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Attack ChainAIDerived

Hypothetical attack flow derived from CVE metadata – not a confirmed exploit chain

  1. Access
    Reach target Windows TCP/IP stack over network
  2. Delivery
    Send crafted packet sequence
  3. Exploit
    Win use-after-free race in kernel
  4. Execution
    Reclaim freed object with controlled data
  5. Persist
    Corrupt kernel memory
  6. Impact
    Execute arbitrary code in kernel context

Vulnerability Assessment

Weakness
CWE
ASVS 5.0
V15 - Secure Coding and Architecture Memory lifecycle management
MITRE ATT&CK

2 techniques across 2 tactics: Execution, Privilege Escalation

The technique list with ATT&CK links and the kill-chain view is part of the Basic plan and up.

Exploitation Conditions

Exploitation requires network access to the target's Windows TCP/IP stack (AV:N) with no authentication (PR:N) and no user interaction (UI:N), so any host reachable on a network where its networking services accept the attacker's packets is in scope by default. The key limiting factor is high attack complexity (AC:H): the attacker must reliably win a use-after-free race condition in the kernel networking driver, which typically demands precise packet timing and heap-grooming and is not consistently reproducible. There is no special product feature or non-default configuration named as a prerequisite in the description - the vulnerable component is the always-present core TCP/IP stack - but successful RCE (versus a mere crash) is gated by that race reliability, and unreliable attempts tend to yield denial of service rather than code execution.

Impact

The signals are mixed and point to elevated-but-not-emergency priority. CVSS 8.1 with AV:N/PR:N/UI:N and total C/I/A impact describes a serious unauthenticated remote RCE, but AC:H reflects the real difficulty: the attacker must win a use-after-free race in the kernel, which is non-trivial to make reliable. Corroborating this, EPSS is only 0.09% (25th percentile), CISA's SSVC framework rates Exploitation as 'none' and Automatable as 'no' (while Technical Impact is 'total'), and there is no KEV listing and no public exploit identified. Note a minor tension worth flagging: the CVSS and root cause describe remote code execution, yet the vendor Tags include 'Denial Of Service' alongside 'Use After Free'/'Memory Corruption' - memory-corruption bugs commonly degrade to a crash/DoS when exploitation is unreliable, so real-world outcomes may skew toward BSOD rather than clean RCE. Overall this is a patch-in-the-normal-cycle-but-promptly issue: high theoretical impact and huge deployment footprint, but low current exploitation likelihood and high exploitation complexity.

Exploit ScenarioDerived

An attacker with network reachability to an unpatched Windows host sends a carefully timed sequence of crafted packets to the TCP/IP stack, racing to reuse a freed kernel object and corrupt memory. If the race succeeds, the attacker gains code execution in kernel context without any authentication or user interaction; if it fails, the likely outcome is a system crash (DoS). No public exploit code is identified at time of analysis, and the high attack complexity makes reliable exploitation difficult.

This Week Schedule remediation this week. Why: HIGH severity (CVSS 7.0-8.9).
Patch available 0.1% exploitation probability (EPSS)

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AnalysisAIv1 – Jul 23, 2026

Remote code execution in the Microsoft Windows TCP/IP stack allows an unauthenticated network attacker to trigger a use-after-free (CWE-416) and run arbitrary code on a wide range of Windows 10, Windows 11, and Windows Server builds. The flaw carries CVSS 8.1 but requires winning a memory-corruption race (AC:H), and there is no public exploit identified at time of analysis; EPSS is very low at 0.09% and CISA SSVC lists exploitation as none. A vendor patch is available from Microsoft.

RemediationAI

Apply the Microsoft security update for your specific Windows build as the primary fix - Vendor-released patch per the MSRC advisory at https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2026-40415, updating to at or above the fixed build for your edition (e.g., 10.0.19045.7291 for Windows 10 22H2, 10.0.22631.7079 for Windows 11 23H2, 10.0.26100.8457 for 24H2/Server 2025, 10.0.20348.5139 for Server 2022, 10.0.17763.8755 for Server 2019/Windows 10 1809). Because the vulnerable code is in the core TCP/IP driver there is no feature to disable as a clean workaround; if patching must be delayed, reduce exposure by restricting inbound network reachability to the affected hosts using host and perimeter firewall rules (limit which sources can reach the systems and drop unsolicited inbound TCP/IP/IPv6 traffic), and consider disabling IPv6 only if it is unused in your environment and confirmed not to break dependent services - noting that firewall restriction reduces but does not eliminate risk from trusted network segments and may impact legitimate connectivity. These are compensating controls only; the patch is the sole complete remediation.

Affected VersionsENISA

Windows Server 2025 10.0.26100.0 <10.0.26100.32860
Windows Server 2025 (Server Core installation) 10.0.26100.0 <10.0.26100.32860
Windows 11 Version 25H2 10.0.26200.0 <10.0.26200.8457
Windows 10 Version 22H2 10.0.19045.0 <10.0.19045.7291
Windows Server 2019 10.0.17763.0 <10.0.17763.8755
Windows Server 2022, 23H2 Edition (Server Core installation) 10.0.25398.0 <10.0.25398.2330
Windows 11 version 22H3 10.0.22631.0 <10.0.22631.7079
Windows Server 2022 10.0.20348.0 <10.0.20348.5139
Windows 10 Version 1809 10.0.17763.0 <10.0.17763.8755
Windows Server 2019 (Server Core installation) 10.0.17763.0 <10.0.17763.8755
Windows 11 version 26H1 10.0.28000.0 <10.0.28000.2113
Windows 10 Version 21H2 10.0.19044.0 <10.0.19044.7291
Windows 11 Version 23H2 10.0.22631.0 <10.0.22631.7079
Windows 11 Version 24H2 10.0.26100.0 <10.0.26100.8457

