Struts
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A race condition in Apache Struts' application-wide localization (i18n) text provider lets a message formatter that has been cached for one request be reused by concurrently served requests, so a date or time value belonging to one user can surface in another user's rendered response, or the formatting can fail and appear as a server error. The flaw affects Struts 2.0.0 through 2.3.37, 2.5.0 through 2.5.33, 6.0.0 through 6.11.0, and 7.0.0 through 7.3.0; applications whose localized messages format no date or time arguments are explicitly not affected, which is the exact gating condition for exposure. No public exploit code or confirmed active exploitation has been identified, EPSS is low at 0.18% (7th percentile), and the outcome is timing-dependent and non-deterministic - leaking only values passed as date/time format arguments, not arbitrary memory - which is why our assessment (AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:L) is materially more conservative than the vendor's 8.8 score.
Resource exhaustion in Apache Struts 2.5.14 through 2.5.33, 6.0.0 through 6.11.0, and 7.0.0 through 7.3.0 allows an unauthenticated remote attacker to amplify a small request into a far larger response, consuming server CPU and outbound network capacity. The issue is conditional: the target application must bind a request parameter to a java.math.BigDecimal property and then render that property through the Struts tag library; applications missing either behavior are not affected per the advisory and independent assessment. No public exploit has been identified at time of analysis, EPSS is low at 0.28% (19th percentile), and the impact is availability-only (CVSS 7.5 with C:N/I:N/A:H).
OGNL expression injection in Apache Struts can lead to remote code execution, but only when an application is explicitly configured with the legacy RESTful action mapper - a non-default setting that standard deployments do not use. All version branches are affected in the abstract (2.0.0 through 2.3.37, 2.5.0 through 2.5.33, 6.0.0 through 6.11.0, and 7.0.0 through 7.3.0), and on the Struts 7 branch exploitation additionally requires the OGNL allowlist to have been disabled, which is not the default. NVD rates this 9.8 (AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N), while our independent assessment lowers it to AC:H because the decisive limiting factor is the non-default mapper configuration; where that mapper is absent the flaw is not reachable. No public exploit code or CISA KEV entry has been identified at time of analysis, and EPSS is low at 0.36% (28th percentile), so exposure is driven principally by configuration review rather than by observed exploitation. Fixes are available in Struts 6.12.0 and 7.4.0.
Unbounded locale cache growth in Apache Struts allows unauthenticated remote attackers to exhaust JVM heap memory and deny service to all users of the application. The vulnerability spans an exceptionally wide version range - from 2.0.0 through 7.2.1 across four release branches - and is exploitable only when no fixed locale is configured, a condition common in multilingual deployments. No public exploit has been identified at time of analysis, and EPSS at 0.19% (9th percentile) reflects low observed exploitation activity; however, the network vector with zero prerequisites on vulnerable configurations makes this a meaningful DoS risk in exposed environments.
Unbounded memory consumption in Apache Struts allows a single unauthenticated HTTP request to exhaust JVM heap and deny service to all concurrent users on applications that expose a Content Security Policy violation report collection endpoint. Affected versions span the 6.0.0-6.10.0 and 7.0.0-7.2.1 release branches; applications that have not implemented a custom CSP report endpoint are unaffected regardless of Struts version. No public exploit code has been identified and EPSS places current exploitation probability at 0.23% (14th percentile), though the trivial, unauthenticated attack path means any exposed endpoint represents a reliable, low-effort denial-of-service target.
Heap exhaustion via unbounded JSON body reading in the Apache Struts JSON plugin allows unauthenticated remote attackers to deny service by sending a single oversized HTTP request to any endpoint where request-body-to-action population is enabled. Affected version ranges span the 2.x, 6.x, and 7.x release lines. No public exploit code has been identified at time of analysis and SSVC signals no active exploitation, but the attack is rated automatable, meaning scripted large-scale scanning and denial-of-service campaigns are feasible against exposed endpoints.
Forced OGNL evaluation, when evaluated on raw user input in tag attributes, may lead to remote code execution. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available.
Apache Struts versions 2.3 to 2.3.34 and 2.5 to 2.5.16 suffer from possible Remote Code Execution when alwaysSelectFullNamespace is true (either by user or a plugin like Convention Plugin) and then:. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.1), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required. Public exploit code available.
