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Vulnerability Assessment

Weakness
CWE
CWE-444
OWASP Top 10:2025
A06:2025 - Insecure Design
ASVS 5.0
V4 - API and Web Service HTTP request consistency
Impact

CVSS score of 5.3 (MEDIUM). Attack characteristics: network attack vector, low complexity, no privileges required, no user interaction not required.
Exploit ScenarioDerived

A remote attacker could manipulate HTTP request interpretation between frontend and backend servers by sending crafted requests to the affected application. No authentication is required to exploit this vulnerability.
This Month Plan within 30 days. Why: MEDIUM severity (CVSS 4.0-6.9).
Patch available 75.4% exploitation probability (EPSS)

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AnalysisAI

Apache Tomcat 10.0.0-M1 to 10.0.6, 9.0.0.M1 to 9.0.46 and 8.5.0 to 8.5.66 did not correctly parse the HTTP transfer-encoding request header in some circumstances leading to the possibility to request. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. This HTTP Request/Response Smuggling vulnerability could allow attackers to manipulate HTTP request interpretation between frontend and backend servers.

RemediationAI

A vendor patch is available. Apply the latest security update as soon as possible. Enforce strict HTTP parsing, normalize requests at proxy layer, use HTTP/2 end-to-end, reject ambiguous headers.

Affected Packages

maven org.apache.tomcat:tomcat fix: 8.5.68, 9.0.48, 10.0.7

Source: OSV (Open Source Vulnerabilities)

Affects your stack

Affects 1 package in maven

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Technical ContextAI · show details

This vulnerability is classified as HTTP Request/Response Smuggling (CWE-444), which allows attackers to manipulate HTTP request interpretation between frontend and backend servers. Apache Tomcat 10.0.0-M1 to 10.0.6, 9.0.0.M1 to 9.0.46 and 8.5.0 to 8.5.66 did not correctly parse the HTTP transfer-encoding request header in some circumstances leading to the possibility to request smuggling when used with a reverse proxy. Specifically: - Tomcat incorrectly ignored the transfer encoding header if the client declared it would only accept an HTTP/1.0 response; - Tomcat honoured the identify encoding; and - Tomcat did not ensure that, if present, the chunked encoding was the final encoding. Affected products include: Apache Tomcat, Apache Tomee, Debian Debian Linux, Oracle Agile Plm, Oracle Communications Cloud Native Core Policy.

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  • Exploit and PoC references, threat intelligence from 22 sources
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Severity by source

NVD PRIMARY 5.3 MEDIUM
AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N

Primary rating from NVD · only source for this CVE.

CVSS VectorNVD

Attack Vector
Network
Attack Complexity
Low
Privileges Required
None
User Interaction
None
Scope
Unchanged
Confidentiality
None
Integrity
Low
Availability
None

DescriptionNVD

Apache Tomcat 10.0.0-M1 to 10.0.6, 9.0.0.M1 to 9.0.46 and 8.5.0 to 8.5.66 did not correctly parse the HTTP transfer-encoding request header in some circumstances leading to the possibility to request smuggling when used with a reverse proxy. Specifically: - Tomcat incorrectly ignored the transfer encoding header if the client declared it would only accept an HTTP/1.0 response; - Tomcat honoured the identify encoding; and - Tomcat did not ensure that, if present, the chunked encoding was the final encoding.

Threat Intelligence Overview

EPSS Score
75.4%
Top 1% exploitable
Data Quality
4 sources
Confidence: Medium
NVD CVE.org EPSS VulDB

How this decision was reached

The engine reads each signal below and applies a fixed list of rules from top to bottom. The first rule that matches sets the recommended action – like a statement, every line is shown.

SignalValue
Severity MEDIUM
CISA KEV No
Public POC No
EPSS 75.4%
Patch available Yes
Active threat No
Deciding rule
MEDIUM severity (CVSS 4.0-6.9)
What every action level means
Emergency Immediate action required. Criteria: CRITICAL + in CISA KEV (actively exploited) without patch, OR CRITICAL + EPSS > 30% without patch, OR CRITICAL + active threat signals without patch.
Act Now Prioritize within 24-48h. Criteria: in KEV with patch available, OR CRITICAL + public POC, OR HIGH + EPSS > 10%, OR CRITICAL + active threat, OR any CRITICAL severity.
This Week Schedule remediation this week. Criteria: HIGH severity (CVSS 7.0-8.9). Patch within normal change window.
This Month Plan within 30 days. Criteria: MEDIUM severity (CVSS 4.0-6.9), lower exploitation probability. Include in regular patch cycle.
Monitor Track and reassess. Criteria: LOW severity (CVSS 0.1-3.9), minimal exploitation risk. No immediate action needed.

