Attack ChainAIDerived
Hypothetical attack flow derived from CVE metadata – not a confirmed exploit chain
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AccessAuthenticate as low-privilege user
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ExploitRequest protected TFA resource directly
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ExecutionAccess control not enforced (forceful browsing)
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ImpactSensitive information returned in response
Vulnerability Assessment
| Weakness |
CWE
OWASP Top 10:2025
A01:2025 - Broken Access Control
ASVS 5.0
V14 - Data Protection Outbound data filtering
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| Exploitation Conditions | Exploitation requires an authenticated session with at least low-level privileges (PR:L) on a Drupal site running Two Factor Authentication - TFA / Passwordless Login at a vulnerable version (any release below 5.4.1, or 5.5.0 through 5.5.1). The flaw is reachable over the network with low complexity and no user interaction, via forceful browsing (direct access to a resource whose authorization is not enforced). The exact feature, endpoint, or configuration that must be present to trigger the disclosure is not described in the available sources. Limiting factors: the attacker must already hold valid credentials on the target site, impact is confined to confidentiality (no integrity or availability effect), and only sites that have installed this specific contrib module are affected. |
| Impact | This is a genuinely low-priority issue despite being a vulnerability in a security-relevant module. The CVSS 3.1 base score is 4.3 (Medium), and the vector CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N consistently describes a network-reachable, low-complexity flaw that requires existing low-level privileges (PR:L) and yields only limited confidentiality impact with no integrity or availability effect - a pure information-disclosure weakness (CWE-201, Insertion of Sensitive Information Into Sent Data, via Forceful Browsing). All signals agree that this is not an emergency: EPSS is 0.21% (12th percentile), indicating very low estimated exploitation probability; the CVE is NOT on CISA KEV; and no public exploit or PoC reference is present in the supplied data. The vuln.today decision label is 'this_month', which is a routine-patch cadence rather than act_now or emergency. The one point worth noting is that the vector requires authentication (PR:L) yet the disclosure is reachable over the network via forceful browsing, so the practical risk is an authenticated low-privilege user viewing data they should not - not anonymous mass exploitation. No conflicting signals were observed; the CVSS severity, EPSS, KEV absence, and decision label all point the same direction. |
| Exploit ScenarioDerived | An authenticated low-privilege user on a Drupal site running the affected TFA / Passwordless Login module directly requests a resource or endpoint whose access controls are not properly enforced (forceful browsing), causing the application to return sensitive information in the response. No public exploit code or PoC reference is identified in the available data, and the specific sensitive data exposed is not detailed in the sources. |
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Alert meAnalysisAIv1 – Oct 30, 2026
Forceful browsing in the Drupal contributed module Two Factor Authentication - TFA / Passwordless Login lets an authenticated, low-privileged user reach module resources directly and receive sensitive information that should have been protected by access checks (CWE-201). Rated CVSS 4.3 with confidentiality-only impact, it affects releases before 5.4.1 and 5.5.0 through 5.5.1 on Drupal sites that have the module installed. No public exploit identified at time of analysis, there is no CISA KEV entry, and EPSS is 0.21% (12th percentile); vendor patches are available in 5.4.1 and 5.5.2.
RemediationAI
Upgrade the module to 5.4.1 for the 5.4.x and earlier line, or to 5.5.2 for the 5.5.x line, following Drupal security advisory SA-CONTRIB-2026-207 at https://www.drupal.org/sa-contrib-2026-207; the patch is available from the vendor and the advisory is the authoritative source for the exact upgrade path. No workaround or compensating control is documented in the available sources, so applying the vendor update is the complete fix; sites that do not use the module require no action, and because exploitation requires a valid low-privileged authenticated session, exposure is confined to accounts that can already log in to the site. With no public exploit identified at time of analysis, no CISA KEV entry and an EPSS of 0.21%, remediation fits the assigned 'this_month' priority - schedule the update in the normal monthly maintenance cycle rather than an emergency response.
Affected VersionsENISA
Affected Packages
Source: OSV (Open Source Vulnerabilities)
Affects your stack
Affects 2 packages in composer, euvd
Checking this CVE against your own stacks and servers is part of the Basic plan and up.
Technical ContextAI · show details
The affected component is a Drupal contributed project that implements two-factor authentication and passwordless login flows. CWE-201 (Insertion of Sensitive Information Into Sent Data) describes the root cause class: the module includes sensitive data in an HTTP response without enforcing the intended access requirements for that resource, so 'forceful browsing' - requesting the resource directly instead of navigating to it through the intended flow - returns data the requester should not see. The relevant mechanism is Drupal's routing and access-control layer; the advisory does not identify the specific route, controller, permission, or configuration that must be present to trigger the disclosure, so the precise trigger is not described in the available sources. The CPE cpe:2.3:a:drupal:two_factor_authentication_-_tfa_/_passwordless_login:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* identifies the project. Because the module handles authentication material, disclosure issues in it are security-relevant, but the assessed vector (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N) limits impact to low confidentiality loss with no integrity or availability effect, requires a valid authenticated session with at least low privileges, is network reachable at low complexity, and involves no user interaction.
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Severity by source
AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N
Network-reachable via forceful browsing with low complexity, but requires an authenticated low-privilege account (PR:L); impact is limited confidentiality disclosure only, so I:N and A:N.
Primary rating from Vendor (drupal).
CVSS VectorVendor: drupal
Lifecycle Timeline
3DescriptionCVE.org
Insertion of Sensitive Information Into Sent Data vulnerability in Drupal Two Factor Authentication - TFA / Passwordless Login allows Forceful Browsing. This issue affects Two Factor Authentication - TFA / Passwordless Login versions: from 0.0.0 to 5.4.1, from 5.5.0 to 5.5.2.
Threat Intelligence Overview
How this decision was reached
The engine reads each signal below and applies a fixed list of rules from top to bottom. The first rule that matches sets the recommended action – like a statement, every line is shown.
What every action level means
SSVC AssessmentENISA
Priority Score
Attack Technique
Information disclosure occurs when an application unintentionally exposes sensitive data that aids attackers in reconnaissance or directly compromises security.
EUVD-2026-113568
GHSA-9m6x-7h8f-3ghf
NVD
CVE.org
EPSS
Vulnrichment
Exploit-DB