The REST Plugin in Apache Struts 2.1.1 through 2.3.x before 2.3.34 and 2.5.x before 2.5.13 uses an XStreamHandler with an instance of XStream for deserialization without any type filtering, which can. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.1), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required. Actively exploited in the wild (cisa kev) and public exploit code available.
The Jakarta Multipart parser in Apache Struts 2 2.3.x before 2.3.32 and 2.5.x before 2.5.10.1 has incorrect exception handling and error-message generation during file-upload attempts, which allows. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Actively exploited in the wild (cisa kev) and public exploit code available.
Apache Struts 2.3.19 to 2.3.20.2, 2.3.21 to 2.3.24.1, and 2.3.25 to 2.3.28, when Dynamic Method Invocation is enabled, allow remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via vectors related to an !. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and EPSS exploitation probability 87.0%.
Apache Struts 2.3.19 to 2.3.20.2, 2.3.21 to 2.3.24.1, and 2.3.25 to 2.3.28, when Dynamic Method Invocation is enabled, allow remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via method: prefix, related to. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.1), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required. Public exploit code available and EPSS exploitation probability 94.0%.
Apache Commons BeanUtils, as distributed in lib/commons-beanutils-1.8.0.jar in Apache Struts 1.x through 1.3.10 and in other products requiring commons-beanutils through 1.9.2, does not suppress the. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and EPSS exploitation probability 92.7%.
ParametersInterceptor in Apache Struts before 2.3.20 does not properly restrict access to the getClass method, which allows remote attackers to "manipulate" the ClassLoader and execute arbitrary code. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and EPSS exploitation probability 91.4%.
The ParametersInterceptor in Apache Struts before 2.3.16.2 allows remote attackers to "manipulate" the ClassLoader via the class parameter, which is passed to the getClass method. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.0), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and EPSS exploitation probability 93.1%.
Apache Struts 2.0.0 through 2.3.15 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary OGNL expressions via a parameter with a crafted (1) action:, (2) redirect:, or (3) redirectAction: prefix. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Actively exploited in the wild (cisa kev) and public exploit code available.
Apache Struts 2 before 2.3.14.2 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary OGNL code via a crafted request that is not properly handled when using the includeParams attribute in the (1) URL or (2). Rated high severity (CVSS 8.1), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required. Public exploit code available and EPSS exploitation probability 87.6%.
Apache Struts 2 before 2.3.14.2 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary OGNL code via a crafted request that is not properly handled when using the includeParams attribute in the (1) URL or (2). Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable. Public exploit code available and EPSS exploitation probability 91.1%.
The DebuggingInterceptor component in Apache Struts before 2.3.1.1, when developer mode is used, allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary commands via unspecified vectors. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable. Public exploit code available and EPSS exploitation probability 92.6%.
Denial of service in the Apache Struts REST plugin affects Struts 2.1.8 through 2.3.37, 2.5.0 through 2.5.33, 6.0.0 through 6.11.0, and 7.0.0 through 7.3.0: a remote unauthenticated request with an oversized body is read into memory without any size bound, letting a single request exhaust the Java heap and deny service to other users. Exposure is limited to applications that actually deploy the optional REST plugin and accept request bodies - Struts core is unaffected, and the vendor confirms that no additional setting has to be enabled for a default REST-plugin deployment to be reachable, while form submissions and multipart uploads are not parsed by the affected code path. No CISA KEV listing, public exploit code, or EPSS score was present in the source data, so active exploitation is not confirmed; vendor-fixed releases 6.12.0 and 7.4.0 cap request bodies at 2 MB (2,097,152 characters) by default.
Cross-request data leakage in Apache Struts 7.2.1's JSON plugin allows an authenticated remote attacker to observe response content associated with a concurrent request belonging to a different user. The root cause is a thread-safety defect (CWE-567) in the SMD/JSON-RPC interceptor, where per-response serialization state is not isolated between concurrent requests. Exploitation is constrained to the non-default SMD/JSON-RPC mode of the JSON interceptor; no public exploit code has been identified at time of analysis, and the EPSS score of 0.15% (4th percentile) reflects the limited realistic exploitation surface.
Cross-request data exposure in the Apache Struts JSON plugin (version 7.2.1) results from per-request parsing state being improperly shared across concurrent requests, enabling information observable in one user's session to leak into another's. Authenticated remote attackers targeting applications that have explicitly enabled JSON action population can exploit this concurrency flaw (CWE-567) to read partial request data or circumvent configured parsing limits. With an EPSS of 0.15% (4th percentile), no CISA KEV listing, and no public exploit identified at time of analysis, real-world risk is low and narrowed further by the non-default plugin requirement.
