Denial of Service
Denial of Service attacks render applications or systems unavailable by overwhelming resources or triggering failure conditions.
How It Works
Denial of Service attacks render applications or systems unavailable by overwhelming resources or triggering failure conditions. Attackers exploit asymmetry: minimal attacker effort produces disproportionate resource consumption on the target. Application-level attacks use specially crafted inputs that trigger expensive operations—a regex engine processing malicious patterns can backtrack exponentially, or XML parsers recursively expand entities until memory exhausts. Network-level attacks flood targets with connection requests or amplify traffic through reflection, but application vulnerabilities often provide the most efficient attack surface.
The attack typically begins with reconnaissance to identify resource-intensive operations or unprotected endpoints. For algorithmic complexity attacks, adversaries craft inputs hitting worst-case performance—hash collision inputs filling hash tables with collisions, deeply nested JSON triggering recursive parsing, or pathological regex patterns like (a+)+b against strings of repeated 'a' characters. Resource exhaustion attacks open thousands of connections, upload massive files to unbounded storage, or trigger memory leaks through repeated operations. Crash-based attacks target error handling gaps: null pointer dereferences, unhandled exceptions in parsers, or assertion failures that terminate processes.
Impact
- Service unavailability preventing legitimate users from accessing applications during attack duration
- Revenue loss from downtime in e-commerce, SaaS platforms, or transaction processing systems
- Cascading failures as resource exhaustion spreads to dependent services or database connections pool out
- SLA violations triggering financial penalties and damaging customer trust
- Security team distraction providing cover for data exfiltration or intrusion attempts running concurrently
Real-World Examples
CVE-2018-1000544 in Ruby's WEBrick server allowed ReDoS through malicious HTTP headers containing specially crafted patterns that caused the regex engine to backtrack exponentially, freezing request processing threads. A single attacker could saturate all available workers.
Cloudflare experienced a global outage in 2019 when a single WAF rule containing an unoptimized regex hit pathological cases on legitimate traffic spikes. The .*(?:.*=.*)* pattern exhibited catastrophic backtracking, consuming CPU cycles across their edge network until the rule was disabled.
CVE-2013-1664 demonstrated XML bomb vulnerabilities in Python's XML libraries. Attackers uploaded XML documents with nested entity definitions-each entity expanding to ten copies of the previous level. A 1KB upload could expand to gigabytes in memory during parsing, crashing applications instantly.
Mitigation
- Strict input validation enforcing size limits, complexity bounds, and nesting depth restrictions before processing
- Request rate limiting per IP address, API key, or user session with exponential backoff
- Timeout enforcement terminating operations exceeding reasonable execution windows (typically 1-5 seconds)
- Resource quotas limiting memory allocation, CPU time, and connection counts per request or tenant
- Regex complexity analysis using linear-time algorithms or sanitizing patterns to eliminate backtracking
- Circuit breakers automatically rejecting requests when error rates or latency thresholds indicate degradation
- Load balancing and autoscaling distributing traffic across instances with automatic capacity expansion
Recent CVEs (5458)
Buffer Overflow vulnerability in libpng 1.6.43-1.6.46 allows a local attacker to cause a denial of service via png_create_read_struct() function. [CVSS 5.5 MEDIUM]
Buffer Overflow vulnerability in libpng 1.6.43-1.6.46 allows a local attacker to cause a denial of service via the pngimage with AddressSanitizer (ASan), the program leaks memory in various locations, eventually leading to high memory usage and causing the program to become unresponsive [CVSS 5.5 MEDIUM]
Issue summary: If an application using the SSL_CIPHER_find() function in a QUIC protocol client or server receives an unknown cipher suite from the peer, a NULL dereference occurs. [CVSS 5.9 MEDIUM]
OpenSSL has a critical out-of-bounds write when parsing CMS AuthEnvelopedData/EnvelopedData with malicious AEAD parameters, enabling potential RCE.
Issue summary: PBMAC1 parameters in PKCS#12 files are missing validation which can trigger a stack-based buffer overflow, invalid pointer or NULL pointer dereference during MAC verification. [CVSS 6.1 MEDIUM]
Laravel Nova 3.7.0 contains a denial of service vulnerability that allows authenticated users to crash the application by manipulating the 'range' parameter. Attackers can send simultaneous requests with an extremely high range value to overwhelm and crash the server. [CVSS 6.5 MEDIUM]
Tapinradio versions up to 2.13.7 is affected by allocation of resources without limits or throttling (CVSS 7.5).
