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Attack ChainAIDerived

Hypothetical attack flow derived from CVE metadata – not a confirmed exploit chain

  1. Access
    Obtain low-privileged local session
  2. Delivery
    Enumerate Push Notifications IPC surface
  3. Exploit
    Trigger concurrent shared-resource operations
  4. Execution
    Win race against WpnService
  5. Persist
    Hijack privileged operation
  6. Impact
    Execute code as SYSTEM

Vulnerability Assessment

Weakness
CWE
OWASP Top 10:2025
A06:2025 - Insecure Design
ASVS 5.0
V15 - Secure Coding and Architecture Concurrency control, locking
MITRE ATT&CK

1 technique across 1 tactic: Privilege Escalation

The technique list with ATT&CK links and the kill-chain view is part of the Basic plan and up.

Exploitation Conditions

Attacker must already have an authenticated local session on the target Windows host with at least standard user privileges (PR:L) and the ability to execute code locally (AV:L); no user interaction from another account is required (UI:N). Exploitation is gated by AC:H, meaning the attacker must reliably win a timing window in the Push Notifications service - typically requiring multiple CPU cores, tight loops, and tolerance for repeated failed attempts - and the WpnService / WpnUserService must be running and reachable, which is the default on standard Windows installations. The Scope:Changed component indicates the attacker crosses from their own security context into the privileged service context. Remote-only attackers, fully unauthenticated attackers, and hosts where the Push Notifications service is disabled are not in scope.

Impact

Risk is moderate-to-high for endpoints where untrusted users have local sessions. CVSS 7.8 with AV:L/PR:L places this firmly in the local privilege escalation category - not an internet-exposed RCE, but a strong post-compromise primitive useful after phishing or initial foothold. AC:H reflects the inherent unreliability of race conditions, which typically require repeated attempts and specific scheduling conditions, lowering exploitability in practice. EPSS data was not provided in the input, and the vulnerability is not listed in CISA KEV, so there is no current evidence of active exploitation; no public exploit identified at time of analysis. Microsoft race-condition LPEs in notification and brokering services have historically been incorporated into commodity toolkits weeks-to-months after patch release, so prioritize for next Patch Tuesday cycle on multi-user, kiosk, and VDI hosts where local users are untrusted.

Exploit ScenarioDerived

An attacker who has already obtained a low-privileged local shell on a Windows host - for example via a phishing payload or a compromised standard-user account - runs a small tool that repeatedly invokes the Push Notifications IPC interface while concurrently manipulating a shared resource the service operates on. After many timing-sensitive iterations, the attacker wins the race and causes the privileged service to act on attacker-controlled data, yielding code execution or token manipulation across a security boundary and effective SYSTEM-level control. No public exploit identified at time of analysis, but race-condition LPEs in similar Windows brokering services have historically been productized quickly once patches are reverse-engineered.

Act Now Prioritize within 24-48h. Why: Active threat signals + CRITICAL/HIGH severity.
Patch available 0.0% exploitation probability (EPSS)

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AnalysisAIv1 – Jun 09, 2026

Local privilege escalation in Microsoft Windows Push Notifications service stems from a race condition (CWE-362) in concurrent handling of shared resources, allowing an authorized low-privileged attacker to win a timing window and elevate to higher privileges with scope change. The CVSS 3.1 vector AV:L/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H reflects local-only exploitation with high attack complexity due to the timing-dependent nature, but a successful attacker gains full confidentiality, integrity, and availability impact across a security boundary. No public exploit identified at time of analysis.

RemediationAI

Apply the Microsoft-released security update for CVE-2026-42978 as listed in the MSRC update guide at https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2026-42978 - patch available per vendor advisory, with exact KB numbers varying by Windows SKU and build. Until patches are deployed, reduce exposure by restricting interactive and remote-interactive logon rights on sensitive hosts so that only trusted accounts can reach the local attack surface (trade-off: may disrupt shared workstation, RDS, and VDI workflows), and consider stopping or disabling the WpnService / WpnUserService where notification functionality is not required (trade-off: breaks toast notifications, Action Center delivery, and some Store-app features). Monitor for repeated crashes or anomalous behavior of the Windows Push Notifications service, which can indicate race-condition exploitation attempts.