Struts versions up to 2.2.1 is affected by improper restriction of xml external entity reference (CVSS 8.1).
Disk exhaustion in Apache Struts multipart request handling can allow remote unauthenticated attackers to fill server storage and disrupt service. Affected releases are Struts 2.0.0 through 6.7.4 and 7.0.0 through 7.0.3; the vendor-released fix is Struts 6.8.0 or 7.1.1. Per independent assessment, exploitation requires the application to route multipart/form-data through Struts, needs sustained request volume, and is limited to availability impact; no public exploit identified at time of analysis, and EPSS is 0.59% (47th percentile).
Denial of Service vulnerability in Apache Struts, file leak in multipart request processing causes disk exhaustion. This issue affects Apache Struts: from 2.0.0 through 6.7.0, from 7.0.0 through 7.0.3. Users are recommended to upgrade to version 6.8.0 or 7.1.1, which fixes the issue.
File upload logic in Apache Struts is flawed. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required. No vendor patch available.
An attacker can manipulate file upload params to enable paths traversal and under some circumstances this can lead to uploading a malicious file which can be used to perform Remote Code Execution. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity.
When a Multipart request is performed but some of the fields exceed the maxStringLength limit, the upload files will remain in struts.multipart.saveDir even if the request has been denied. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling vulnerability in Apache Software Foundation Apache Struts.5.30, through 6.1.2. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling vulnerability in Apache Software Foundation Apache Struts.5.30, through 6.1.2. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
XStream is a Java library to serialize objects to XML and back again. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
XStream is a Java library to serialize objects to XML and back again. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.7), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
The Apache Struts REST Plugin is using XStream library which is vulnerable and allow perform a DoS attack when using a malicious request with specially crafted XML payload. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity.
In Apache Struts 2.5 to 2.5.14, the REST Plugin is using an outdated JSON-lib library which is vulnerable and allow perform a DoS attack using malicious request with specially crafted JSON payload. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.2), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity.
The TextParseUtil.translateVariables method in Apache Struts 2.x before 2.3.20 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via a crafted OGNL expression with ANTLR tooling. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity.
Apache Struts 2.x before 2.3.29 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via a "%{}" sequence in a tag attribute, aka forced double OGNL evaluation. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity.
Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in Apache Struts before 2.3.20. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.1), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity.
In Apache Struts 2.3.7 through 2.3.33 and 2.5 through 2.5.12, if an application allows entering a URL in a form field and built-in URLValidator is used, it is possible to prepare a special URL which. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity.
The REST Plugin in Apache Struts 2.1.x, 2.3.7 through 2.3.33 and 2.5 through 2.5.12 is using an outdated XStream library which is vulnerable and allow perform a DoS attack using malicious request. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity.
In Apache Struts 2.0.0 through 2.3.33 and 2.5 through 2.5.10.1, using an unintentional expression in a Freemarker tag instead of string literals can lead to a RCE attack. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and EPSS exploitation probability 94.2%.
In Apache Struts 2.5 through 2.5.5, if an application allows entering a URL in a form field and the built-in URLValidator is used, it is possible to prepare a special URL which will be used to. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.9), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required.
In the Convention plugin in Apache Struts 2.3.x before 2.3.31, and 2.5.x before 2.5.5, it is possible to prepare a special URL which will be used for path traversal and execution of arbitrary code on. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity.
Apache Struts 2.x before 2.3.24.1 allows remote attackers to manipulate Struts internals, alter user sessions, or affect container settings via vectors involving a top object. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity.
When using a Spring AOP functionality to secure Struts actions it is possible to perform a DoS attack. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity.
If an application allows enter an URL in a form field and built-in URLValidator is used, it is possible to prepare a special URL which will be used to overload server process when performing. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.9), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required.
Apache Struts 2 before 2.3.29 and 2.5.x before 2.5.1 allow attackers to have unspecified impact via vectors related to improper action name clean up. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity.
The URLValidator class in Apache Struts 2 2.3.20 through 2.3.28.1 and 2.5.x before 2.5.1 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service via a null value for a URL field. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Epss exploitation probability 10.4%.
