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Attack ChainAIDerived

Hypothetical attack flow derived from CVE metadata – not a confirmed exploit chain

  1. Access
    Reach Windows host over network
  2. Delivery
    Send crafted TCP/IP packets
  3. Exploit
    Trigger use-after-free in tcpip.sys
  4. Execution
    Reference freed kernel memory
  5. Impact
    Leak sensitive memory contents to attacker

Vulnerability Assessment

Weakness
CWE
ASVS 5.0
V15 - Secure Coding and Architecture Memory lifecycle management
MITRE ATT&CK

2 techniques across 2 tactics: Execution, Privilege Escalation

The technique list with ATT&CK links and the kill-chain view is part of the Basic plan and up.

Exploitation Conditions

No special conditions on the surface - remote unauthenticated exploitation (AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N) against default configurations of the Windows TCP/IP stack, requiring only network reachability to an affected host with no user interaction or authentication. Limiting factors: the attacker must be able to route crafted packets to the target (so the host must expose a reachable TCP/IP-processing surface, and firewalls/segmentation that block the attacker's source reduce exposure); impact is confined to information disclosure (C:H, I:N, A:N), meaning successful exploitation leaks memory but does not by itself grant code execution or integrity/availability impact; and exploitation success may depend on winning a use-after-free timing/race window, which can make reliable leakage non-trivial in practice.

Impact

The CVSS 3.1 vector (AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N, base 7.5) describes a purely confidentiality-impacting, network-reachable, unauthenticated flaw of low attack complexity - a serious profile on paper. However, corroborating exploitation signals are weak: EPSS is only 0.06% (19th percentile), CISA SSVC records Exploitation=none with Technical Impact=partial (though Automatable=yes), and there is no public exploit identified. Note a data conflict: the CVSS metrics and description describe information disclosure (C:H, I:N, A:N), yet the intelligence Tags include 'Denial Of Service' and 'Memory Corruption' - the authoritative NVD/vendor metrics support info-disclosure only, so the DoS tag appears to be an artifact and should be verified against the MSRC advisory. Net assessment: a legitimate patch-priority for internet-facing and lateral-movement-exposed hosts because it is remote/unauthenticated, but currently no evidence of active or imminent widespread exploitation.

Exploit ScenarioDerived

A remote attacker sends specially crafted network packets to a Windows host to trigger the use-after-free in the TCP/IP stack, causing freed kernel memory to be referenced and its contents returned or leaked to the attacker. Because the flaw is unauthenticated (PR:N) and low-complexity (AC:L), the attacker needs only network reachability to an affected host and could repeat the operation to harvest sensitive memory fragments; no public exploit is identified at time of analysis.

This Week Schedule remediation this week. Why: HIGH severity (CVSS 7.0-8.9).
Patch available 0.1% exploitation probability (EPSS)

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AnalysisAIv1 – Jul 23, 2026

Information disclosure in the Windows TCP/IP networking stack allows a remote, unauthenticated attacker to read sensitive memory contents over the network by triggering a use-after-free condition. All supported Windows client and server releases (Windows 10 1607 through Windows 11 26H1, and Windows Server 2012 through 2025) are affected. Microsoft-reported with no public exploit identified at time of analysis; EPSS is low (0.06%, 19th percentile) and CISA SSVC records exploitation status as none.

RemediationAI

Patch available per vendor advisory: apply the Microsoft security update that raises the affected component to at least the fixed build for your release (for example Windows 11 24H2 to 10.0.26100.8457, Windows Server 2025 to 10.0.26100.32860, Windows Server 2019 to 10.0.17763.8755, Windows 10 22H2 to 10.0.19045.7291) via Windows Update or WSUS, per https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2026-40406. Because the vulnerability is reachable over the network in the core TCP/IP stack, there is no clean feature toggle to disable it; as compensating controls until patching, restrict inbound network exposure with host and perimeter firewalls to limit which sources can reach the affected hosts, segment internet-facing and management interfaces, and monitor for anomalous inbound traffic - noting these controls reduce but do not eliminate exposure and may disrupt legitimate connectivity if over-scoped. Additional advisory context is available at https://vuldb.com/vuln/363197 and https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-40406.

Affected VersionsENISA

Windows 11 Version 23H2 10.0.22631.0 <10.0.22631.7079
Windows Server 2019 10.0.17763.0 <10.0.17763.8755
Windows Server 2012 R2 (Server Core installation) 6.3.9600.0 <6.3.9600.23181
Windows Server 2012 6.2.9200.0 <6.2.9200.26079
Windows Server 2019 (Server Core installation) 10.0.17763.0 <10.0.17763.8755
Windows 10 Version 22H2 10.0.19045.0 <10.0.19045.7291
Windows 11 version 26H1 10.0.28000.0 <10.0.28000.2113
Windows Server 2012 (Server Core installation) 6.2.9200.0 <6.2.9200.26079
Windows 10 Version 21H2 10.0.19044.0 <10.0.19044.7291
Windows 10 Version 1809 10.0.17763.0 <10.0.17763.8755
Windows 11 Version 24H2 10.0.26100.0 <10.0.26100.8457
Windows 10 Version 1607 10.0.14393.0 <10.0.14393.9140
Windows Server 2016 10.0.14393.0 <10.0.14393.9140
Windows Server 2016 (Server Core installation) 10.0.14393.0 <10.0.14393.9140
Windows Server 2022, 23H2 Edition (Server Core installation) 10.0.25398.0 <10.0.25398.2330
Windows Server 2022 10.0.20348.0 <10.0.20348.5139
Windows Server 2025 10.0.26100.0 <10.0.26100.32860
Windows Server 2025 (Server Core installation) 10.0.26100.0 <10.0.26100.32860
Windows 11 version 22H3 10.0.22631.0 <10.0.22631.7079
Windows 11 Version 25H2 10.0.26200.0 <10.0.26200.8457
Windows Server 2012 R2 6.3.9600.0 <6.3.9600.23181