Affected VersionsENISA

Windows Server 2025 10.0.26100.0 <10.0.26100.32995
Windows Server 2025 (Server Core installation) 10.0.26100.0 <10.0.26100.32995
Windows Server 2019 (Server Core installation) 10.0.17763.0 <10.0.17763.8880
Windows 10 Version 22H2 10.0.19045.0 <10.0.19045.7417
Windows Server 2019 10.0.17763.0 <10.0.17763.8880
Windows 10 Version 1809 10.0.17763.0 <10.0.17763.8880
Windows 11 version 26H1 10.0.28000.0 <10.0.28000.2269
Windows 11 Version 24H2 10.0.26100.0 <10.0.26100.8655
Windows Server 2022 10.0.20348.0 <10.0.20348.5256
Windows 11 Version 23H2 10.0.22631.0 <10.0.22631.7219
Windows 11 Version 25H2 10.0.26200.0 <10.0.26200.8655
Windows 10 Version 21H2 10.0.19044.0 <10.0.19044.7417

Affected Packages

microsoft windows_10_version_1809_10_0_17763_8880 fix: Windows 10 Version 1809 for 32-bit Systems 10.0.17763.8880, Windows 10 Version 1809 for x64-based Systems 10.0.17763.8880
microsoft windows_10_version_21h2_10_0_19044_7417 fix: Windows 10 Version 21H2 for 32-bit Systems 10.0.19044.7417, Windows 10 Version 21H2 for ARM64-based Systems 10.0.19044.7417, Windows 10 Version 21H2 for x64-based Systems 10.0.19044.7417
microsoft windows_10_version_22h2_10_0_19045_7417 fix: Windows 10 Version 22H2 for 32-bit Systems 10.0.19045.7417, Windows 10 Version 22H2 for ARM64-based Systems 10.0.19045.7417, Windows 10 Version 22H2 for x64-based Systems 10.0.19045.7417
microsoft windows_11_version_23h2_10_0_22631_7219 fix: Windows 11 Version 23H2 for ARM64-based Systems 10.0.22631.7219, Windows 11 Version 23H2 for x64-based Systems 10.0.22631.7219
microsoft windows_11_version_24h2_10_0_26100_8655 fix: Windows 11 Version 24H2 for ARM64-based Systems 10.0.26100.8655, Windows 11 Version 24H2 for x64-based Systems 10.0.26100.8655
microsoft windows_11_version_25h2_10_0_26200_8655 fix: Windows 11 Version 25H2 for ARM64-based Systems 10.0.26200.8655, Windows 11 Version 25H2 for x64-based Systems 10.0.26200.8655
microsoft windows_11_version_26h1_10_0_28000_2269 fix: Windows 11 Version 26H1 for ARM64-based Systems 10.0.28000.2269, Windows 11 version 26H1 for x64-based Systems 10.0.28000.2269
microsoft windows_server_2019_10_0_17763_8880 fix: Windows Server 2019 10.0.17763.8880, Windows Server 2019 (Server Core installation) 10.0.17763.8880
microsoft windows_server_2022_10_0_20348_5256 fix: Windows Server 2022 10.0.20348.5256, Windows Server 2022 (Server Core installation) 10.0.20348.5256
microsoft windows_server_2025_10_0_26100_32995 fix: Windows Server 2025 10.0.26100.32995, Windows Server 2025 (Server Core installation) 10.0.26100.32995
euvd windows_10_version_1809 fix: 10.0.17763.8880
euvd windows_10_version_21h2 fix: 10.0.19044.7417
euvd windows_10_version_22h2 fix: 10.0.19045.7417
euvd windows_11_version_23h2 fix: 10.0.22631.7219
euvd windows_11_version_24h2 fix: 10.0.26100.8655
euvd windows_11_version_25h2 fix: 10.0.26200.8655
euvd windows_11_version_26h1 fix: 10.0.28000.2269
euvd windows_server_2019 fix: 10.0.17763.8880
euvd windows_server_2019_server_core_installation fix: 10.0.17763.8880
euvd windows_server_2022 fix: 10.0.20348.5256
euvd windows_server_2025 fix: 10.0.26100.32995
euvd windows_server_2025_server_core_installation fix: 10.0.26100.32995

Source: OSV (Open Source Vulnerabilities)

Affects your stack

Affects 22 packages in microsoft, euvd

Checking this CVE against your own stacks and servers is part of the Basic plan and up.

