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Netty CVE-2026-42581

CRITICAL
HTTP Request/Response Smuggling (CWE-444)
2026-05-07 https://github.com/netty/netty GHSA-xxqh-mfjm-7mv9
Authentication Bypass Java Nginx Request Smuggling
Critical
Disputed · 9.8 NVD
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Attack ChainAIDerived

Hypothetical attack flow derived from CVE metadata – not a confirmed exploit chain

  1. Access
    Identify Netty behind CL-first proxy
  2. Delivery
    Send HTTP/1.0 request with TE:chunked + Content-Length
  3. Exploit
    Proxy and Netty disagree on boundary
  4. Execution
    Smuggle hidden request bytes
  5. Persist
    Poison cache or bypass auth/WAF
  6. Impact
    Hijack other users' requests

Vulnerability Assessment

Weakness
CWE
CWE-444
OWASP Top 10:2025
A06:2025 - Insecure Design
ASVS 5.0
V4 - API and Web Service HTTP request consistency
Exploitation Conditions

Exploitation requires a specific topology, not default standalone Netty: (1) Netty must sit behind a reverse proxy or load balancer that resolves TE+CL conflicts Content-Length-first (the advisory names nginx, some HAProxy configurations, and AWS ALB in certain modes); (2) the attacker must be able to deliver HTTP/1.0 requests to Netty, either directly or by downgrading the connection; and (3) no intermediate layer may strip or normalize the HTTP/1.0 TE+CL conflict before it reaches Netty. The triggering request feature is an HTTP/1.0 message that simultaneously carries Transfer-Encoding: chunked and Content-Length. Limiting factors: the bug does not fire for HTTP/1.1 (already sanitized), and a desync only materializes if the paired downstream proxy is CL-first - a TE-first or conflict-rejecting front end neutralizes it, which is why real-world exploitability is far narrower than the AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N vector implies. No authentication or user interaction is required (PR:N/UI:N per the provided vector).
Impact

Signals conflict sharply and should be reconciled before triage. The NVD CVSS 3.1 base score is 9.8 (AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/C:H/I:H/A:H), which treats this as a trivially exploitable, fully-impacting network flaw. However, the description's own 'Conditions Required' contradict AC:L: exploitation depends on Netty being deployed behind a Content-Length-first reverse proxy/load balancer (nginx, certain HAProxy configs, AWS ALB modes), on the attacker being able to deliver HTTP/1.0 to Netty, and on no intermediate HTTP/1.0-stripping layer - these are real attack requirements that argue for higher complexity. The C:H/I:H/A:H impact is also generous: smuggling primarily yields integrity impact (boundary confusion enabling cache poisoning, auth/WAF bypass, request injection) and possible confidentiality (reaching internal endpoints, hijacking other users' sessions), but no direct availability impact. EPSS is very low (0.03%, 8th percentile) and there is no KEV listing, consistent with a vulnerability that is real and PoC-backed but not opportunistically mass-exploitable because success hinges on the victim's specific proxy topology. Net: prioritize where Netty sits behind a CL-first front end and accepts HTTP/1.0; deprioritize the raw 9.8 as not reflecting the deployment preconditions.
Exploit ScenarioDerived

An attacker sends a single HTTP/1.0 POST to a service fronted by a Content-Length-first proxy, including both Transfer-Encoding: chunked and Content-Length: 0 plus a chunked body containing a smuggled 'GPOST' request. Netty consumes the whole chunked body while the proxy, trusting Content-Length: 0, considers the request finished at the headers and queues the leftover bytes as the start of the next victim's request - poisoning a shared cache, bypassing the WAF/auth layer, or hijacking another user's session. A confirmed PoC test (EmbeddedChannel, JUnit) demonstrates that Content-Length survives the HTTP/1.0 path, so the primitive is verified; full end-to-end impact still requires a real CL-first downstream component.
Act Now Prioritize within 24-48h. Why: CRITICAL severity.
Patch available 0.0% exploitation probability (EPSS)

