EUVD-2025-209899
GHSA-h596-vpgv-58r7
Severity by source
AV:P/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:L/I:H/A:H
Physical bus access (AV:P) with no lockout makes brute force low-complexity (AC:L); flashing separate safety ECUs is a scope change (S:C) with high integrity/availability impact and only key-disclosure confidentiality (C:L).
Primary rating from NVD.
CVSS VectorNVD
Lifecycle Timeline
3DescriptionCVE.org
In BYD Atto3, an attacker can obtain an authentication key through Brute Force attack, which is permanently available. The authentication key enables flash to the Electronic Parking Break (EPB) and Supplemental Restoration System (SRS) related ECUs.
AnalysisAI
Brute-forcible ECU flashing authentication in the BYD Atto3 electric vehicle lets an attacker with physical/bus access recover a static, permanently valid authentication key and use it to reflash the Electronic Parking Brake (EPB) and Supplemental Restraint System (SRS/airbag) ECUs. Because the key does not expire or rotate after discovery, a one-time brute-force effort yields durable write access to safety-critical control units. SSVC records a proof-of-concept exploit; there is no public exploit identified at time of analysis for weaponized use, and it is not in CISA KEV.
Technical ContextAI
The affected system is the in-vehicle authentication mechanism that gates firmware flashing of automotive ECUs over the vehicle diagnostic/CAN interface on the BYD Atto3 BEV. The root cause is CWE-307 (Improper Restriction of Excessive Authentication Attempts): the ECU flashing routine accepts unlimited authentication guesses, allowing the seed/key or diagnostic security-access secret to be recovered by brute force. Critically, the recovered key is static and 'permanently available' - there is no per-session challenge-response nonce, key rotation, or lockout, so the same key remains valid indefinitely. The two named targets are the EPB (Electronic Parking Brake) and SRS (airbag/restraint) ECUs, both safety-critical modules where unauthorized firmware writes have physical-safety consequences. Note the CPE string 'cpe:2.3:a:n/a:n/a' is a placeholder and provides no machine-readable product identification.
RemediationAI
No vendor-released patch version is identified at time of analysis, and the reference set (Notion pages plus an NVD link) does not cite a fixed firmware build, so owners should contact BYD or authorized service for a security firmware update addressing CVE-2025-61081. Because the defect is a static key with no brute-force lockout, the durable fix must come from the OEM: enforce rate-limiting/lockout on diagnostic security access, replace the static key with per-ECU rotating challenge-response secrets, and invalidate the leaked key. As compensating controls until a fix ships: restrict physical access to the vehicle's OBD-II/diagnostic port and interior CAN buses (the attack requires physical bus access, AV:P), use a locking OBD port cover or remove aftermarket dongles that expose the bus, and monitor for unauthorized ECU reflashing during servicing - the trade-off is that these controls limit legitimate diagnostic tooling and do not stop an attacker with sustained physical possession of the vehicle. Consult the advisory at https://www.notion.so/BYD-Atto3-26215fb6156c8000b338db3c2011f637 for researcher-provided detail.
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