Affected Packages

euvd windows_10_version_1809 fix: 10.0.17763.8755
euvd windows_10_version_21h2 fix: 10.0.19044.7291
euvd windows_10_version_22h2 fix: 10.0.19045.7291
euvd windows_11_version_22h3 fix: 10.0.22631.7079
euvd windows_11_version_23h2 fix: 10.0.22631.7079
euvd windows_11_version_24h2 fix: 10.0.26100.8457
euvd windows_11_version_25h2 fix: 10.0.26200.8457
euvd windows_11_version_26h1 fix: 10.0.28000.2113
euvd windows_server_2019 fix: 10.0.17763.8755
euvd windows_server_2019_server_core_installation fix: 10.0.17763.8755
euvd windows_server_2022 fix: 10.0.20348.5139
euvd windows_server_2022_23h2_edition_server_core_installation fix: 10.0.25398.2330
euvd windows_server_2025 fix: 10.0.26100.32860
euvd windows_server_2025_server_core_installation fix: 10.0.26100.32860

Source: OSV (Open Source Vulnerabilities)

Affects your stack

Affects 14 packages in euvd

Checking this CVE against your own stacks and servers is part of the Basic plan and up.

Technical ContextAI · show details

The vulnerability lives in the Windows TCP/IP kernel networking driver (tcpip.sys), the core component that parses and processes IPv4/IPv6 and TCP/UDP traffic for every affected Windows build. CWE-416 (use-after-free) means the driver references a heap object after it has been freed - typically a race between packet processing and object teardown - allowing an attacker who crafts a specific sequence of network packets to reclaim the freed allocation with attacker-controlled data and corrupt kernel memory. Because tcpip.sys runs in kernel mode, successful control of the freed object yields code execution at the highest privilege level. The CPE and EUVD data confirm the affected surface is the OS networking stack itself rather than any optional service, spanning Windows 10 (1809, 21H2, 22H2), Windows 11 (22H3/23H2/24H2/25H2/26H1), and Windows Server 2019/2022/2022-23H2/2025.

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  • Exploit and PoC references, threat intelligence from 22 sources

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Severity by source

NVD PRIMARY 8.1 HIGH
AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
vuln.today AI 8.1 HIGH

Unauthenticated remote packets reach the TCP/IP stack (AV:N/PR:N/UI:N), but reliable exploitation requires winning a kernel use-after-free race (AC:H); kernel RCE yields total C/I/A.

3.1 AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
4.0 AV:N/AC:H/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N

Primary rating from NVD.

CVSS VectorNVD

Attack Vector
Network
Attack Complexity
High
Privileges Required
None
User Interaction
None
Scope
Unchanged
Confidentiality
High
Integrity
High
Availability
High

DescriptionCVE.org

Use after free in Windows TCP/IP allows an unauthorized attacker to execute code over a network.

Executive ViewAI

Why It Matters

A remote code execution vulnerability in the Windows TCP/IP stack (CVE-2026-40415) affects Windows 10, Windows 11, and Windows Server systems, enabling unauthenticated network attackers to gain complete system control. While the vulnerability carries a high CVSS score of 8.1, actual exploitation risk is very low due to significant attack complexity and the absence of public exploit code or observed exploitation. Microsoft has released a patch that should be prioritized for deployment across your Windows infrastructure.

Business Impact: High
Compensating Controls

Apply vendor patch.

Threat Intelligence Overview

EPSS Score
0.1%
Top 75% exploitable
Prevalence
Ubiquitous
core networking stack in every supported Windows client and server
Vendor Status
Publicly Disclosed:No
Exploited:No
Latest Software Release:Exploitation Unlikely
Data Quality
6 sources
Confidence: High

How this decision was reached

The engine reads each signal below and applies a fixed list of rules from top to bottom. The first rule that matches sets the recommended action – like a statement, every line is shown.

SignalValue
Severity HIGH
CISA KEV No
Public POC No
EPSS 0.1%
Patch available Yes
Active threat No
Deciding rule
HIGH severity (CVSS 7.0-8.9)
What every action level means
Emergency Immediate action required. Criteria: CRITICAL + in CISA KEV (actively exploited) without patch, OR CRITICAL + EPSS > 30% without patch, OR CRITICAL + active threat signals without patch.
Act Now Prioritize within 24-48h. Criteria: in KEV with patch available, OR CRITICAL + public POC, OR HIGH + EPSS > 10%, OR CRITICAL + active threat, OR any CRITICAL severity.
This Week Schedule remediation this week. Criteria: HIGH severity (CVSS 7.0-8.9). Patch within normal change window.
This Month Plan within 30 days. Criteria: MEDIUM severity (CVSS 4.0-6.9), lower exploitation probability. Include in regular patch cycle.
Monitor Track and reassess. Criteria: LOW severity (CVSS 0.1-3.9), minimal exploitation risk. No immediate action needed.

SSVC AssessmentENISA

SSVC Decision
Scheduled
Exploitation
None
System Exposure· derived
Open
Automatable
No
Human Impact
High
Technical Impact
Total

Priority Score

40
Low Medium High Critical
KEV: 0
EPSS: 0
CVSS: +40
PoC: 0
Weaponized: 0
Threat intel: 0
Gov advisory: 0

Attack Technique

Use-after-free vulnerabilities occur when a program continues to access memory through a pointer after that memory has been deallocated.

Memory corruption occurs when a program writes data beyond the boundaries of allocated memory regions or accesses memory in unintended ways, violating the integrity of the process's address space.

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