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AnalysisAIv3 – Jun 30, 2026

HTTP request smuggling in Netty's netty-codec-http (HttpObjectDecoder) lets remote attackers desynchronize message boundaries by sending an HTTP/1.0 request carrying both Transfer-Encoding: chunked and Content-Length. Netty's anti-smuggling sanitization that strips the conflicting Content-Length header only runs for HTTP/1.1, so on HTTP/1.0 Netty parses the body as chunked while leaving Content-Length intact for any downstream Content-Length-first proxy, which then treats trailing chunk bytes as a new request. Publicly available exploit code exists (a working EmbeddedChannel PoC test), but EPSS is very low (0.03%, 8th percentile) and it is not in CISA KEV.

Earlier versions of this analysis (2)
v2 Jun 30, 2026 - 03:35 cvss changed CVSS 9.8

HTTP request smuggling in Netty's netty-codec-http (HttpObjectDecoder) lets remote attackers desynchronize message boundaries between Netty and a downstream proxy by sending an HTTP/1.0 request carrying both Transfer-Encoding: chunked and Content-Length. Netty's TE+CL conflict sanitization only fires for HTTP/1.1, so for HTTP/1.0 the conflicting Content-Length header survives into the forwarded message while Netty decodes the body as chunked, enabling Content-Length-first intermediaries to treat smuggled bytes as a new request. A confirmed proof-of-concept (EmbeddedChannel test against HEAD commit 4f3533ae) exists, but the issue is not in CISA KEV and EPSS is very low (0.03%, 8th percentile), indicating no observed mass exploitation.

v1 May 07, 2026 - 00:45 CVSS 5.8

HTTP request smuggling in Netty's HttpObjectDecoder allows remote attackers to bypass Content-Length sanitization for HTTP/1.0 requests carrying both Transfer-Encoding: chunked and Content-Length headers. Netty strips the conflicting Content-Length only for HTTP/1.1, leaving it intact for HTTP/1.0, causing downstream proxies that prioritize Content-Length to misinterpret message boundaries and process attacker-injected payloads as separate requests. Confirmed actively exploited (CISA KEV not indicated, but reproducible POC provided). Affects Netty 4.2.0–4.2.12 and 4.1.0–4.1.132.

RemediationAI

Upgrade netty-codec-http to a fixed release: 4.2.13.Final for the 4.2.x line or 4.1.133.Final for the 4.1.x line (Vendor-released patch). Resolve transitive copies bundled by frameworks (Reactor Netty, gRPC, Elasticsearch, etc.) by overriding the managed Netty version, not just direct dependencies. Apply your platform's packaged fix where applicable (Ubuntu USN-8401-1, Red Hat RHSA-2026:23808/24502/25123/28010). The upstream fix removes the HttpVersion.HTTP_1_1 guard so Content-Length is stripped whenever Transfer-Encoding: chunked and Content-Length coexist. Where immediate patching is not possible, the most effective compensating control is to reject or normalize HTTP/1.0 requests that contain both Transfer-Encoding and Content-Length at the front-end proxy, or strip Transfer-Encoding/Content-Length conflicts before they reach Netty (side effect: legitimate but malformed clients are dropped); alternatively, terminate and re-emit requests as HTTP/1.1 at an intermediary so the conflicting Content-Length is sanitized (side effect: adds a proxy hop and HTTP/1.0 clients lose connection-specific behavior). Confirm whether your front-end proxy is Content-Length-first; making it Transfer-Encoding-first or having it reject conflicting requests closes the desync. See GHSA-xxqh-mfjm-7mv9 for vendor guidance.

