Which versions of Waterfall WF-500 are affected by CVE-2025-41278?

A critical flaw in Waterfall WF-500 RX Host firmware (version 7.10.0.0 R2601141040) enables attackers with TX Host access to bypass the product's core security function-the unidirectional data…

How to fix or mitigate CVE-2025-41278?

24 hours: Conduct inventory of all WF-500 deployments; restrict network access to TX Hosts through firewall rules and access controls. 7 days: Deploy network monitoring and anomaly detection specifically for TX-to-RX Host communication patterns; escalate to Waterfall Networks for emergency patch timeline or interim guidance. 30 days: Implement redundant segmentation controls for the most critical OT/IT boundaries; evaluate vendor-provided firmware updates or alternative segmentation products.

Waterfall WF-500 CVE-2025-41278

Q: What is the CVSS score of CVE-2025-41278?

CVE-2025-41278 has a CVSS 4.0 base score of 7.5 (High). CVSS vector: CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X. EPSS exploitation probability: 0.0%.

EUVD-2025-209998 HIGH

Out-of-bounds Read (CWE-125)

2026-05-29 Nozomi

GHSA-68g4-7798-227f

Information Disclosure Buffer Overflow Wf 500

7.5

CVSS 4.0 · NVD

Severity by source

NVD PRIMARY

7.5 HIGH

CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X

Primary rating from NVD · only source for this CVE.

CVSS VectorNVD

CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X

Attack Vector

Local

Attack Complexity

Low

Privileges Required

None

User Interaction

None

Scope

Lifecycle Timeline

Analysis Generated

May 29, 2026 - 14:24 vuln.today

CVSS changed

May 29, 2026 - 12:22 NVD

7.5 (HIGH)

CVE Published

May 29, 2026 - 10:58 nvd

UNKNOWN (no severity yet)

DescriptionCVE.org

Nozomi Networks Labs identified a CWE-125: Out-of-bounds Read in Waterfall WF-500 RX Host in version 7.10.0.0 R2601141040 that allows attackers with access to the TX Host to execute code on the RX Host.

AnalysisAI

Out-of-bounds read in the Waterfall WF-500 RX Host (firmware 7.10.0.0 R2601141040) enables an attacker who already controls the TX Host to execute code on the receiving (RX) side, bypassing the unidirectional security guarantee the data diode is designed to enforce. Discovered by Nozomi Networks Labs with no public exploit identified at time of analysis and an EPSS score of 0.02%, the issue is significant because it undermines the OT/IT segmentation use case the product exists to provide. The vulnerability is not listed in CISA KEV and there is no evidence of active exploitation.

Technical ContextAI

The Waterfall WF-500 is a hardware-enforced unidirectional security gateway (data diode) widely deployed to bridge OT/ICS networks to IT networks while preventing return traffic. It is implemented as paired TX (transmit) and RX (receive) hosts, where the TX host sends data optically to the RX host. CWE-125 (Out-of-bounds Read) on the RX Host indicates that the RX-side parsing logic for traffic delivered from the TX side reads beyond an allocated buffer boundary, and per the Nozomi advisory this read condition is escalated into code execution on the RX Host. CPE cpe:2.3:a:waterfall:wf-500 confirms the affected product, and the root cause class typically stems from missing length validation on attacker-controlled fields in protocol or frame parsers.

RemediationAI

No vendor-released patch identified at time of analysis from the supplied references; operators should contact Waterfall Security Solutions directly and monitor the Nozomi Networks Labs advisory at https://www.nozominetworks.com/labs/vulnerability-advisories-cve-2025-41278 and the NVD entry at https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-41278 for an updated firmware release superseding 7.10.0.0 R2601141040. Until a fix is available, treat the TX Host as a high-value asset: harden and isolate the TX Host's management plane, restrict administrative network access to it via jump host and MFA, and audit any IT-side systems that can reach the TX Host since TX compromise is the precondition for this attack (trade-off: tighter management-plane restrictions can complicate legitimate operator workflows). Increase monitoring of the data flows traversing the diode and of RX Host process and integrity state to detect anomalous behavior consistent with code execution on the RX side; this is detective rather than preventive, so plan for rapid firmware rollout once vendor patches ship.