Technical ContextAI · show details

The vulnerability resides in the Windows Push Notifications subsystem (WPN / WpnService), which delivers toast and tile notifications to user sessions and brokers requests between user-mode apps and system components. The root cause is CWE-362 (Concurrent Execution Using Shared Resource with Improper Synchronization), a classic race condition where two or more threads access a shared object - typically a handle, registry key, or memory region - without adequate locking, allowing an attacker to interleave operations between a check and a use (TOCTOU). Because the WPN service runs with elevated rights and exposes IPC interfaces to lower-privileged callers, winning the race lets an authorized user influence operations performed in a higher-privileged security context, which aligns with the Scope:Changed component of the CVSS vector.

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  • Exploit and PoC references, threat intelligence from 22 sources

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Severity by source

Sources disagree (Medium–Critical)
Vendor (microsoft) PRIMARY 7.8 HIGH
AV:L/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H
ENISA EUVD CRITICAL
CIRCL (temporal) 6.8 MEDIUM

vuln.today treats the vendor’s rating as authoritative. A higher third-party CVSS (e.g. CISA-ADP) is shown for transparency but does not drive the headline severity.

CVSS VectorVendor: microsoft

Attack Vector
Local
Attack Complexity
High
Privileges Required
Low
User Interaction
None
Scope
Changed
Confidentiality
High
Integrity
High
Availability
High

DescriptionCVE.org

Concurrent execution using shared resource with improper synchronization ('race condition') in Windows Push Notifications allows an authorized attacker to elevate privileges locally.

Executive ViewAI

Why It Matters

A privilege escalation vulnerability in Microsoft Windows Push Notifications service allows authenticated low-privileged users to gain administrative control and compromise system security boundaries (CVE-2026-42978, CVSS 7.8). Windows environments are at risk from insider threats or compromised user accounts. Organizations must prioritize patching to prevent unauthorized privilege elevation across their Windows infrastructure.

Business Impact: High
Compensating Controls

Apply vendor patch.

Threat Intelligence Overview

EPSS Score
0.0%
Top 88% exploitable
EU Gov Alert
Listed
Top-tier national CERT alert
Threat Intel
1
1 sources
Vendor Action
See Below
Required. The vulnerability documented by this CVE requires customer action to resolve.
Vendor Status
Publicly Disclosed:No
Exploited:No
Latest Software Release:Exploitation Unlikely
Data Quality
7 sources
Confidence: High

How this decision was reached

The engine reads each signal below and applies a fixed list of rules from top to bottom. The first rule that matches sets the recommended action – like a statement, every line is shown.

SignalValue
Severity HIGH
CISA KEV No
Public POC No
EPSS 0.0%
Patch available Yes
Active threat Yes
Deciding rule
Active threat signals + CRITICAL/HIGH severity
What every action level means
Emergency Immediate action required. Criteria: CRITICAL + in CISA KEV (actively exploited) without patch, OR CRITICAL + EPSS > 30% without patch, OR CRITICAL + active threat signals without patch.
Act Now Prioritize within 24-48h. Criteria: in KEV with patch available, OR CRITICAL + public POC, OR HIGH + EPSS > 10%, OR CRITICAL + active threat, OR any CRITICAL severity.
This Week Schedule remediation this week. Criteria: HIGH severity (CVSS 7.0-8.9). Patch within normal change window.
This Month Plan within 30 days. Criteria: MEDIUM severity (CVSS 4.0-6.9), lower exploitation probability. Include in regular patch cycle.
Monitor Track and reassess. Criteria: LOW severity (CVSS 0.1-3.9), minimal exploitation risk. No immediate action needed.

SSVC AssessmentENISA

SSVC Decision
Scheduled
Exploitation
None
System Exposure· derived
Small
Automatable
No
Human Impact
High
Technical Impact
Total

Priority Score

59
Low Medium High Critical
KEV: 0
EPSS: 0
CVSS: +39
PoC: 0
Weaponized: 0
Threat intel: 0
Gov advisory: +20

Attack Technique

Information disclosure occurs when an application unintentionally exposes sensitive data that aids attackers in reconnaissance or directly compromises security.

Race conditions occur when multiple concurrent requests exploit the brief time gap between checking a condition and acting upon it (TOCTOU - Time of Check, Time of Use).

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