SyncBreeze 10.0.28 contains a denial of service vulnerability in the login endpoint that allows remote attackers to crash the service. Attackers can send an oversized payload in the login request to overwhelm the application and potentially disrupt service availability. [CVSS 7.5 HIGH]
Easy CD & DVD Cover Creator 4.13 has a buffer overflow in serial number input.
GLib's Unicode case conversion function contains an integer overflow flaw that causes undersized memory allocation when processing extremely large strings, enabling out-of-bounds writes. Applications using GLib for string operations could experience crashes or instability when exposed to specially crafted input. No patch is currently available for this medium-severity vulnerability.
A flaw was found in Glib's content type parsing logic. This buffer underflow vulnerability occurs because the length of a header line is stored in a signed integer, which can lead to integer wraparound for very large inputs. [CVSS 2.8 LOW]
GLib's Base64 encoder miscalculates buffer boundaries when handling extremely large inputs due to integer type misuse, potentially causing out-of-bounds memory writes. Applications processing untrusted large Base64 data could experience crashes or unpredictable behavior, though code execution is not indicated by the vector constraints. No patch is currently available for this medium-severity vulnerability.
A vulnerability in the Pix-Link LV-WR21Q router's language module allows remote attackers to trigger a denial of service (DoS) by sending a specially crafted HTTP POST request containing non-existing language parameter.
A memory leak in is-Engine before version 3.3.4 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service by exhausting server memory without requiring authentication or user interaction. The vulnerability affects all versions of is-Engine prior to 3.3.4 and has a high CVSS score of 7.5 due to its network-accessible nature and ease of exploitation. No patch is currently available for this issue.
Missing Release of Memory after Effective Lifetime vulnerability in ydb-platform ydb (contrib/libs/yajl modules). This vulnerability is associated with program files yail_tree.C.
Loop with Unreachable Exit Condition ('Infinite Loop') vulnerability in coolsnowwolf lede (package/lean/mt/drivers/mt7603e/src/mt7603_wifi/common modules). This vulnerability is associated with program files bn_lib.C.
Loop with Unreachable Exit Condition ('Infinite Loop') vulnerability in coolsnowwolf lede (package/lean/mt/drivers/mt7615d/src/mt_wifi/embedded/security modules). This vulnerability is associated with program files bn_lib.C.
Multiple Buffer Overflows in Admin UI of EZCast Pro II version 1.17478.146 allow attackers to cause a program crash and potential remote code execution
Grafana is vulnerable to denial of service through resource exhaustion when processing uncached avatar requests with random hashes. Sustained requests cause goroutines to accumulate indefinitely due to timeout handling issues, eventually consuming all available memory and crashing the application. An unauthenticated remote attacker can exploit this vulnerability without user interaction to render affected Grafana instances unavailable.
XXE (XML External Entity) injection in AssertJ Java testing library from 1.4.0 to before 3.27.7 allows reading arbitrary files when parsing XML assertions. Patch available.
A denial of service vulnerability exists in Next.js versions with Partial Prerendering (PPR) enabled when running in minimal mode. The PPR resume endpoint accepts unauthenticated POST requests with the `Next-Resume: 1` header and processes attacker-controlled postponed state data. [CVSS 5.9 MEDIUM]
A denial of service vulnerability exists in self-hosted Next.js applications that have `remotePatterns` configured for the Image Optimizer. [CVSS 5.9 MEDIUM]
Uncontrolled resource consumption in React Server Components (react-server-dom-parcel, react-server-dom-turbopack, react-server-dom-webpack) allows unauthenticated remote attackers to trigger denial of service through malformed requests to Server Function endpoints, causing server crashes, memory exhaustion, or CPU spikes. Applications using these packages are at risk of availability disruption. No patch is currently available; immediate mitigation and monitoring are recommended.
A flaw was found in Keycloak's SAML brokering functionality. When Keycloak is configured as a client in a Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML) setup, it fails to validate the `NotOnOrAfter` timestamp within the `SubjectConfirmationData`. [CVSS 3.1 LOW]
A flaw was found in the GnuTLS library, specifically in the gnutls_pkcs11_token_init() function that handles PKCS#11 token initialization. When a token label longer than expected is processed, the function writes past the end of a fixed-size stack buffer. [CVSS 4.0 MEDIUM]
A flaw was found in Hibernate Reactive. When an HTTP endpoint is exposed to perform database operations, a remote client can prematurely close the HTTP connection. [CVSS 4.3 MEDIUM]
A flaw was found in kubevirt. A user within a virtual machine (VM), if the guest agent is active, can exploit this by causing the agent to report an excessive number of network interfaces. [CVSS 6.4 MEDIUM]
Tanium addressed an uncontrolled resource consumption vulnerability in Discover. [CVSS 4.9 MEDIUM]
The Access Manager is using the open source web server CompactWebServer written in C#. This web server is affected by a path traversal vulnerability, which allows an attacker to directly access files via simple GET requests without prior authentication.