The REST plugin in Apache Struts 2 2.3.19 through 2.3.28.1 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via a crafted expression. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Epss exploitation probability 62.1%.
Apache Struts 2 2.3.20 through 2.3.28.1 allows remote attackers to bypass intended access restrictions and conduct redirection attacks via a crafted request. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity.
Apache Struts 2 2.3.20 through 2.3.28.1 allows remote attackers to bypass intended access restrictions and conduct redirection attacks by leveraging a default method. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity.
Apache Struts 2 2.3.20 through 2.3.28.1 mishandles token validation, which allows remote attackers to conduct cross-site request forgery (CSRF) attacks via unspecified vectors. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity.
ActionServlet.java in Apache Struts 1 1.x through 1.3.10 does not properly restrict the Validator configuration, which allows remote attackers to conduct cross-site scripting (XSS) attacks or cause a. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.2), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity.
ActionServlet.java in Apache Struts 1 1.x through 1.3.10 mishandles multithreaded access to an ActionForm instance, which allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.1), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required.
The MultiPageValidator implementation in Apache Struts 1 1.1 through 1.3.10 allows remote attackers to bypass intended access restrictions via a modified page parameter. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Epss exploitation probability 69.5%.
Apache Struts 2.0.0 through 2.3.24.1 does not properly cache method references when used with OGNL before 3.0.12, which allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (block access to a web. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity.
XSLTResult in Apache Struts 2.x before 2.3.20.2, 2.3.24.x before 2.3.24.2, and 2.3.28.x before 2.3.28.1 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via the stylesheet location parameter. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Epss exploitation probability 24.6%.
Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in the URLDecoder function in JRE before 1.8, as used in Apache Struts 2.x before 2.3.28, when using a single byte page encoding, allows remote attackers to. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.1), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity.
Apache Struts 2.x before 2.3.25 does not sanitize text in the Locale object constructed by I18NInterceptor, which might allow remote attackers to conduct cross-site scripting (XSS) attacks via. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.1), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity.
Apache Struts 2.x before 2.3.28 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via a "%{}" sequence in a tag attribute, aka forced double OGNL evaluation. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. Epss exploitation probability 17.8%.
The default exclude patterns (excludeParams) in Apache Struts 2.3.20 allow remote attackers to "compromise internal state of an application" via unspecified vectors. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity.
Apache Struts 2.0.0 through 2.3.x before 2.3.20 uses predictable <s:token/> values, which allows remote attackers to bypass the CSRF protection mechanism. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable. This Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) vulnerability could allow attackers to trick authenticated users into performing unintended actions.
CookieInterceptor in Apache Struts 2.x before 2.3.20, when a wildcard cookiesName value is used, does not properly restrict access to the getClass method, which allows remote attackers to. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable.
CookieInterceptor in Apache Struts before 2.3.20, when a wildcard cookiesName value is used, does not properly restrict access to the getClass method, which allows remote attackers to "manipulate". Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and EPSS exploitation probability 82.1%.
Multiple cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities in Apache Struts 2.3.15.3 allow remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via the namespace parameter to (1) actionNames.action and. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable. Public exploit code available.
Apache Struts 2.0.0 through 2.3.15.1 enables Dynamic Method Invocation by default, which has unknown impact and attack vectors. Rated critical severity (CVSS 10.0), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity.
Apache Struts 2.0.0 through 2.3.15.1 allows remote attackers to bypass access controls via a crafted action: prefix. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable.
Multiple open redirect vulnerabilities in Apache Struts 2.0.0 through 2.3.15 allow remote attackers to redirect users to arbitrary web sites and conduct phishing attacks via a URL in a parameter. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable. Public exploit code available and EPSS exploitation probability 92.0%.
Apache Struts 2 before 2.3.14.3 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary OGNL code via a request with a crafted value that contains both "${}" and "%{}" sequences, which causes the OGNL code to. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable. Epss exploitation probability 83.0%.
Apache Struts 2 before 2.3.14.3 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary OGNL code via a request with a crafted action name that is not properly handled during wildcard matching, a different. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable. Public exploit code available and EPSS exploitation probability 91.5%.
Apache Struts Showcase App 2.0.0 through 2.3.13, as used in Struts 2 before 2.3.14.3, allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary OGNL code via a crafted parameter name that is not properly handled. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable. Public exploit code available and EPSS exploitation probability 91.8%.