SSVC AssessmentENISA

SSVC Decision· derived
Scheduled
Exploitation· derived
None
System Exposure· derived
Open
Automatable· derived
Yes
Human Impact· derived
Medium

Priority Score

101
Low Medium High Critical
KEV: 0
EPSS: +75
CVSS: +26
PoC: 0
Weaponized: 0
Threat intel: 0
Gov advisory: 0

Attack Technique

HTTP Request Smuggling HIGH

HTTP request smuggling exploits inconsistencies in how front-end and back-end servers parse HTTP message boundaries.

Information Disclosure MEDIUM

Information disclosure occurs when an application unintentionally exposes sensitive data that aids attackers in reconnaissance or directly compromises security.

Affected Products (CPE)NVD

cpe:2.3:a:apache:tomcat:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:apache:tomcat:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:apache:tomcat:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:apache:tomee:8.0.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:o:debian:debian_linux:9.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:o:debian:debian_linux:10.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:oracle:agile_plm:9.3.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:oracle:communications_cloud_native_core_policy:1.14.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:oracle:communications_cloud_native_core_service_communication_proxy:1.14.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:oracle:communications_diameter_signaling_router:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:oracle:communications_instant_messaging_server:10.0.1.5.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:oracle:communications_policy_management:12.5.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:oracle:communications_pricing_design_center:12.0.0.3.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:oracle:communications_session_report_manager:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:oracle:communications_session_route_manager:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:oracle:graph_server_and_client:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:oracle:healthcare_translational_research:4.1.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:oracle:hospitality_cruise_shipboard_property_management_system:20.1.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:oracle:instantis_enterprisetrack:17.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:oracle:instantis_enterprisetrack:17.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
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References

Advisories & patches
PATCH https://www.oracle.com//security-alerts/cpujul2021.html PATCH https://www.oracle.com/security-alerts/cpuapr2022.html PATCH https://www.oracle.com/security-alerts/cpujan2022.html PATCH https://www.oracle.com/security-alerts/cpuoct2021.html ADVISORY https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/r612a79269b0d5e5780c62dfd34286a8037232fec0bc6f1a7e60c9381%40%3Cannounce.tomcat.apache.org%3E ADVISORY https://vuldb.com/vuln/178268 ADVISORY https://vuldb.com/vuln/184673 ADVISORY https://vuldb.com/vuln/184737 ADVISORY https://vuldb.com/vuln/184738 ADVISORY https://vuldb.com/vuln/184740 REF https://kc.mcafee.com/corporate/index?page=content&id=SB10366 REF https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/r290aee55b72811fd19e75ac80f6143716c079170c5671b96932ed44b%40%3Ccommits.tomee.apache.org%3E REF https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/r40f921575aee8d7d34e53182f862c45cbb8f3d898c9d4e865c2ec262%40%3Ccommits.tomee.apache.org%3E REF https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/rc6ef52453bb996a98cb45442871a1db56b7c349939e45d829bf9ae37%40%3Ccommits.tomee.apache.org%3E REF https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/rd0dfea39829bc0606c936a16f6fca338127c86c0a1083970b45ac8d2%40%3Ccommits.tomee.apache.org%3E REF https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/re01e7e93154e8bdf78a11a23f9686427bd3d51fc6e12c508645567b7%40%3Ccommits.tomee.apache.org%3E REF https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/rf1b54fd3f52f998ca4829159a88cc4c23d6cef5c6447d00948e75c97%40%3Ccommits.tomee.apache.org%3E REF https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2021/08/msg00009.html REF https://security.gentoo.org/glsa/202208-34 REF https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20210827-0007/ REF https://www.debian.org/security/2021/dsa-4952

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