Privilege Escalation
Privilege escalation occurs when an attacker leverages flaws in access control mechanisms to gain permissions beyond what they were originally granted.
How It Works
Privilege escalation occurs when an attacker leverages flaws in access control mechanisms to gain permissions beyond what they were originally granted. The attack exploits the gap between what the system thinks a user can do and what they actually can do through manipulation or exploitation.
Vertical escalation is the classic form—a regular user obtaining administrator rights. This happens through kernel exploits that bypass OS-level security, misconfigurations in role-based access control (RBAC) that fail to enforce boundaries, or direct manipulation of authorization tokens and session data. Horizontal escalation involves accessing resources belonging to users at the same privilege level, typically through insecure direct object references (IDOR) where changing an ID in a request grants access to another user's data.
Context-dependent escalation exploits workflow logic by skipping authorization checkpoints. An attacker might access administrative URLs directly without going through proper authentication flows, manipulate parameters to bypass permission checks, or exploit REST API endpoints that don't validate method permissions—like a read-only GET permission that can be leveraged for write operations through protocol upgrades or alternative endpoints.
Impact
- Full system compromise through kernel-level exploits granting root or SYSTEM privileges
- Administrative control over applications, allowing configuration changes, user management, and deployment of malicious code
- Lateral movement across cloud infrastructure, containers, or network segments using escalated service account permissions
- Data exfiltration by accessing databases, file systems, or API endpoints restricted to higher privilege levels
- Persistence establishment through creation of backdoor accounts or modification of system configurations
Real-World Examples
Kubernetes clusters have been compromised through kubelet API misconfigurations where read-only GET permissions on worker nodes could be escalated to remote code execution. Attackers upgraded HTTP connections to WebSockets to access the /exec endpoint, gaining shell access to all pods on the node. This affected over 69 Helm charts including widely-deployed monitoring tools like Prometheus, Grafana, and Datadog agents.
Windows Print Spooler vulnerabilities (PrintNightmare class) allowed authenticated users to execute arbitrary code with SYSTEM privileges by exploiting improper privilege checks in the print service. Attackers loaded malicious DLLs through carefully crafted print jobs, escalating from low-privilege user accounts to full domain administrator access.
Cloud metadata services have been exploited where SSRF vulnerabilities combined with over-permissioned IAM roles allowed attackers to retrieve temporary credentials with elevated permissions, pivoting from compromised web applications to broader cloud infrastructure access.
Mitigation
- Enforce deny-by-default access control where permissions must be explicitly granted rather than implicitly allowed
- Implement consistent authorization checks at every layer—API gateway, application logic, and data access—never relying on client-side or single-point validation
- Apply principle of least privilege with time-limited, scope-restricted permissions and just-in-time access for administrative functions
- Audit permission inheritance and role assignments regularly to identify overly permissive configurations or privilege creep
- Separate execution contexts using containers, sandboxes, or capability-based security to limit blast radius
- Deploy runtime monitoring for unusual privilege usage patterns and anomalous access to restricted resources
Recent CVEs (14610)
Security vulnerability in the face unlock module. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Insecure permissions in Smart Soft advancedexport before v4.4.7 allow unauthenticated attackers to arbitrarily download user information from the ps_customer table. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Squidex is an open source headless CMS and content management hub. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.4), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
The improper privilege management vulnerability in the Zyxel GS1900-24EP switch firmware version V2.70(ABTO.5) could allow an authenticated local user with read-only access to modify system settings. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Macvim is a text editor for MacOS. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. Public exploit code available.
capsule-proxy is a reverse proxy for Capsule kubernetes multi-tenancy framework. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. This Exposure of Sensitive Information vulnerability could allow attackers to access sensitive data that should not be disclosed.
In modem CCCI, there is a possible out of bounds write due to a missing bounds check. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
In dpe, there is a possible out of bounds write due to a missing valid range checking. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.7), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
In dpe, there is a possible out of bounds write due to a missing valid range checking. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.7), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
In video, there is a possible out of bounds write due to a missing bounds check. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
In display, there is a possible out of bounds write due to an integer overflow. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.7), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
In keyinstall, there is a possible memory corruption due to type confusion. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.7), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
In secmem, there is a possible memory corruption due to type confusion. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.7), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
In video, there is a possible memory corruption due to a race condition. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.0). No vendor patch available.