Apache Struts 2.0.0 through 2.3.4 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (CPU consumption) via a long parameter name, which is processed as an OGNL expression. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.0), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity.
The token check mechanism in Apache Struts 2.0.0 through 2.3.4 does not properly validate the token name configuration parameter, which allows remote attackers to perform cross-site request forgery. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable. This Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) vulnerability could allow attackers to trick authenticated users into performing unintended actions.
Apache Struts 2 before 2.2.3.1 evaluates a string as an OGNL expression during the handling of a conversion error, which allows remote attackers to modify run-time data values, and consequently. Rated critical severity (CVSS 10.0), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. Epss exploitation probability 11.1%.
Multiple cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities in Apache Struts 1.3.10 allow remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via (1) the name parameter to. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable. Public exploit code available and EPSS exploitation probability 23.0%.
Multiple cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities in Apache Struts 2.0.14 and 2.2.3 allow remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via the (1) name or (2) lastName parameter to. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable. Public exploit code available and EPSS exploitation probability 78.1%.
The ParameterInterceptor component in Apache Struts before 2.3.1.1 does not prevent access to public constructors, which allows remote attackers to create or overwrite arbitrary files via a crafted. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.4), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and EPSS exploitation probability 58.5%.
The CookieInterceptor component in Apache Struts before 2.3.1.1 does not use the parameter-name whitelist, which allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary commands via a crafted HTTP Cookie header. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable. Public exploit code available and EPSS exploitation probability 75.0%.
A race condition in Apache Struts' application-wide localization (i18n) text provider lets a message formatter that has been cached for one request be reused by concurrently served requests, so a date or time value belonging to one user can surface in another user's rendered response, or the formatting can fail and appear as a server error. The flaw affects Struts 2.0.0 through 2.3.37, 2.5.0 through 2.5.33, 6.0.0 through 6.11.0, and 7.0.0 through 7.3.0; applications whose localized messages format no date or time arguments are explicitly not affected, which is the exact gating condition for exposure. No public exploit code or confirmed active exploitation has been identified, EPSS is low at 0.18% (7th percentile), and the outcome is timing-dependent and non-deterministic - leaking only values passed as date/time format arguments, not arbitrary memory - which is why our assessment (AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:L) is materially more conservative than the vendor's 8.8 score.
Resource exhaustion in Apache Struts 2.5.14 through 2.5.33, 6.0.0 through 6.11.0, and 7.0.0 through 7.3.0 allows an unauthenticated remote attacker to amplify a small request into a far larger response, consuming server CPU and outbound network capacity. The issue is conditional: the target application must bind a request parameter to a java.math.BigDecimal property and then render that property through the Struts tag library; applications missing either behavior are not affected per the advisory and independent assessment. No public exploit has been identified at time of analysis, EPSS is low at 0.28% (19th percentile), and the impact is availability-only (CVSS 7.5 with C:N/I:N/A:H).
OGNL expression injection in Apache Struts can lead to remote code execution, but only when an application is explicitly configured with the legacy RESTful action mapper - a non-default setting that standard deployments do not use. All version branches are affected in the abstract (2.0.0 through 2.3.37, 2.5.0 through 2.5.33, 6.0.0 through 6.11.0, and 7.0.0 through 7.3.0), and on the Struts 7 branch exploitation additionally requires the OGNL allowlist to have been disabled, which is not the default. NVD rates this 9.8 (AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N), while our independent assessment lowers it to AC:H because the decisive limiting factor is the non-default mapper configuration; where that mapper is absent the flaw is not reachable. No public exploit code or CISA KEV entry has been identified at time of analysis, and EPSS is low at 0.36% (28th percentile), so exposure is driven principally by configuration review rather than by observed exploitation. Fixes are available in Struts 6.12.0 and 7.4.0.
Unbounded locale cache growth in Apache Struts allows unauthenticated remote attackers to exhaust JVM heap memory and deny service to all users of the application. The vulnerability spans an exceptionally wide version range - from 2.0.0 through 7.2.1 across four release branches - and is exploitable only when no fixed locale is configured, a condition common in multilingual deployments. No public exploit has been identified at time of analysis, and EPSS at 0.19% (9th percentile) reflects low observed exploitation activity; however, the network vector with zero prerequisites on vulnerable configurations makes this a meaningful DoS risk in exposed environments.
