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Attack ChainAIDerived

Hypothetical attack flow derived from CVE metadata – not a confirmed exploit chain

  1. Access
    Reach exposed RDP listener (TCP 3389)
  2. Delivery
    Send crafted RDP request
  3. Exploit
    Trigger off-by-one overread
  4. Execution
    Leak adjacent process memory
  5. Impact
    Harvest disclosed sensitive data

Vulnerability Assessment

Weakness
CWE
ASVS 5.0
V15 - Secure Coding and Architecture Off-by-one prevention
Exploitation Conditions

No special conditions - remote unauthenticated exploitation against a reachable RDP listener of affected Windows/Windows Server builds (CVSS AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N). The only real prerequisite is network reachability to the RDP service (typically TCP 3389). Exploitation is limited by anything that blocks pre-authentication access to the RDP stack: enforcing Network Level Authentication, fronting RDP with a VPN or RD Gateway, or firewalling port 3389 all prevent an unauthenticated attacker from reaching the flaw. Impact is further limited to information disclosure only (C:H/I:N/A:N) - no code execution, tampering, or denial of service - so a successful attack leaks memory rather than granting control.

Impact

The CVSS vector (AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N) describes an easy, network-reachable, unauthenticated trigger, which produces the 7.5 base score, but impact is limited strictly to confidentiality (C:H, no integrity or availability). Real-world exploitation signals are comparatively low and mutually consistent: EPSS is only 0.89% (55th percentile), there is no KEV listing, no public POC, and CISA SSVC scores Exploitation: none, Automatable: no, Technical Impact: partial. Nothing here conflicts - it is an easily reachable but disclosure-only bug that is not yet weaponized. The main aggravating factor is prevalence: RDP is exposed on an enormous number of Windows hosts and internet-facing RDP is a perennial target, so a memory-disclosure flaw is worth patching promptly even though it is not code execution. Net priority: important but not an emergency - prioritize internet-exposed and jump-host RDP endpoints first.

Exploit ScenarioDerived

An attacker who can reach an exposed RDP listener sends a specially crafted RDP request that triggers the off-by-one overread, causing the service to return a slice of adjacent server memory in its response. Repeating the request could progressively harvest sensitive memory contents such as session data or credential fragments. No public exploit code is identified at time of analysis, and the low-complexity network vector means no user interaction or authentication is needed to attempt it.

This Week Schedule remediation this week. Why: HIGH severity (CVSS 7.0-8.9).
Patch available 0.9% exploitation probability (EPSS)

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AnalysisAIv2 – Jul 21, 2026

Information disclosure in Microsoft Windows Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) lets a remote, unauthenticated attacker read out-of-bounds memory across a wide swath of Windows client and server builds (Windows 10 1607 through Windows 11 26H1, Windows Server 2012 through Server 2025). The root cause is an off-by-one error (CWE-193) that overreads adjacent memory, potentially leaking sensitive process data; CVSS is 7.5 with confidentiality-only impact and no code execution. There is no public exploit identified at time of analysis, and the low EPSS (0.89%) plus CISA SSVC exploitation status of 'none' indicate no observed exploitation yet.

Earlier versions of this analysis (1)
v1 Jul 14, 2026 - 22:05 CVSS 6.5

Off-by-one memory boundary error in the Windows Remote Desktop Protocol exposes sensitive memory contents over the network to unauthenticated remote attackers on all major Windows client and server releases. The CWE-193 root cause allows the RDP parser to read one element beyond an allocated buffer boundary, yielding a high-confidentiality-impact information disclosure (C:H) with no integrity or availability consequence. No public exploit identified at time of analysis, and the vulnerability is not listed in the CISA Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog; however, the breadth of affected Windows versions - spanning Windows 10 1607 through Windows 11 26H1 and Windows Server 2012 through 2025 - gives this a wide potential attack surface warranting prompt patching.

RemediationAI

Vendor-released patch: apply the Microsoft security update that raises each affected build to at or above its fixed version (for example Windows 11 24H2 to 10.0.26100.8875, Server 2022 to 10.0.20348.5386, Server 2012 R2 to 6.3.9600.23291, Server 2025 to 10.0.26100.33158) as listed in the MSRC advisory at https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2026-50497. Until patching completes, reduce exposure by restricting RDP (TCP 3389) at the network edge so it is not reachable from the internet, placing RDP behind a VPN or Remote Desktop Gateway, and enforcing Network Level Authentication (NLA) so unauthenticated attackers cannot reach the vulnerable pre-auth code path - note that NLA requires clients supporting CredSSP and may break legacy thin clients. Where RDP is not required, disable Remote Desktop entirely, accepting the loss of remote interactive administration. Firewall/allowlist source IPs to known admin jump hosts to shrink the reachable attack surface.

