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Attack ChainAIDerived

Hypothetical attack flow derived from CVE metadata – not a confirmed exploit chain

  1. Access
    Authenticate as Subscriber
  2. Delivery
    Set profile display_name to shortcode payload
  3. Exploit
    Visit public page with vulnerable merge-tag field
  4. Execution
    Merge tag passes value to do_shortcode
  5. Impact
    Arbitrary shortcode executes (limited C/I impact)

Vulnerability Assessment

Weakness
CWE
OWASP Top 10:2025
A05:2025 - Injection
ASVS 5.0
V1 - Encoding and Sanitization Code injection prevention, sandbox exec
MITRE ATT&CK

2 techniques across 2 tactics: Execution, Initial Access

The technique list with ATT&CK links and the kill-chain view is part of the Basic plan and up.

Exploitation Conditions

Exploitation is NOT possible against a default install. It requires all of: (1) an administrator has created at least one Ninja Forms field whose Default Value is set to the {wp:user_display_name} merge tag; (2) that form/field is rendered on a publicly accessible page; and (3) the attacker holds at least Subscriber-level authentication to set their profile display_name to a shortcode string. The impact is further bounded by which shortcodes are actually registered on the target site. Limiting factors: authenticated Subscriber access is needed (PR:L), the specific non-default merge-tag configuration must be present, and no victim/admin interaction is required beyond the attacker visiting the page themselves - so the gating factor is the configuration, not user interaction.

Impact

This is a moderate-severity, low-urgency issue rather than a true emergency. The supplied CVSS 3.1 vector (AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N, base 5.4) reflects authenticated (PR:L) network access with only Low confidentiality and integrity impact and no availability impact, which is consistent with abuse of do_shortcode rather than direct remote code execution. The vuln.today decision label is 'this_month' (not act_now/emergency), and there is no CISA KEV listing and no EPSS score in the input, so there is no signal of active or widespread exploitation - exploitation status is 'no public exploit identified at time of analysis' (only a Wordfence threat-intel reference and WordPress trac source/changeset links are provided, none of which is verified working exploit code). The most important caveat is that the supplied AC:L understates the real difficulty: exploitation is gated by a specific, non-default administrator configuration (a Ninja Forms field whose Default Value is the {wp:user_display_name} merge tag, rendered on a public page), so real-world exposure is much narrower than a 5.4 network-vector score suggests. Net: a real but conditional privilege/trust-boundary flaw that should be patched on a normal cycle, not treated as an under-attack critical.

Exploit ScenarioDerived

An administrator has configured a public Ninja Forms field with its Default Value set to the {wp:user_display_name} merge tag. A low-privileged Subscriber edits their profile to set their display name to a shortcode string, then simply loads that public page; when the merge tag renders, the plugin passes the attacker-controlled display name through do_shortcode, executing whatever shortcode the attacker supplied with the capabilities of whatever shortcodes the site has registered. No public exploit code is identified at time of analysis, only a vendor (Wordfence) advisory and WordPress trac source references.

This Month Plan within 30 days. Why: MEDIUM severity (CVSS 4.0-6.9).
No patch listed yet 0.4% exploitation probability (EPSS)

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AnalysisAIv1 – Oct 31, 2026

Arbitrary shortcode execution in the WordPress plugin Ninja Forms (Contact Form Builder with Calculators, Quizzes, Signatures & AI Form Builder) affects every version up to and including 3.15.5: any authenticated user with Subscriber-level access can place a shortcode string in their profile display name and have it executed by do_shortcode() wherever the {wp:user_display_name} merge tag is rendered. Exploitation is not possible on a default install - an administrator must first have set a Ninja Forms field's Default Value to that merge tag and placed the form on a publicly accessible page, and the resulting impact is bounded by whichever shortcodes are registered on the target site. No public exploit has been identified at time of analysis and the issue is not in CISA KEV; the assigned priority is this_month, reflecting a moderate-severity, low-urgency configuration-dependent flaw rather than an emergency.

RemediationAI

Upstream fix available (changeset 3749135 touching includes/Display/Render.php in trunk); a tagged, released patched version is not independently confirmed from the supplied data, so confirm the fixed release on the vendor plugin page (https://wordpress.org/plugins/ninja-forms/) or the Wordfence advisory before relying on an update. Until a patched build is installed, the practical interim control follows directly from the exploitation prerequisites: audit Ninja Forms fields on publicly accessible pages and remove {wp:user_display_name} from any field Default Value, or unpublish the affected form/page; the trade-off is loss of per-user personalized default text in those fields, and any field left configured with the merge tag on a public page remains reachable by any Subscriber who can edit their own display name. Restricting who may register as a Subscriber or who may edit profile display names narrows the attack surface but changes site registration and profile workflows, so treat it as a stopgap rather than a fix.