Unbounded memory consumption in Apache Struts allows a single unauthenticated HTTP request to exhaust JVM heap and deny service to all concurrent users on applications that expose a Content Security Policy violation report collection endpoint. Affected versions span the 6.0.0-6.10.0 and 7.0.0-7.2.1 release branches; applications that have not implemented a custom CSP report endpoint are unaffected regardless of Struts version. No public exploit code has been identified and EPSS places current exploitation probability at 0.23% (14th percentile), though the trivial, unauthenticated attack path means any exposed endpoint represents a reliable, low-effort denial-of-service target.
Heap exhaustion via unbounded JSON body reading in the Apache Struts JSON plugin allows unauthenticated remote attackers to deny service by sending a single oversized HTTP request to any endpoint where request-body-to-action population is enabled. Affected version ranges span the 2.x, 6.x, and 7.x release lines. No public exploit code has been identified at time of analysis and SSVC signals no active exploitation, but the attack is rated automatable, meaning scripted large-scale scanning and denial-of-service campaigns are feasible against exposed endpoints.
Forced OGNL evaluation, when evaluated on raw user input in tag attributes, may lead to remote code execution. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available.
Apache Struts versions 2.3 to 2.3.34 and 2.5 to 2.5.16 suffer from possible Remote Code Execution when alwaysSelectFullNamespace is true (either by user or a plugin like Convention Plugin) and then:. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.1), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required. Public exploit code available.
The REST Plugin in Apache Struts 2.1.1 through 2.3.x before 2.3.34 and 2.5.x before 2.5.13 uses an XStreamHandler with an instance of XStream for deserialization without any type filtering, which can. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.1), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required. Actively exploited in the wild (cisa kev) and public exploit code available.
The Jakarta Multipart parser in Apache Struts 2 2.3.x before 2.3.32 and 2.5.x before 2.5.10.1 has incorrect exception handling and error-message generation during file-upload attempts, which allows. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Actively exploited in the wild (cisa kev) and public exploit code available.
Apache Struts 2.3.19 to 2.3.20.2, 2.3.21 to 2.3.24.1, and 2.3.25 to 2.3.28, when Dynamic Method Invocation is enabled, allow remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via vectors related to an !. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and EPSS exploitation probability 87.0%.
Apache Struts 2.3.19 to 2.3.20.2, 2.3.21 to 2.3.24.1, and 2.3.25 to 2.3.28, when Dynamic Method Invocation is enabled, allow remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via method: prefix, related to. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.1), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required. Public exploit code available and EPSS exploitation probability 94.0%.
Apache Commons BeanUtils, as distributed in lib/commons-beanutils-1.8.0.jar in Apache Struts 1.x through 1.3.10 and in other products requiring commons-beanutils through 1.9.2, does not suppress the. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and EPSS exploitation probability 92.7%.
ParametersInterceptor in Apache Struts before 2.3.20 does not properly restrict access to the getClass method, which allows remote attackers to "manipulate" the ClassLoader and execute arbitrary code. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and EPSS exploitation probability 91.4%.
The ParametersInterceptor in Apache Struts before 2.3.16.2 allows remote attackers to "manipulate" the ClassLoader via the class parameter, which is passed to the getClass method. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.0), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and EPSS exploitation probability 93.1%.
Apache Struts 2.0.0 through 2.3.15 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary OGNL expressions via a parameter with a crafted (1) action:, (2) redirect:, or (3) redirectAction: prefix. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Actively exploited in the wild (cisa kev) and public exploit code available.
Apache Struts 2 before 2.3.14.2 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary OGNL code via a crafted request that is not properly handled when using the includeParams attribute in the (1) URL or (2). Rated high severity (CVSS 8.1), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required. Public exploit code available and EPSS exploitation probability 87.6%.
Apache Struts 2 before 2.3.14.2 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary OGNL code via a crafted request that is not properly handled when using the includeParams attribute in the (1) URL or (2). Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable. Public exploit code available and EPSS exploitation probability 91.1%.
The DebuggingInterceptor component in Apache Struts before 2.3.1.1, when developer mode is used, allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary commands via unspecified vectors. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable. Public exploit code available and EPSS exploitation probability 92.6%.