Affected Packages

microsoft windows_10_version_1607_10_0_14393_9140 fix: Windows 10 Version 1607 for 32-bit Systems 10.0.14393.9140, Windows 10 Version 1607 for x64-based Systems 10.0.14393.9140
microsoft windows_10_version_1809_10_0_17763_8755 fix: Windows 10 Version 1809 for 32-bit Systems 10.0.17763.8755, Windows 10 Version 1809 for x64-based Systems 10.0.17763.8755
microsoft windows_10_version_21h2_10_0_19044_7291 fix: Windows 10 Version 21H2 for 32-bit Systems 10.0.19044.7291, Windows 10 Version 21H2 for ARM64-based Systems 10.0.19044.7291, Windows 10 Version 21H2 for x64-based Systems 10.0.19044.7291
microsoft windows_10_version_22h2_10_0_19045_7291 fix: Windows 10 Version 22H2 for 32-bit Systems 10.0.19045.7291, Windows 10 Version 22H2 for ARM64-based Systems 10.0.19045.7291, Windows 10 Version 22H2 for x64-based Systems 10.0.19045.7291
microsoft windows_11_version_23h2_10_0_22631_7079 fix: Windows 11 Version 23H2 for ARM64-based Systems 10.0.22631.7079, Windows 11 Version 23H2 for x64-based Systems 10.0.22631.7079
microsoft windows_11_version_24h2_10_0_26100_8457 fix: Windows 11 Version 24H2 for ARM64-based Systems 10.0.26100.8457, Windows 11 Version 24H2 for x64-based Systems 10.0.26100.8457
microsoft windows_11_version_25h2_10_0_26200_8457 fix: Windows 11 Version 25H2 for ARM64-based Systems 10.0.26200.8457, Windows 11 Version 25H2 for x64-based Systems 10.0.26200.8457
microsoft windows_11_version_26h1_10_0_28000_2113 fix: Windows 11 Version 26H1 for ARM64-based Systems 10.0.28000.2113, Windows 11 version 26H1 for x64-based Systems 10.0.28000.2113
microsoft windows_server_2012_6_2_9200_26079 fix: Windows Server 2012 6.2.9200.26079, Windows Server 2012 (Server Core installation) 6.2.9200.26079
microsoft windows_server_2012_r2_6_3_9600_23181 fix: Windows Server 2012 R2 6.3.9600.23181, Windows Server 2012 R2 (Server Core installation) 6.3.9600.23181
microsoft windows_server_2016_10_0_14393_9140 fix: Windows Server 2016 10.0.14393.9140, Windows Server 2016 (Server Core installation) 10.0.14393.9140
microsoft windows_server_2019_10_0_17763_8755 fix: Windows Server 2019 10.0.17763.8755, Windows Server 2019 (Server Core installation) 10.0.17763.8755
microsoft windows_server_2022_10_0_20348_5139 fix: Windows Server 2022 10.0.20348.5139, Windows Server 2022 (Server Core installation) 10.0.20348.5139
microsoft windows_server_2022_23h2_edition_10_0_25398_2330 fix: Windows Server 2022, 23H2 Edition (Server Core installation) 10.0.25398.2330
microsoft windows_server_2025_10_0_26100_32860 fix: Windows Server 2025 10.0.26100.32860, Windows Server 2025 (Server Core installation) 10.0.26100.32860
euvd windows_10_version_1607 fix: 10.0.14393.9140
euvd windows_10_version_1809 fix: 10.0.17763.8755
euvd windows_10_version_21h2 fix: 10.0.19044.7291
euvd windows_10_version_22h2 fix: 10.0.19045.7291
euvd windows_11_version_22h3 fix: 10.0.22631.7079
euvd windows_11_version_23h2 fix: 10.0.22631.7079
euvd windows_11_version_24h2 fix: 10.0.26100.8457
euvd windows_11_version_25h2 fix: 10.0.26200.8457
euvd windows_11_version_26h1 fix: 10.0.28000.2113
euvd windows_server_2012 fix: 6.2.9200.26079
euvd windows_server_2012_r2 fix: 6.3.9600.23181
euvd windows_server_2012_r2_server_core_installation fix: 6.3.9600.23181
euvd windows_server_2012_server_core_installation fix: 6.2.9200.26079
euvd windows_server_2016 fix: 10.0.14393.9140
euvd windows_server_2016_server_core_installation fix: 10.0.14393.9140
euvd windows_server_2019 fix: 10.0.17763.8755
euvd windows_server_2019_server_core_installation fix: 10.0.17763.8755
euvd windows_server_2022 fix: 10.0.20348.5139
euvd windows_server_2022_23h2_edition_server_core_installation fix: 10.0.25398.2330
euvd windows_server_2025 fix: 10.0.26100.32860
euvd windows_server_2025_server_core_installation fix: 10.0.26100.32860