Affected VersionsENISA

Windows 10 Version 22H2 10.0.19045.0 <10.0.19045.7548
Windows Server 2012 6.2.9200.0 <6.2.9200.26226
Windows Server 2019 10.0.17763.0 <10.0.17763.9020
Windows 11 version 26H1 10.0.28000.0 <10.0.28000.2269
Windows Server 2016 10.0.14393.0 <10.0.14393.9339
Windows Server 2016 (Server Core installation) 10.0.14393.0 <10.0.14393.9339
Windows Server 2019 (Server Core installation) 10.0.17763.0 <10.0.17763.9020
Windows 10 Version 21H2 10.0.19044.0 <10.0.19044.7548
Windows Server 2022 10.0.20348.0 <10.0.20348.5386
Windows 10 Version 1607 10.0.14393.0 <10.0.14393.9339
Windows Server 2012 R2 6.3.9600.0 <6.3.9600.23291
Windows 10 Version 1809 10.0.17763.0 <10.0.17763.9020
Windows Server 2012 R2 (Server Core installation) 6.3.9600.0 <6.3.9600.23291
Windows 11 Version 24H2 10.0.26100.0 <10.0.26100.8875
Windows Server 2025 (Server Core installation) 10.0.26100.0 <10.0.26100.33158
Windows Server 2025 10.0.26100.0 <10.0.26100.33158
Windows 11 Version 25H2 10.0.26200.0 <10.0.26200.8875
Windows Server 2012 (Server Core installation) 6.2.9200.0 <6.2.9200.26226

Affected Packages

microsoft windows_10_version_1607_10_0_14393_9339 fix: Windows 10 Version 1607 for 32-bit Systems 10.0.14393.9339, Windows 10 Version 1607 for x64-based Systems 10.0.14393.9339
microsoft windows_10_version_1809_10_0_17763_9020 fix: Windows 10 Version 1809 for 32-bit Systems 10.0.17763.9020, Windows 10 Version 1809 for x64-based Systems 10.0.17763.9020
microsoft windows_10_version_21h2_10_0_19044_7548 fix: Windows 10 Version 21H2 for 32-bit Systems 10.0.19044.7548, Windows 10 Version 21H2 for ARM64-based Systems 10.0.19044.7548, Windows 10 Version 21H2 for x64-based Systems 10.0.19044.7548
microsoft windows_10_version_22h2_10_0_19045_7548 fix: Windows 10 Version 22H2 for 32-bit Systems 10.0.19045.7548, Windows 10 Version 22H2 for ARM64-based Systems 10.0.19045.7548, Windows 10 Version 22H2 for x64-based Systems 10.0.19045.7548
microsoft windows_11_version_24h2_10_0_26100_8875 fix: Windows 11 Version 24H2 for ARM64-based Systems 10.0.26100.8875, Windows 11 Version 24H2 for x64-based Systems 10.0.26100.8875
microsoft windows_11_version_25h2_10_0_26200_8875 fix: Windows 11 Version 25H2 for ARM64-based Systems 10.0.26200.8875, Windows 11 Version 25H2 for x64-based Systems 10.0.26200.8875
microsoft windows_11_version_26h1_10_0_28000_2269 fix: Windows 11 version 26H1 for x64-based Systems 10.0.28000.2269
microsoft windows_11_version_26h1_10_0_28000_2525 fix: Windows 11 Version 26H1 for ARM64-based Systems 10.0.28000.2525
microsoft windows_server_2012_6_2_9200_26226 fix: Windows Server 2012 6.2.9200.26226, Windows Server 2012 (Server Core installation) 6.2.9200.26226
microsoft windows_server_2012_r2_6_3_9600_23291 fix: Windows Server 2012 R2 6.3.9600.23291, Windows Server 2012 R2 (Server Core installation) 6.3.9600.23291
microsoft windows_server_2016_10_0_14393_9339 fix: Windows Server 2016 10.0.14393.9339, Windows Server 2016 (Server Core installation) 10.0.14393.9339
microsoft windows_server_2019_10_0_17763_9020 fix: Windows Server 2019 10.0.17763.9020, Windows Server 2019 (Server Core installation) 10.0.17763.9020
microsoft windows_server_2022_10_0_20348_5386 fix: Windows Server 2022 10.0.20348.5386
microsoft windows_server_2025_10_0_26100_33158 fix: Windows Server 2025 10.0.26100.33158, Windows Server 2025 (Server Core installation) 10.0.26100.33158
euvd windows_10_version_1607 fix: 10.0.14393.9339
euvd windows_10_version_1809 fix: 10.0.17763.9020
euvd windows_10_version_21h2 fix: 10.0.19044.7548
euvd windows_10_version_22h2 fix: 10.0.19045.7548
euvd windows_11_version_24h2 fix: 10.0.26100.8875
euvd windows_11_version_25h2 fix: 10.0.26200.8875
euvd windows_11_version_26h1 fix: 10.0.28000.2269
euvd windows_server_2012 fix: 6.2.9200.26226
euvd windows_server_2012_r2 fix: 6.3.9600.23291
euvd windows_server_2012_r2_server_core_installation fix: 6.3.9600.23291
euvd windows_server_2012_server_core_installation fix: 6.2.9200.26226
euvd windows_server_2016 fix: 10.0.14393.9339
euvd windows_server_2016_server_core_installation fix: 10.0.14393.9339
euvd windows_server_2019 fix: 10.0.17763.9020
euvd windows_server_2019_server_core_installation fix: 10.0.17763.9020
euvd windows_server_2022 fix: 10.0.20348.5386
euvd windows_server_2025 fix: 10.0.26100.33158
euvd windows_server_2025_server_core_installation fix: 10.0.26100.33158

Source: OSV (Open Source Vulnerabilities)

Affects your stack

Affects 32 packages in microsoft, euvd

Checking this CVE against your own stacks and servers is part of the Basic plan and up.