In vdec, there is a possible out of bounds write due to type confusion. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.7), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Ivanti Avalanche Incorrect Default Permissions allows Local Privilege Escalation Vulnerability. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Ivanti Avalanche EnterpriseServer Service Unrestricted File Upload Local Privilege Escalation Vulnerability. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
A security issue was discovered in Kubernetes where a user that can create pods on Windows nodes running kubernetes-csi-proxy may be able to escalate to admin privileges on those nodes. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
The MStore API plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Unauthorized Account Access and Privilege Escalation in versions up to, and including, 4.10.7 due to improper implementation of the Apple login. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and EPSS exploitation probability 38.2%.
A vulnerability was discovered in Samba, where the flaw allows SMB clients to truncate files, even with read-only permissions when the Samba VFS module "acl_xattr" is configured with. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
IBM CICS TX Standard 11.1 and Advanced 10.1, 11.1 performs an operation at a privilege level that is higher than the minimum level required, which creates new weaknesses or amplifies the consequences. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity.
An SMM memory corruption vulnerability in the SMM driver (SMRAM write) in CsmInt10HookSmm in Insyde InsydeH2O with kernel 5.0 through 5.5 allows attackers to send arbitrary data to SMM which could. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
NVIDIA GPU Display Driver for Windows contains a vulnerability that allows Windows users with low levels of privilege to escalate privileges when an administrator is updating GPU drivers, which may. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.3), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
A privilege escalation flaw was found in the node restriction admission plugin of the kubernetes api server of OpenShift. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.2), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
A vulnerability in the web services interface of Cisco Firepower Management Center (FMC) Software could allow an authenticated, remote attacker to execute certain unauthorized configuration commands. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.9), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
A use-after-free vulnerability was found in drivers/nvme/target/tcp.c` in `nvmet_tcp_free_crypto` due to a logical bug in the NVMe/TCP subsystem in the Linux kernel. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. This Use After Free vulnerability could allow attackers to access freed memory to execute arbitrary code or crash the application.
Under certain conditions, a low privileged attacker could load a specially crafted file during installation or upgrade to escalate privileges on Windows and Linux hosts. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.3), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
A vulnerability was found in insights-client. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.
In sim service, there is a possible way to write permission usage records of an app due to a missing permission check. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.7), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
A security issue was discovered in Kubernetes where a user that can create pods on Windows nodes may be able to escalate to admin privileges on those nodes. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
A security issue was discovered in Kubernetes where a user that can create pods on Windows nodes may be able to escalate to admin privileges on those nodes. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
Certain versions of HP PC Hardware Diagnostics Windows are potentially vulnerable to elevation of privilege. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. This Improper Privilege Management vulnerability could allow attackers to escalate privileges to gain unauthorized elevated access.
The installer (aka openvpn-client-installer) in Securepoint SSL VPN Client before 2.0.40 allows local privilege escalation during installation or repair. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
In Print Service, there is a possible background activity launch due to a logic error in the code. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.3), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
In sdksandbox, there is a possible strandhogg style overlay attack due to a logic error in the code. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
In Setup Wizard, there is a possible way to save a WiFi network due to an insecure default value. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
In Activity Manager, there is a possible background activity launch due to a logic error in the code. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
In Settings, there is a possible way for the user to change SIM due to a missing permission check. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
In Bluetooth, there is a possible way to corrupt memory due to a use after free. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.8), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
In Sim, there is a possible way to evade mobile preference restrictions due to a permission bypass. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
In Settings, there is a possible bypass of profile owner restrictions due to a missing permission check. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
In Settings, there is a possible restriction bypass due to a missing permission check. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
In Media Resource Manager, there is a possible local arbitrary code execution due to use after free. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
In Bluetooth, there is a possible out of bounds write due to a heap buffer overflow. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.7), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
In Telecomm, there is a possible way to silence the ring for calls of secondary users due to a missing permission check. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
In Telephony, there is a possible way to retrieve the ICCID due to a logic error in the code. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
In Sysproxy, there is a possible out of bounds write due to an integer underflow. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
In System UI, there is a possible factory reset protection bypass due to a logic error in the code. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
In Telephony, there is a possible way for a guest user to change the preferred SIM due to a missing permission check. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
In libdexfile, there is a possible out of bounds read due to a missing bounds check. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
In Secure Element, there is a possible out of bounds write due to an integer overflow. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.7), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
In the Security Element API, there is a possible out of bounds write due to an integer overflow. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.7), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