Affected VersionsENISA

Ninja Forms – Contact Form Builder with Calculators, Quizzes, Signatures & AI Form Builder 0 ≤3.15.5

Affected Packages

euvd ninja_forms_contact_form_builder_with_calculators_quizzes_signatures_ai_form_builder no fix

Source: OSV (Open Source Vulnerabilities)

Affects your stack

Affects 1 package in euvd

Checking this CVE against your own stacks and servers is part of the Basic plan and up.

Technical ContextAI · show details

The flaw is a CWE-94 code injection class issue rooted in Ninja Forms' merge-tag rendering pipeline. Merge tags such as {wp:user_display_name} are resolved by the plugin's WordPress merge-tag handler (referenced source: includes/Config/MergeTagsWP.php and the base includes/Abstracts/MergeTags.php) which pulls the current user's profile display_name, and the display layer (includes/Display/Render.php) then passes the resulting value to do_shortcode(). Because the merge-tag output is not validated before shortcode parsing, a low-privileged user's stored display name is interpreted as shortcode syntax rather than literal text. The attacker controls the payload indirectly and only through a self-service profile field, and the merge-tag substitution must be reached via an administrator-configured field Default Value on a page the attacker can browse; the precise internal call path and the guard added by the upstream changeset are visible only in the referenced source, and the exact trigger internals beyond that rendering flow are not described in the available sources. Impact is not inherent code execution: it is limited to shortcodes actually registered on the target site, which is why the assessed vector carries AC:H relative to the CNA's AC:L.

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Severity by source

Vendor (Wordfence) PRIMARY MEDIUM
NVD 5.4 MEDIUM
AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N
vuln.today AI 4.2 MEDIUM

AC:H because exploitation depends on a specific non-default admin merge-tag configuration; PR:L for required Subscriber auth; C:L/I:L for bounded shortcode execution, A:N and S:U as no availability or cross-component impact is shown.

3.1 AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N
4.0 AV:N/AC:H/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N

Primary rating from Vendor (Wordfence).

CVSS VectorNVD

Attack Vector
Network
Attack Complexity
Low
Privileges Required
Low
User Interaction
None
Scope
Unchanged
Confidentiality
Low
Integrity
Low
Availability
None

DescriptionNVD

The The Ninja Forms - Contact Form Builder with Calculators, Quizzes, Signatures & AI Form Builder plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to arbitrary shortcode execution in all versions up to, and including, 3.15.5 This is due to the software allowing users to execute an action that does not properly validate a value before running do_shortcode. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with subscriber-level access and above, to execute arbitrary shortcodes. Exploitation requires that an administrator has configured at least one Ninja Forms field with its Default Value set to the {wp:user_display_name} merge tag on a publicly accessible page; a Subscriber need only set their display_name to a shortcode string via their profile and then visit that page.

Threat Intelligence Overview

EPSS Score
0.4%
Top 69% exploitable
Prevalence
High
Ninja Forms is a very widely deployed WordPress form plugin (millions of sites)
Social Media
1
Sightings
Data Quality
4 sources
Confidence: Medium

How this decision was reached

The engine reads each signal below and applies a fixed list of rules from top to bottom. The first rule that matches sets the recommended action – like a statement, every line is shown.

SignalValue
Severity MEDIUM
CISA KEV No
Public POC No
EPSS 0.4%
Patch available No
Active threat No
Deciding rule
MEDIUM severity (CVSS 4.0-6.9)
What every action level means
Emergency Immediate action required. Criteria: CRITICAL + in CISA KEV (actively exploited) without patch, OR CRITICAL + EPSS > 30% without patch, OR CRITICAL + active threat signals without patch.
Act Now Prioritize within 24-48h. Criteria: in KEV with patch available, OR CRITICAL + public POC, OR HIGH + EPSS > 10%, OR CRITICAL + active threat, OR any CRITICAL severity.
This Week Schedule remediation this week. Criteria: HIGH severity (CVSS 7.0-8.9). Patch within normal change window.
This Month Plan within 30 days. Criteria: MEDIUM severity (CVSS 4.0-6.9), lower exploitation probability. Include in regular patch cycle.
Monitor Track and reassess. Criteria: LOW severity (CVSS 0.1-3.9), minimal exploitation risk. No immediate action needed.

SSVC AssessmentENISA

SSVC Decision· derived
Scheduled
Exploitation· derived
None
System Exposure· derived
Open
Automatable· derived
No
Human Impact· derived
High

Priority Score

27
Low Medium High Critical
KEV: 0
EPSS: 0
CVSS: +27
PoC: 0
Weaponized: 0
Threat intel: 0
Gov advisory: 0

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