Technical ContextAI · show details

The flaw lives in the Remote Desktop Protocol stack that services connections to the Windows Terminal Services/RDP listener (typically TCP 3389). CWE-193 (off-by-one) means a length or index calculation is miscomputed by a single element, causing the RDP service to read one unit beyond an intended buffer boundary and return that adjacent memory content over the wire. Because the CVSS impact is C:H/I:N/A:N, the bug leaks memory rather than corrupting it, so the practical consequence is disclosure of process memory (which could contain sensitive fragments) rather than a crash or code execution. The CPE set spans microsoft:windows_10_* (1607, 1809, 21H2, 22H2), windows_11_* (24H2, 25H2, 26H1) and windows_server_2012/2012_r2, and per the tags and EUVD data also Server 2016/2019/2022/2025 including Server Core installations, indicating the vulnerable RDP code is shared broadly across the Windows codebase.

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  • Exploit and PoC references, threat intelligence from 22 sources

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Severity by source

Vendor (microsoft) PRIMARY MEDIUM
NVD 7.5 HIGH
AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N
CIRCL (temporal) 5.7 MEDIUM
vuln.today AI 7.5 HIGH

Remote unauthenticated overread of the RDP listener with no user interaction gives AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N; impact is disclosure-only, so C:H and I/A:N.

3.1 AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N
4.0 AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N

Primary rating from Vendor (microsoft).

CVSS VectorNVD

Attack Vector
Network
Attack Complexity
Low
Privileges Required
None
User Interaction
None
Scope
Unchanged
Confidentiality
High
Integrity
None
Availability
None

Lifecycle Timeline

4
Analysis Updated
Jul 21, 2026 - 18:43 vuln.today
v2 - CVSS changed
Severity Changed
Jul 21, 2026 - 18:37 NVD
MEDIUM HIGH
CVSS changed
Jul 21, 2026 - 18:37 NVD
6.5 (MEDIUM) 7.5 (HIGH)
CVE Published
Jul 14, 2026 - 17:07 nvd
MEDIUM 6.5

DescriptionNVD

Off-by-one error in Windows Remote Desktop Protocol allows an unauthorized attacker to disclose information over a network.

Executive ViewAI

Why It Matters

Windows Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP)-used widely for remote access and server administration-contains a vulnerability allowing remote attackers to access sensitive data such as encryption keys or credentials without authentication. The flaw affects a massive installed base spanning Windows 10 and Windows Server across 14 years of releases, creating exposure for countless organizations. Although no attacks have been observed to date, the potential for credential theft and lateral movement makes rapid patching essential.

Business Impact: High
Compensating Controls

Apply vendor patch.

Threat Intelligence Overview

EPSS Score
0.9%
Top 45% exploitable
Prevalence
Ubiquitous
RDP ships in every modern Windows client and server edition
Vendor Action
See Below
Required. The vulnerability documented by this CVE requires customer action to resolve.
Vendor Status
Publicly Disclosed:No
Exploited:No
Latest Software Release:Exploitation Unlikely
Data Quality
5 sources
Confidence: Medium

How this decision was reached

The engine reads each signal below and applies a fixed list of rules from top to bottom. The first rule that matches sets the recommended action – like a statement, every line is shown.

SignalValue
Severity HIGH
CISA KEV No
Public POC No
EPSS 0.9%
Patch available Yes
Active threat No
Deciding rule
HIGH severity (CVSS 7.0-8.9)
What every action level means
Emergency Immediate action required. Criteria: CRITICAL + in CISA KEV (actively exploited) without patch, OR CRITICAL + EPSS > 30% without patch, OR CRITICAL + active threat signals without patch.
Act Now Prioritize within 24-48h. Criteria: in KEV with patch available, OR CRITICAL + public POC, OR HIGH + EPSS > 10%, OR CRITICAL + active threat, OR any CRITICAL severity.
This Week Schedule remediation this week. Criteria: HIGH severity (CVSS 7.0-8.9). Patch within normal change window.
This Month Plan within 30 days. Criteria: MEDIUM severity (CVSS 4.0-6.9), lower exploitation probability. Include in regular patch cycle.
Monitor Track and reassess. Criteria: LOW severity (CVSS 0.1-3.9), minimal exploitation risk. No immediate action needed.

SSVC AssessmentENISA

SSVC Decision
Scheduled
Exploitation
None
System Exposure· derived
Open
Automatable
No
Human Impact
High
Technical Impact
Partial

Priority Score

39
Low Medium High Critical
KEV: 0
EPSS: +1
CVSS: +38
PoC: 0
Weaponized: 0
Threat intel: 0
Gov advisory: 0

Attack Technique

Information disclosure occurs when an application unintentionally exposes sensitive data that aids attackers in reconnaissance or directly compromises security.

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