Affected Packages

maven io.netty:netty-codec-http fix: 4.1.133.Final, 4.2.13.Final

Source: OSV (Open Source Vulnerabilities)

Affects your stack

Affects 1 package in maven

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Technical ContextAI · show details

The affected component is io.netty:netty-codec-http, the HTTP/1.x codec used by the Netty asynchronous networking framework that underpins many Java servers, proxies, and frameworks (e.g. gRPC, Spring WebFlux/Reactor Netty, Elasticsearch transports). The root cause is CWE-444 (Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests / 'HTTP Request Smuggling'). In HttpObjectDecoder.java (~lines 828-833), when a message declares Transfer-Encoding: chunked, the decoder only invokes handleTransferEncodingChunkedWithContentLength() - which removes the conflicting Content-Length header - if message.protocolVersion() == HttpVersion.HTTP_1_1. For an HTTP/1.0 message the guard is false, the Content-Length header survives into the forwarded HttpMessage even though the body is consumed as chunked. The CPE/package data confirms the affected artifact is pkg:maven/io.netty:netty-codec-http across the 4.1.x and 4.2.x lines.

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Severity by source

Sources disagree (Medium–Critical)
NVD PRIMARY 9.8 CRITICAL
AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
vuln.today AI 8.7 HIGH

AC:H because exploitation needs a CL-first downstream proxy and an HTTP/1.0 path; PR:N/UI:N unauthenticated; S:C as desync impacts other users/components; A:N since no direct availability loss.

3.1 AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:N
4.0 AV:N/AC:H/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:L/SI:L/SA:N
SUSE 5.8 MEDIUM
AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:N/I:L/A:N
Red Hat 7.2 HIGH

vuln.today treats the vendor’s rating as authoritative. A higher third-party CVSS (e.g. CISA-ADP) is shown for transparency but does not drive the headline severity.

CVSS VectorNVD

Attack Vector
Network
Attack Complexity
Low
Privileges Required
None
User Interaction
None
Scope
Unchanged
Confidentiality
High
Integrity
High
Availability
High

Lifecycle Timeline

5
Analysis Updated
Jun 30, 2026 - 03:38 vuln.today
v3 - CVSS changed
Analysis Updated
Jun 30, 2026 - 03:35 vuln.today
v2 - CVSS changed
Severity Changed
Jun 30, 2026 - 03:24 NVD
MEDIUM CRITICAL
CVSS changed
Jun 30, 2026 - 03:24 NVD
5.8 (MEDIUM) 9.8 (CRITICAL)
CVE Published
May 07, 2026 - 00:18 nvd
MEDIUM 5.8

DescriptionNVD

NETTY HTTP/1.0 TE+CL Coexistence Bypasses Smuggling Sanitization

FieldValue
Libraryio.netty:netty-codec-http
Componentcodec-http - HttpObjectDecoder
SeverityHIGH
AffectsHEAD, commit 4f3533ae confirmed

---

Summary

HttpObjectDecoder strips a conflicting Content-Length header when a request carries both Transfer-Encoding: chunked and Content-Length, but only for HTTP/1.1 messages. The guard is absent for HTTP/1.0. An attacker that sends an HTTP/1.0 request with both headers causes Netty to decode the body as chunked while leaving Content-Length intact in the forwarded HttpMessage. Any downstream proxy or handler that trusts Content-Length over Transfer-Encoding will disagree on message boundaries, enabling request smuggling.

---

Root Cause

java
// HttpObjectDecoder.java:828-833
if (HttpUtil.isTransferEncodingChunked(message)) {
    this.chunked = true;
    if (!contentLengthFields.isEmpty() && message.protocolVersion() == HttpVersion.HTTP_1_1) {
        handleTransferEncodingChunkedWithContentLength(message);  // strips CL - HTTP/1.1 only
    }
    return State.READ_CHUNK_SIZE;
}

// HttpObjectDecoder.java:870-873
protected void handleTransferEncodingChunkedWithContentLength(HttpMessage message) {
    message.headers().remove(HttpHeaderNames.CONTENT_LENGTH);
    contentLength = Long.MIN_VALUE;
}

The conflict-resolution path is gated on message.protocolVersion() == HttpVersion.HTTP_1_1. When the request declares HTTP/1.0, the condition is false, handleTransferEncodingChunkedWithContentLength is never called, and the Content-Length header survives into the forwarded message. Netty still processes the body as chunked; a downstream component that is CL-first interprets the same bytes as a separate request.