The Linux kernel's Octeon EP VF driver contains a use-after-free vulnerability in IRQ error handling where mismatched device IDs between request_irq() and free_irq() calls can leave IRQ handlers registered after their associated memory is freed. A local attacker with standard privileges can trigger an interrupt after the vulnerable ioq_vector structure is deallocated, causing a kernel crash or potential code execution. No patch is currently available.
The Linux kernel's ipgre_header() function lacks proper validation when handling dynamically resized network device headers, allowing local attackers with network privileges to trigger kernel panics through memory corruption. This vulnerability affects systems using team or bonding drivers that can modify device headroom parameters, enabling denial of service attacks without requiring user interaction.
The Linux kernel xHCI sideband endpoint removal function can crash when dereferencing a freed or non-existent transfer ring during suspend/resume cycles or device re-enumeration. A local attacker with user-level privileges can trigger a denial of service by causing the kernel to dereference invalid memory, resulting in a system crash. No patch is currently available for this medium-severity vulnerability.
The vmwgfx driver in the Linux kernel crashes due to a null pointer dereference when KMS with 3D graphics is used on hardware version 10, which lacks GB Surfaces support. A local attacker with user-level privileges can trigger this vulnerability to cause a denial of service by crashing the display driver, resulting in a black screen. No patch is currently available for this medium-severity vulnerability.
The Linux kernel's ASoC tlv320adcx140 audio driver contains a null pointer dereference in the adcx140_priv structure due to improper initialization of the snd_soc_component field, allowing local authenticated users to trigger a denial of service. An attacker with local access and user-level privileges can crash the audio subsystem by invoking the vulnerable code path. No patch is currently available for this medium-severity vulnerability.
A race condition in Linux kernel routing code allows local authenticated attackers to cause a denial of service by triggering a kernel crash through unsynchronized list operations in rt6_uncached_list_del() and rt_del_uncached_list(). The vulnerability occurs when concurrent CPU operations on list data structures result in use-after-free conditions during list initialization. No patch is currently available for this medium-severity issue.
A null pointer dereference in the Linux kernel's build ID library can cause a denial of service when reading files in sleepable contexts. Local users with standard privileges can trigger a kernel crash through the filemap_read_folio() code path. This vulnerability requires no user interaction and affects the availability of the system.
The Linux kernel mlx5e driver crashes with a null pointer dereference when profile change operations fail and rollback is unsuccessful, leaving the network device in an invalid state. A local attacker with standard user privileges can trigger a denial of service by attempting subsequent profile changes, such as through switchdev mode modifications, which will access the dangling null pointer and crash the system.
The Linux kernel's NVMe-TCP implementation fails to validate pointer initialization in nvmet_tcp_build_pdu_iovec(), allowing remote attackers to trigger NULL pointer dereferences and cause denial of service by sending H2C_DATA PDUs before completing proper command initialization. An unauthenticated network attacker can exploit this vulnerability to crash the kernel without requiring user interaction or special privileges.
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: dmaengine: tegra-adma: Fix use-after-free A use-after-free bug exists in the Tegra ADMA driver when audio streams are terminated, particularly during XRUN conditions. [CVSS 7.8 HIGH]
Write-after-free crash in GPU compiler process triggered by unusual GPU shader code loaded from the web. Browser vulnerability through WebGPU shader compilation.
iccDEV versions 2.3.1.1 and earlier contain unsafe handling of user-supplied input in the CIccTagXmlSegmentedCurve::ToXml() function, enabling remote attackers to trigger undefined behavior in ICC profile parsing. Public exploit code exists for this vulnerability, which can lead to denial of service, data manipulation, or arbitrary code execution. Upgrade to version 2.3.1.2 to remediate.
