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Vulnerability Assessment

Weakness
CWE
OWASP Top 10:2025
A06:2021 - Vulnerable and Outdated Components
ASVS 5.0
V15 - Secure Coding and Architecture Memory lifecycle management
MITRE ATT&CK

2 techniques across 2 tactics: Execution, Privilege Escalation

The technique list with ATT&CK links and the kill-chain view is part of the Basic plan and up.

Impact

CVSS score of 8.8 (HIGH). Attack characteristics: network attack vector, low complexity, low privileges required, no user interaction not required. EPSS exploitation probability: 8.36%.

Exploit ScenarioDerived

A remote attacker could access freed memory to execute arbitrary code or crash the application by sending crafted requests to the affected application.

This Week Schedule remediation this week. Why: HIGH severity (CVSS 7.0-8.9).
Patch available 8.4% exploitation probability (EPSS)

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AnalysisAIv1 – Mar 24, 2026

A use-after-free vulnerability was found in drivers/nvme/target/tcp.c in nvmet_tcp_free_crypto` due to a logical bug in the NVMe/TCP subsystem in the Linux kernel. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. This Use After Free vulnerability could allow attackers to access freed memory to execute arbitrary code or crash the application.

Earlier versions of this analysis (1)
v1 Mar 24, 2026 - 12:22 CVSS 8.8

RemediationAI

A vendor patch is available. Apply the latest security update as soon as possible. Use smart pointers or garbage-collected languages. Set pointers to NULL after freeing. Enable memory sanitizers.

Affects your stack

Find out whether the stacks and servers you run are on an affected version.

Checking this CVE against your own stacks and servers is part of the Basic plan and up.

Technical ContextAI · show details

This vulnerability is classified as Use After Free (CWE-416), which allows attackers to access freed memory to execute arbitrary code or crash the application. A use-after-free vulnerability was found in drivers/nvme/target/tcp.c in nvmet_tcp_free_crypto` due to a logical bug in the NVMe/TCP subsystem in the Linux kernel. This issue may allow a malicious user to cause a use-after-free and double-free problem, which may permit remote code execution or lead to local privilege escalation. Affected products include: Linux Linux Kernel, Redhat Enterprise Linux, Netapp Active Iq Unified Manager, Netapp Solidfire \& Hci Management Node, Netapp Solidfire \& Hci Storage Node.

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  • Exploit and PoC references, threat intelligence from 22 sources

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Severity by source

NVD PRIMARY 8.8 HIGH
AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

Primary rating from NVD · only source for this CVE.

CVSS VectorNVD

Attack Vector
Network
Attack Complexity
Low
Privileges Required
Low
User Interaction
None
Scope
Unchanged
Confidentiality
High
Integrity
High
Availability
High

Lifecycle Timeline

2
Patch released
Mar 24, 2026 - 12:22 nvd
Patch available
CVE Published
Nov 01, 2023 - 17:15 nvd
HIGH 8.8

DescriptionNVD

A use-after-free vulnerability was found in drivers/nvme/target/tcp.c in nvmet_tcp_free_crypto` due to a logical bug in the NVMe/TCP subsystem in the Linux kernel. This issue may allow a malicious user to cause a use-after-free and double-free problem, which may permit remote code execution or lead to local privilege escalation.

Executive ViewAI

Why It Matters

Organizations using A use-after-free vulnerability face significant risk from CVE-2023-5178, a use-after-free vulnerability rated CVSS 8.8. Successful exploitation could significantly impact the confidentiality, integrity, or availability of affected systems. A patch is available and should be applied as part of regular vulnerability management.

Business Impact: Severe
Compensating Controls

Apply vendor patch. If immediate patching is not feasible: (1) Enable ASLR and DEP where available; (2) Implement network segmentation; (3) Monitor for exploitation indicators.

Threat Intelligence Overview

EPSS Score
8.4%
Top 8% exploitable
Data Quality
3 sources
Confidence: Low

How this decision was reached

The engine reads each signal below and applies a fixed list of rules from top to bottom. The first rule that matches sets the recommended action – like a statement, every line is shown.

SignalValue
Severity HIGH
CISA KEV No
Public POC No
EPSS 8.4%
Patch available Yes
Active threat No
Deciding rule
HIGH severity (CVSS 7.0-8.9)
What every action level means
Emergency Immediate action required. Criteria: CRITICAL + in CISA KEV (actively exploited) without patch, OR CRITICAL + EPSS > 30% without patch, OR CRITICAL + active threat signals without patch.
Act Now Prioritize within 24-48h. Criteria: in KEV with patch available, OR CRITICAL + public POC, OR HIGH + EPSS > 10%, OR CRITICAL + active threat, OR any CRITICAL severity.
This Week Schedule remediation this week. Criteria: HIGH severity (CVSS 7.0-8.9). Patch within normal change window.
This Month Plan within 30 days. Criteria: MEDIUM severity (CVSS 4.0-6.9), lower exploitation probability. Include in regular patch cycle.
Monitor Track and reassess. Criteria: LOW severity (CVSS 0.1-3.9), minimal exploitation risk. No immediate action needed.