---

Proof of Concept

POST /api HTTP/1.0\r\n
Host: internal.example.com\r\n
Transfer-Encoding: chunked\r\n
Content-Length: 0\r\n
\r\n
5\r\n
GPOST\r\n
0\r\n
\r\n

Netty consumes the full chunked body (5 bytes + terminator). A downstream CL-first proxy reads Content-Length: 0, considers the request complete at the blank line, and treats 5\r\nGPOST\r\n0\r\n\r\n as the start of a second request.

---

Conditions Required

  1. Netty is deployed behind a reverse proxy or load balancer that is Content-Length-first (nginx, some HAProxy configs, AWS ALB in certain modes).
  2. Attacker can send HTTP/1.0 requests (either directly or by downgrading via connection manipulation).
  3. No additional HTTP/1.0 stripping layer between attacker and Netty.

---

Impact

Request smuggling at the Netty edge. Allows cache poisoning, session fixation against other users, unauthorized access to internal endpoints, and bypassing of WAF or authentication layers that inspect only the first logical request.

---

Confirmed PoC Test

Verified against HEAD (4f3533ae) using EmbeddedChannel. Both tests pass, confirming the vulnerability and the HTTP/1.1 contrast.

java
package io.netty.handler.codec.http;

import io.netty.buffer.Unpooled;
import io.netty.channel.embedded.EmbeddedChannel;
import io.netty.util.CharsetUtil;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;

import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.*;

public class NettySmugglingSec001Test {

    // VULNERABLE: Content-Length survives in HTTP/1.0 TE+CL conflict
    @Test
    public void http10_contentLengthNotStripped() {
        EmbeddedChannel ch = new EmbeddedChannel(new HttpRequestDecoder());
        ch.writeInbound(Unpooled.copiedBuffer(
                "POST /api HTTP/1.0\r\n" +
                "Transfer-Encoding: chunked\r\n" +
                "Content-Length: 0\r\n" +
                "\r\n" +
                "5\r\nGPOST\r\n0\r\n\r\n", CharsetUtil.US_ASCII));

        HttpRequest req = ch.readInbound();
        assertEquals(HttpVersion.HTTP_1_0, req.protocolVersion());
        // Content-Length: 0 survives - downstream CL-first proxy treats chunked body as new request
        assertNotNull(req.headers().get(HttpHeaderNames.CONTENT_LENGTH), "VULNERABLE: CL not stripped");
        ch.finishAndReleaseAll();
    }

    // SAFE: HTTP/1.1 correctly strips Content-Length on TE+CL conflict
    @Test
    public void http11_contentLengthStripped() {
        EmbeddedChannel ch = new EmbeddedChannel(new HttpRequestDecoder());
        ch.writeInbound(Unpooled.copiedBuffer(
                "POST /api HTTP/1.1\r\n" +
                "Transfer-Encoding: chunked\r\n" +
                "Content-Length: 0\r\n" +
                "\r\n" +
                "5\r\nGPOST\r\n0\r\n\r\n", CharsetUtil.US_ASCII));

        HttpRequest req = ch.readInbound();
        assertNull(req.headers().get(HttpHeaderNames.CONTENT_LENGTH), "SAFE: CL correctly stripped");
        ch.finishAndReleaseAll();
    }
}

---

Fix Guidance

Remove the message.protocolVersion() == HttpVersion.HTTP_1_1 guard in HttpObjectDecoder, applying handleTransferEncodingChunkedWithContentLength unconditionally whenever both Transfer-Encoding: chunked and Content-Length are present, regardless of protocol version.

Blast Radius

ecosystem impact
† from your stack dependencies † transitive graph · vuln.today resolves 4-path depth
  • 11 maven packages depend on io.netty:netty-codec-http (11 direct, 0 indirect)

Ecosystem-wide dependent count for version 4.2.0.Alpha1.

Executive ViewAI

Why It Matters

Netty versions using netty-codec-http contain a CRITICAL HTTP request smuggling vulnerability (CVSS 9.8) in HTTP/1.0 request parsing that could allow attackers to desynchronize message boundaries and bypass Content-Length validation. Although publicly available exploit code exists, no active exploitation has been documented and the real-world exploitation likelihood is very low (0.03% EPSS). Organizations should prioritize patching to eliminate potential strategic attack vectors but can sequence updates based on HTTP/1.0 exposure levels.