Avahi daemon versions 0.9rc2 and below can be remotely crashed through a denial of service attack by sending a specially crafted mDNS response with a recursive CNAME record pointing to itself, triggering unbounded recursion and stack exhaustion. This vulnerability affects systems using multicast record browsers, including those relying on nss-mdns for service discovery. A patch is available for affected installations.
iccDEV versions 2.3.1.1 and earlier allow remote attackers to trigger undefined behavior in the icSigCalcOp() function through malicious ICC color profiles, enabling denial of service, data manipulation, or potential code execution. The vulnerability stems from unsafe handling of user-controllable input in binary profile data, and public exploit code exists. Affected organizations should upgrade to version 2.3.1.2 or later.
Nsauditor versions up to 3.2.2.0 is affected by allocation of resources without limits or throttling (CVSS 7.5).
Managed Switch Port Mapping Tool 2.85.2 contains a denial of service vulnerability that allows attackers to crash the application by creating an oversized buffer. [CVSS 7.5 HIGH]
AgataSoft PingMaster Pro 2.1 contains a denial of service vulnerability in the Trace Route feature that allows attackers to crash the application by overflowing the host name input field. [CVSS 7.5 HIGH]
The Linux kernel's idpf driver contains a NULL pointer dereference in its RSS LUT handling that can be triggered when ethtool commands access the RSS lookup table immediately after a soft reset. Local users with standard privileges can crash the system by performing queue count changes followed by ethtool operations on the affected network interface. A patch is available to properly manage RSS LUT state during soft resets based on queue count changes.
The Linux kernel nfsd subsystem crashes when attempting to unlock a filesystem via administrative interface while the nfsd service is not running, as the unlock operation accesses freed state structures. A local user with administrative privileges can trigger a denial of service by attempting filesystem unlock operations against a stopped nfsd server.
A null pointer dereference in the Linux kernel's traffic control action module (act_api) causes a denial of service during network namespace teardown when invalid error pointers are dereferenced. A local attacker with low privileges can trigger this crash by manipulating tc actions during system shutdown or container termination. A patch is available to guard against ERR_PTR entries during action cleanup.
A race condition in the Linux kernel's gpiolib subsystem allows local attackers with privileges to cause a kernel crash by exploiting unprotected access to uninitialized SRCU synchronization structures during concurrent gpiochip driver initialization. An attacker can trigger this vulnerability by causing multiple drivers to call gpiochip_add_data_with_key() simultaneously, resulting in a kernel page fault and denial of service.
The Linux kernel's idpf driver crashes with a NULL pointer dereference when ethtool RSS operations are performed before the network interface is brought up, affecting systems using this driver. A local attacker with unprivileged user access can trigger a denial of service by executing RSS configuration commands on a down interface. The vulnerability is resolved by initializing the RSS lookup table during vport creation rather than at interface startup.
The ocelot network driver in the Linux kernel is susceptible to a null pointer dereference crash when adding a network interface under a link aggregation group, affecting systems using the ocelot_vsc7514 frontend. A local attacker with unprivileged access can trigger this denial of service condition by performing specific network interface configuration operations. A patch is available that adds proper pointer validation before accessing port structures.
A null pointer dereference in the Linux kernel's idpf driver allows local attackers with user privileges to cause a denial of service by triggering improper netdevice state management during reset operations. The vulnerability occurs when the driver fails to properly detach and close network devices before deallocating vport resources, leaving pointers unprotected from concurrent callback access. A patch is available to resolve this issue by implementing proper device state synchronization during reset handling.
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: gpio: mpsse: ensure worker is torn down When an IRQ worker is running, unplugging the device would cause a crash. The sealevel hardware this driver was written for was not hotpluggable, so I never realized it. [CVSS 5.5 MEDIUM]
In libexpat before 2.7.4, XML_ExternalEntityParserCreate does not copy unknown encoding handler user data. [CVSS 2.9 LOW]
Hibernate's InlineIdsOrClauseBuilder is vulnerable to second-order SQL injection when processing non-alphanumeric characters in ID columns, allowing authenticated attackers to read sensitive data, modify database contents, or cause denial of service. The vulnerability requires low privileges and network access with no user interaction, making it exploitable by remote attackers with valid credentials. No patch is currently available.
SIPp is vulnerable to a NULL pointer dereference that can be triggered by remote attackers sending malicious SIP messages during active calls, resulting in application crashes and denial of service. Under certain conditions, this vulnerability may also enable arbitrary code execution, potentially compromising system integrity and availability. No patch is currently available.