Source: OSV (Open Source Vulnerabilities)

Affects your stack

Affects 36 packages in microsoft, euvd

Checking this CVE against your own stacks and servers is part of the Basic plan and up.

Technical ContextAI · show details

The flaw resides in the Windows TCP/IP driver (tcpip.sys), the kernel-mode component that implements IPv4/IPv6, TCP, UDP and related network protocol processing for the entire Windows family. The root cause is CWE-416 (Use After Free): a memory object involved in network packet processing is freed but subsequently referenced, and because attacker-influenced network input reaches this path, the stale memory can be read back. CPE data confirms the affected component spans Windows 10 (1607/1809/21H2/22H2), Windows 11 (22H3/23H2/24H2/25H2/26H1) and Windows Server 2012/2016/2019/2022/2025, indicating a defect in shared core networking code rather than an edition-specific feature.

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  • Exploit and PoC references, threat intelligence from 22 sources

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Severity by source

NVD PRIMARY 7.5 HIGH
AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N
CIRCL (temporal) 6.5 MEDIUM
vuln.today AI 7.5 HIGH

Network-reachable, unauthenticated, no user interaction against the core TCP/IP stack with confidentiality-only impact (memory disclosure), so C:H and I:N/A:N.

3.1 AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N
4.0 AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N

Primary rating from NVD.

CVSS VectorNVD

Attack Vector
Network
Attack Complexity
Low
Privileges Required
None
User Interaction
None
Scope
Unchanged
Confidentiality
High
Integrity
None
Availability
None

DescriptionCVE.org

Use after free in Windows TCP/IP allows an unauthorized attacker to disclose information over a network.

Executive ViewAI

Why It Matters

A Windows TCP/IP stack vulnerability (CVE-2026-40406) enables remote, unauthenticated attackers to read sensitive memory contents across all supported Windows versions (Windows 10, 11, and Server 2012-2025). While no public exploit has been identified at time of analysis, this vulnerability poses significant organizational risk as exposed memory could contain credentials, encryption keys, or other confidential data. Microsoft has released a patch enabling rapid remediation.

Business Impact: High
Compensating Controls

Apply vendor patch.

Threat Intelligence Overview

EPSS Score
0.1%
Top 81% exploitable
Prevalence
Ubiquitous
core TCP/IP stack present in every Windows client and server
Vendor Action
See Below
Required. The vulnerability documented by this CVE requires customer action to resolve.
Vendor Status
Publicly Disclosed:No
Exploited:No
Latest Software Release:Exploitation Less Likely
Data Quality
6 sources
Confidence: High

How this decision was reached

The engine reads each signal below and applies a fixed list of rules from top to bottom. The first rule that matches sets the recommended action – like a statement, every line is shown.

SignalValue
Severity HIGH
CISA KEV No
Public POC No
EPSS 0.1%
Patch available Yes
Active threat No
Deciding rule
HIGH severity (CVSS 7.0-8.9)
What every action level means
Emergency Immediate action required. Criteria: CRITICAL + in CISA KEV (actively exploited) without patch, OR CRITICAL + EPSS > 30% without patch, OR CRITICAL + active threat signals without patch.
Act Now Prioritize within 24-48h. Criteria: in KEV with patch available, OR CRITICAL + public POC, OR HIGH + EPSS > 10%, OR CRITICAL + active threat, OR any CRITICAL severity.
This Week Schedule remediation this week. Criteria: HIGH severity (CVSS 7.0-8.9). Patch within normal change window.
This Month Plan within 30 days. Criteria: MEDIUM severity (CVSS 4.0-6.9), lower exploitation probability. Include in regular patch cycle.
Monitor Track and reassess. Criteria: LOW severity (CVSS 0.1-3.9), minimal exploitation risk. No immediate action needed.

SSVC AssessmentENISA

SSVC Decision
Scheduled
Exploitation
None
System Exposure· derived
Open
Automatable
Yes
Human Impact
High
Technical Impact
Partial

Priority Score

38
Low Medium High Critical
KEV: 0
EPSS: 0
CVSS: +38
PoC: 0
Weaponized: 0
Threat intel: 0
Gov advisory: 0

Attack Technique

Use-after-free vulnerabilities occur when a program continues to access memory through a pointer after that memory has been deallocated.

Memory corruption occurs when a program writes data beyond the boundaries of allocated memory regions or accesses memory in unintended ways, violating the integrity of the process's address space.

Denial of Service attacks render applications or systems unavailable by overwhelming resources or triggering failure conditions.

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