SSVC AssessmentENISA

SSVC Decision· derived
Scheduled
Exploitation· derived
None
System Exposure· derived
Open
Automatable· derived
No
Human Impact
Very High

Priority Score

52
Low Medium High Critical
KEV: 0
EPSS: +8
CVSS: +44
PoC: 0
Weaponized: 0
Threat intel: 0
Gov advisory: 0

Attack Technique

Privilege escalation occurs when an attacker leverages flaws in access control mechanisms to gain permissions beyond what they were originally granted.

Use-after-free vulnerabilities occur when a program continues to access memory through a pointer after that memory has been deallocated.

Memory corruption occurs when a program writes data beyond the boundaries of allocated memory regions or accesses memory in unintended ways, violating the integrity of the process's address space.

Remote Code Execution represents the critical moment when an attacker successfully runs arbitrary code on a target system without physical access.

Affected Products (CPE)NVD

cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:o:redhat:enterprise_linux:8.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:o:redhat:enterprise_linux:9.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:netapp:active_iq_unified_manager:-:*:*:*:*:vmware_vsphere:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:netapp:solidfire_\&_hci_management_node:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:netapp:solidfire_\&_hci_storage_node:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
CVE-2021-44228 CRITICAL POC
10.0 Dec 10

Apache Log4j2 contains a critical JNDI injection vulnerability known as 'Log4Shell' that allows unauthenticated remote c

CVE-2017-12617 HIGH POC
8.1 Oct 04

When running Apache Tomcat versions 9.0.0.M1 to 9.0.0, 8.5.0 to 8.5.22, 8.0.0.RC1 to 8.0.46 and 7.0.0 to 7.0.81 with HTT

CVE-2024-2961 HIGH POC
7.3 Apr 17

The iconv() function in the GNU C Library versions 2.39 and older may overflow the output buffer passed to it by up to 4

CVE-2021-3711 CRITICAL POC
9.8 Aug 24

In order to decrypt SM2 encrypted data an application is expected to call the API function EVP_PKEY_decrypt(). Rated cri

CVE-2021-22901 HIGH POC
8.1 Jun 11

curl 7.75.0 through 7.76.1 suffers from a use-after-free vulnerability resulting in already freed memory being used when

CVE-2022-1292 HIGH
7.3 May 03

The c_rehash script does not properly sanitise shell metacharacters to prevent command injection. Rated high severity (C

CVE-2020-1967 HIGH POC
7.5 Apr 21

Server or client applications that call the SSL_check_chain() function during or after a TLS 1.3 handshake may crash due

CVE-2024-6387 HIGH POC
8.1 Jul 01

Remote code execution in OpenSSH's sshd server (regression of CVE-2006-5051) allows unauthenticated remote attackers to

CVE-2025-26465 MEDIUM
6.8 Feb 18

A vulnerability was found in OpenSSH when the VerifyHostKeyDNS option is enabled. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.8), this

CVE-2023-38545 CRITICAL POC
9.8 Oct 18

This flaw makes curl overflow a heap based buffer in the SOCKS5 proxy handshake. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.8), thi

CVE-2022-37434 CRITICAL POC
9.8 Aug 05

zlib through 1.2.12 has a heap-based buffer over-read or buffer overflow in inflate in inflate.c via a large gzip header

CVE-2021-3449 MEDIUM
5.9 Mar 25

An OpenSSL TLS server may crash if sent a maliciously crafted renegotiation ClientHello message from a client. Rated med

References

Advisories & patches
PATCH https://lore.kernel.org/linux-nvme/20231002105428.226515-1-sagi@grimberg.me/ REF https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2023:7370 REF https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2023:7379 REF https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2023:7418 REF https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2023:7548 REF https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2023:7549 REF https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2023:7551 REF https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2023:7554 REF https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2023:7557 REF https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2023:7559 REF https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2024:0340 REF https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2024:0378 REF https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2024:0386 REF https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2024:0412 REF https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2024:0431 REF https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2024:0432 REF https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2024:0461 REF https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2024:0554 REF https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2024:0575 REF https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2024:1268 REF https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2024:1269 REF https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2024:1278 REF https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2023-5178 REF https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2241924 REF https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/html/ssa-613116.html REF https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/html/ssa-794697.html REF https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2024/01/msg00005.html REF https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20231208-0004/

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