This vulnerability arises because there are no limitations on the number of authentication attempts a user can make. An attacker can exploit this weakness by continuously sending authentication requests, leading to a denial-of-service (DoS) condition. [CVSS 7.5 HIGH]
Rekor versions 1.4.3 and below are vulnerable to denial of service through a null pointer dereference when processing malformed cose/v0.0.1 entries with empty spec.message fields. An unauthenticated remote attacker can trigger a panic in the Rekor process by sending a specially crafted entry, resulting in a 500 error response and temporary service disruption, though the thread recovery mechanism limits availability impact. The vulnerability has been patched in version 1.5.0.
Dell PowerScale OneFS, versions 9.5.0.0 through 9.5.1.5, versions 9.6.0.0 through 9.7.1.10, versions 9.8.0.0 through 9.10.1.3, versions starting from 9.11.0.0 and prior to 9.13.0.0, contains a Time-of-check Time-of-use (TOCTOU) race condition vulnerability. [CVSS 3.5 LOW]
Powerscale Onefs versions up to 9.5.1.5 is affected by incorrect permission assignment for critical resource (CVSS 5.0).
VB-Audio Voicemeeter, Voicemeeter Banana, and Voicemeeter Potato (versions ending in 1.1.1.9, 2.1.1.9, and 3.1.1.9 and earlier, respectively), as well as VB-Audio Matrix and Matrix Coconut (versions ending in 1.0.2.2 and 2.0.2.2 and earlier, respectively), contain a vulnerability in their virtual audio drivers (vbvoicemeetervaio64*.sys, vbmatrixvaio64*.sys, vbaudio_vmauxvaio*.sys, vbaudio_vmvaio*.sys, and vbaudio_vmvaio3*.sys).
VB-Audio Voicemeeter, Voicemeeter Banana, and Voicemeeter Potato (versions ending in 1.1.1.9, 2.1.1.9, and 3.1.1.9 and earlier, respectively), as well as VB-Audio Matrix and Matrix Coconut (versions ending in 1.0.2.2 and 2.0.2.2 and earlier, respectively), contain a vulnerability in their virtual audio drivers (vbvoicemeetervaio64*.sys, vbmatrixvaio64*.sys, vbaudio_vmauxvaio*.sys, vbaudio_vmvaio*.sys, and vbaudio_vmvaio3*.sys).
VB-Audio Voicemeeter, Voicemeeter Banana, and Voicemeeter Potato (versions ending in 1.1.1.9, 2.1.1.9, and 3.1.1.9 and earlier, respectively), as well as VB-Audio Matrix and Matrix Coconut (versions ending in 1.0.2.2 and 2.0.2.2 and earlier, respectively), contain a vulnerability in their virtual audio drivers (vbvoicemeetervaio64*.sys, vbmatrixvaio64*.sys, vbaudio_vmauxvaio*.sys, vbaudio_vmvaio*.sys, and vbaudio_vmvaio3*.sys).
The orjson.dumps function in orjson thru 3.11.4 does not limit recursion for deeply nested JSON documents. [CVSS 7.5 HIGH]
Vega Smartwatch Firmware versions up to rb303atv006229 is affected by improper resource shutdown or release (CVSS 7.4).
Gitlab versions up to 18.6.4 is affected by allocation of resources without limits or throttling (CVSS 5.3).
GitLab has remediated an issue in GitLab CE/EE affecting all versions from 17.7 before 18.6.4, 18.7 before 18.7.2, and 18.8 before 18.8.2 that could have allowed an unauthenticated user to cause a denial of service condition by exploiting incorrect authorization validation in API endpoints. [CVSS 7.5 HIGH]
Gitlab versions up to 18.6.4 is affected by allocation of resources without limits or throttling (CVSS 7.5).
Gitlab versions up to 18.6.4 is affected by loop with unreachable exit condition (infinite loop) (CVSS 6.5).
Rejected reason: ** REJECT ** DO NOT USE THIS CANDIDATE NUMBER. No vendor patch available.
pytest versions up to 9.0.2 contains a vulnerability that allows attackers to cause a denial of service or possibly gain privileges (CVSS 6.8).
Seroval versions 1.4.0 and below are vulnerable to denial of service attacks due to unbounded recursion when serializing deeply nested objects, allowing remote attackers to crash applications by exceeding the call stack limit. The vulnerability affects the deserialization library's handling of complex data structures without depth validation. Version 1.4.1 introduces a configurable depthLimit parameter to prevent exploitation of this resource exhaustion condition.