Business Impact: High
Compensating Controls

Apply vendor patch.

Threat Intelligence Overview

EPSS Score
0.0%
Top 92% exploitable
Prevalence
High
core Java networking library embedded transitively in many frameworks and servers
Threat Intel
1
1 source
Data Quality
6 sources
Confidence: High
NVD CVE.org EPSS GHSA Vendor GitHub VulDB

How this decision was reached

The engine reads each signal below and applies a fixed list of rules from top to bottom. The first rule that matches sets the recommended action – like a statement, every line is shown.

SignalValue
Severity CRITICAL
CISA KEV No
Public POC No
EPSS 0.0%
Patch available Yes
Active threat No
Deciding rule
CRITICAL severity
What every action level means
Emergency Immediate action required. Criteria: CRITICAL + in CISA KEV (actively exploited) without patch, OR CRITICAL + EPSS > 30% without patch, OR CRITICAL + active threat signals without patch.
Act Now Prioritize within 24-48h. Criteria: in KEV with patch available, OR CRITICAL + public POC, OR HIGH + EPSS > 10%, OR CRITICAL + active threat, OR any CRITICAL severity.
This Week Schedule remediation this week. Criteria: HIGH severity (CVSS 7.0-8.9). Patch within normal change window.
This Month Plan within 30 days. Criteria: MEDIUM severity (CVSS 4.0-6.9), lower exploitation probability. Include in regular patch cycle.
Monitor Track and reassess. Criteria: LOW severity (CVSS 0.1-3.9), minimal exploitation risk. No immediate action needed.

SSVC AssessmentENISA

SSVC Decision· derived
Scheduled
Exploitation· derived
None
System Exposure· derived
Open
Automatable· derived
Yes
Human Impact
High

Priority Score

49
Low Medium High Critical
KEV: 0
EPSS: 0
CVSS: +49
PoC: 0
Weaponized: 0
Threat intel: 0
Gov advisory: 0

Attack Technique

Authentication Bypass CRITICAL

Authentication bypass attacks exploit flaws in the verification mechanisms that control access to systems and applications.

HTTP Request Smuggling HIGH

HTTP request smuggling exploits inconsistencies in how front-end and back-end servers parse HTTP message boundaries.

Affected Products (CPE)NVD

pkg:maven/io.netty:netty-codec-http
pkg:maven/io.netty:netty-codec-http

Related Vulnerabilities in Netty HTTP Codec Vulnerabilities

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CVE-2026-42582 HIGH
7.5
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7.5
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7.5
CVE-2026-42585 HIGH
7.5
CVE-2026-42579 CRITICAL
9.1
CVE-2026-42580 MEDIUM
6.5
CVE-2026-42578 LOW
2.9
CVE-2026-42586 HIGH
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Vendor StatusVendor

SUSE

Severity: Medium
Product Status
openSUSE Tumbleweed Fixed
SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP4-ESPOS Affected
SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP4-LTSS Affected
SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP5-ESPOS Affected
SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP5-LTSS Affected

References

Advisories & patches
ADVISORY https://github.com/netty/netty/security/advisories/GHSA-xxqh-mfjm-7mv9 ADVISORY https://ubuntu.com/security/notices/USN-8401-1 ADVISORY https://vuldb.com/vuln/363701 REF https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:23808 REF https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:24502 REF https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:25123 REF https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:28010 REF https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:36820 REF https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:37390 REF https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:42644 REF https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:49700 REF https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:49701 REF https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:53644 REF https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:53645 REF https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:53646 REF https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:53806 REF https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:54435 REF https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:65126 REF https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:66488 REF https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:66545 REF https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-42581 REF https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2477232 REF https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-xxqh-mfjm-7mv9 REF https://security.access.redhat.com/data/csaf/v2/vex/2026/cve-2026-42581.json

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