In Bluetooth, there is a possibility of code-execution due to a use after free. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.8), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
In Bluetooth, there is a possible out of bounds write due to improper input validation. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.7), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
In UWB Google, there is a possible way for a malicious app to masquerade as system app com.android.uwb.resources due to improperly used crypto. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
In libaudioclient, there is a possible out of bounds write due to a use after free. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
In multiple locations, there is a possible background activity launch due to a logic error in the code. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
In ActivityStarter, there is a possible background activity launch due to an unsafe PendingIntent. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
In RemoteSpeechRecognitionService of RemoteSpeechRecognitionService.java, there is a possible way to launch an activity from the background due to a logic error in the code. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
In Permission Manager, there is a possible way to bypass required permissions due to a missing permission check. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
In Input Method, there is a possible way to determine whether an app is installed, without query permissions, due to side channel information disclosure. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
In InputMethod, there is a possible way to determine whether an app is installed, without query permissions, due to side channel information disclosure. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
In Package Installer, there is a possible way to determine whether an app is installed, without query permissions, due to a missing permission check. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
In Package Installer, there is a possible way to determine whether an app is installed, without query permissions, due to side channel information disclosure. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
In Core, there is a possible way to forward calls without user knowledge due to a missing permission check. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
In Bluetooth, there is a possible out of bounds write due to a heap buffer overflow. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.7), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
In Composer, there is a possible out of bounds read due to a missing bounds check. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
In ActivityManagerService, there is a possible way to determine whether an app is installed, without query permissions, due to side channel information disclosure. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
In Slice, there is a possible disclosure of installed applications due to side channel information disclosure. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
In Permission, there is a possible way to determine whether an app is installed, without query permissions, due to side channel information disclosure. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
In PackageManagerNative, there is a possible way to determine whether an app is installed, without query permissions, due to side channel information disclosure. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Management Central as part of IBM i 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, and 7.5 Navigator contains a local privilege escalation vulnerability. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. This Improper Privilege Management vulnerability could allow attackers to escalate privileges to gain unauthorized elevated access.
Management Central as part of IBM i 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, and 7.5 Navigator contains a local privilege escalation vulnerability. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. This Improper Privilege Management vulnerability could allow attackers to escalate privileges to gain unauthorized elevated access.
In android_view_InputDevice_create of android_view_InputDevice.cpp, there is a possible way to execute arbitrary code due to a use after free. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.
In GpuService of GpuService.cpp, there is a possible use after free due to a race condition. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.0).
In notifyTimeout of CallRedirectionProcessor, there is a possible permission bypass due to a logic error in the code. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.
In several functions of xmlregexp.c, there is a possible out of bounds write due to a heap buffer overflow. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. This Out-of-bounds Write vulnerability could allow attackers to write data beyond allocated buffer boundaries leading to code execution or crashes.
In onCreate of ApnEditor.java, there is a possible way for a Guest user to change the APN due to a permission bypass. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.
In multiple locations, there is a possible way to bypass user notification of foreground services due to improper input validation. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.
In resetSettingsLocked of SettingsProvider.java, there is a possible lockscreen bypass due to a permissions bypass. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. This Incorrect Authorization vulnerability could allow attackers to bypass authorization checks to access restricted resources.
In onTaskAppeared of PipTaskOrganizer.java, there is a possible way to bypass background activity launch restrictions due to a logic error in the code. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.
A local privilege escalation vulnerability in SonicWall Directory Services Connector Windows MSI client 4.1.21 and earlier versions allows a local low-privileged user to gain system privileges. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
VMware Tools contains a local privilege escalation vulnerability. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
An issue was discovered in the Linux kernel before 6.5.9, exploitable by local users with userspace access to MMIO registers. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.0).
Under certain conditions, Nessus Network Monitor could allow a low privileged user to escalate privileges to NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM on Windows hosts by replacing a specially crafted file. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. This Improper Privilege Management vulnerability could allow attackers to escalate privileges to gain unauthorized elevated access.
The application suffers from a privilege escalation vulnerability. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
A heap out-of-bounds write vulnerability in the Linux kernel's Linux Kernel Performance Events (perf) component can be exploited to achieve local privilege escalation. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.
HP Print and Scan Doctor for Windows may potentially be vulnerable to escalation of privilege. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
An authenticated XCC user can change permissions for any user through a crafted API command. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Insecure Permissions vulnerability in WenwenaiCMS v.1.0 allows a remote attacker to escalate privileges. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.0), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
Quick Facts
- Typical Severity
- HIGH
- Category
- auth
- Total CVEs
- 14610