Denial-of-service in jsdiff versions prior to 8.0.3, 5.2.2, 4.0.4, and 3.5.1 allows unauthenticated remote attackers to crash applications by providing maliciously crafted patches with line break characters in filename headers, triggering an infinite loop that exhausts system memory. Applications calling parsePatch with user-supplied input are vulnerable regardless of input size restrictions. A patch is available for all affected versions.
go-tuf is a Go implementation of The Update Framework (TUF). [CVSS 5.9 MEDIUM]
Mastodon prior to versions 4.5.5, 4.4.12, and 4.3.18 lacks input validation on list and filter names, allowing authenticated users to create arbitrarily long strings that consume excessive server resources and storage. A local attacker can exploit this to degrade system performance or render their own web interface unusable, though no patch is currently available for affected versions.
Mastodon is a free, open-source social network server based on ActivityPub. [CVSS 7.5 HIGH]
Seroval versions 1.4.0 and below are vulnerable to denial of service through malformed deserialization payloads that specify excessively large array lengths, causing the parsing process to consume excessive CPU resources and become unresponsive. An unauthenticated remote attacker can exploit this without user interaction by sending a crafted serialized object to any application using the vulnerable library. The vulnerability has been patched in version 1.4.1.
Seroval versions 1.4.0 and below allow remote attackers to cause denial of service through maliciously crafted RegExp patterns during deserialization, either by exhausting memory with oversized patterns or triggering catastrophic backtracking (ReDoS). The vulnerability requires no authentication or user interaction and affects any application using the library to deserialize untrusted serialized data. A patch is available in version 1.4.1.
ImageMagick and Magick.NET versions 14.10.1 and below are vulnerable to denial of service attacks through a null pointer dereference in the MSL parser when processing malformed comment tags, exploitable by authenticated attackers without user interaction. Public exploit code exists for this vulnerability, and affected systems may crash or experience assertion failures depending on build configuration. No patch is currently available to address this medium-severity issue.
SumatraPDF on Windows is vulnerable to a denial-of-service attack through a maliciously crafted Mobi file that triggers an integer underflow in record validation, causing an out-of-bounds heap read and application crash. The vulnerability stems from an off-by-one error in the PalmDbReader::GetRecord function that only occurs with exactly 2 records, and public exploit code is available. No patch has been released at this time.
Fleet device management software versions prior to 4.78.3 suffer from broken access control that permits any authenticated user, including low-privilege observers, to access debug and profiling endpoints. Attackers can leverage this vulnerability to extract sensitive server diagnostics, runtime profiling data, and application state, or trigger CPU-intensive operations resulting in denial of service. The vulnerability affects multiple Fleet versions and has patches available.
ManageIQ is an open-source management platform. A flaw was found in the ManageIQ API prior to version radjabov-2 where a malformed TimeProfile could be created causing later UI and API requests to timeout leading to a Denial of Service.
ArduinoCore-avr contains the source code and configuration files of the Arduino AVR Boards platform. A vulnerability in versions prior to 1.8.7 allows an attacker to trigger a stack-based buffer overflow when converting floating-point values to strings with high precision. By passing very large `decimalPlaces` values to the affected String constructors or concat methods, the `dtostrf` function writes beyond fixed-size stack buffers, causing memory corruption and denial of service. Under speci...
Libocpp versions up to 0.30.1 is affected by allocation of resources without limits or throttling (CVSS 4.7).
EVerest is an EV charging software stack. Prior to version 2025.10.0, C++ exceptions are not properly handled for and by the `TbdController` loop, leading to its caller and itself to silently terminates. [CVSS 6.5 MEDIUM]
EVerest is an EV charging software stack. Prior to version 2025.10.0, the use of the `assert` function to handle errors frequently causes the module to crash. [CVSS 7.4 HIGH]
EVerest is an EV charging software stack. Prior to version 2025.12.0, `is_message_crc_correct` in the DZG_GSH01 powermeter SLIP parser reads `vec[vec.size()-1]` and `vec[vec.size()-2]` without checking that at least two bytes are present. [CVSS 4.6 MEDIUM]
An issue in ollama v.0.12.10 allows a remote attacker to cause a denial of service via the fs/ggml/gguf.go, function readGGUFV1String reads a string length from untrusted GGUF metadata [CVSS 7.5 HIGH]
An issue in ollama v.0.12.10 allows a remote attacker to cause a denial of service via the GGUF decoder [CVSS 7.5 HIGH]