Apply vendor patch.

Threat Intelligence Overview

EPSS Score
0.0%
Top 84% exploitable
EU Gov Alert
Listed
Top-tier national CERT alert
Threat Intel
1
1 sources
Vendor Action
See Below
Required. The vulnerability documented by this CVE requires customer action to resolve.
Vendor Status
Publicly Disclosed:No
Exploited:No
Latest Software Release:Exploitation Unlikely
Data Quality
7 sources
Confidence: High

How this decision was reached

The engine reads each signal below and applies a fixed list of rules from top to bottom. The first rule that matches sets the recommended action – like a statement, every line is shown.

SignalValue
Severity HIGH
CISA KEV No
Public POC No
EPSS 0.0%
Patch available Yes
Active threat Yes
Deciding rule
Active threat signals + CRITICAL/HIGH severity
What every action level means
Emergency Immediate action required. Criteria: CRITICAL + in CISA KEV (actively exploited) without patch, OR CRITICAL + EPSS > 30% without patch, OR CRITICAL + active threat signals without patch.
Act Now Prioritize within 24-48h. Criteria: in KEV with patch available, OR CRITICAL + public POC, OR HIGH + EPSS > 10%, OR CRITICAL + active threat, OR any CRITICAL severity.
This Week Schedule remediation this week. Criteria: HIGH severity (CVSS 7.0-8.9). Patch within normal change window.
This Month Plan within 30 days. Criteria: MEDIUM severity (CVSS 4.0-6.9), lower exploitation probability. Include in regular patch cycle.
Monitor Track and reassess. Criteria: LOW severity (CVSS 0.1-3.9), minimal exploitation risk. No immediate action needed.

SSVC AssessmentENISA

SSVC Decision
Scheduled
Exploitation
None
System Exposure· derived
Small
Automatable
No
Human Impact
High
Technical Impact
Total

Priority Score

59
Low Medium High Critical
KEV: 0
EPSS: 0
CVSS: +39
PoC: 0
Weaponized: 0
Threat intel: 0
Gov advisory: +20

Attack Technique

Information disclosure occurs when an application unintentionally exposes sensitive data that aids attackers in reconnaissance or directly compromises security.

Race conditions occur when multiple concurrent requests exploit the brief time gap between checking a condition and acting upon it (TOCTOU - Time of Check, Time of Use).

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