Denial of service in the Apache Struts REST plugin affects Struts 2.1.8 through 2.3.37, 2.5.0 through 2.5.33, 6.0.0 through 6.11.0, and 7.0.0 through 7.3.0: a remote unauthenticated request with an oversized body is read into memory without any size bound, letting a single request exhaust the Java heap and deny service to other users. Exposure is limited to applications that actually deploy the optional REST plugin and accept request bodies - Struts core is unaffected, and the vendor confirms that no additional setting has to be enabled for a default REST-plugin deployment to be reachable, while form submissions and multipart uploads are not parsed by the affected code path. No CISA KEV listing, public exploit code, or EPSS score was present in the source data, so active exploitation is not confirmed; vendor-fixed releases 6.12.0 and 7.4.0 cap request bodies at 2 MB (2,097,152 characters) by default.
Cross-request data leakage in Apache Struts 7.2.1's JSON plugin allows an authenticated remote attacker to observe response content associated with a concurrent request belonging to a different user. The root cause is a thread-safety defect (CWE-567) in the SMD/JSON-RPC interceptor, where per-response serialization state is not isolated between concurrent requests. Exploitation is constrained to the non-default SMD/JSON-RPC mode of the JSON interceptor; no public exploit code has been identified at time of analysis, and the EPSS score of 0.15% (4th percentile) reflects the limited realistic exploitation surface.
Cross-request data exposure in the Apache Struts JSON plugin (version 7.2.1) results from per-request parsing state being improperly shared across concurrent requests, enabling information observable in one user's session to leak into another's. Authenticated remote attackers targeting applications that have explicitly enabled JSON action population can exploit this concurrency flaw (CWE-567) to read partial request data or circumvent configured parsing limits. With an EPSS of 0.15% (4th percentile), no CISA KEV listing, and no public exploit identified at time of analysis, real-world risk is low and narrowed further by the non-default plugin requirement.
Struts versions up to 2.2.1 is affected by improper restriction of xml external entity reference (CVSS 8.1).
Disk exhaustion in Apache Struts multipart request handling can allow remote unauthenticated attackers to fill server storage and disrupt service. Affected releases are Struts 2.0.0 through 6.7.4 and 7.0.0 through 7.0.3; the vendor-released fix is Struts 6.8.0 or 7.1.1. Per independent assessment, exploitation requires the application to route multipart/form-data through Struts, needs sustained request volume, and is limited to availability impact; no public exploit identified at time of analysis, and EPSS is 0.59% (47th percentile).
Denial of Service vulnerability in Apache Struts, file leak in multipart request processing causes disk exhaustion. This issue affects Apache Struts: from 2.0.0 through 6.7.0, from 7.0.0 through 7.0.3. Users are recommended to upgrade to version 6.8.0 or 7.1.1, which fixes the issue.
File upload logic in Apache Struts is flawed. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required. No vendor patch available.
An attacker can manipulate file upload params to enable paths traversal and under some circumstances this can lead to uploading a malicious file which can be used to perform Remote Code Execution. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity.
When a Multipart request is performed but some of the fields exceed the maxStringLength limit, the upload files will remain in struts.multipart.saveDir even if the request has been denied. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling vulnerability in Apache Software Foundation Apache Struts.5.30, through 6.1.2. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling vulnerability in Apache Software Foundation Apache Struts.5.30, through 6.1.2. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
XStream is a Java library to serialize objects to XML and back again. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
XStream is a Java library to serialize objects to XML and back again. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.7), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
The Apache Struts REST Plugin is using XStream library which is vulnerable and allow perform a DoS attack when using a malicious request with specially crafted XML payload. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity.
In Apache Struts 2.5 to 2.5.14, the REST Plugin is using an outdated JSON-lib library which is vulnerable and allow perform a DoS attack using malicious request with specially crafted JSON payload. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.2), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity.
The TextParseUtil.translateVariables method in Apache Struts 2.x before 2.3.20 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via a crafted OGNL expression with ANTLR tooling. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity.
Apache Struts 2.x before 2.3.29 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via a "%{}" sequence in a tag attribute, aka forced double OGNL evaluation. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity.
Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in Apache Struts before 2.3.20. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.1), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity.
In Apache Struts 2.3.7 through 2.3.33 and 2.5 through 2.5.12, if an application allows entering a URL in a form field and built-in URLValidator is used, it is possible to prepare a special URL which. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity.
The REST Plugin in Apache Struts 2.1.x, 2.3.7 through 2.3.33 and 2.5 through 2.5.12 is using an outdated XStream library which is vulnerable and allow perform a DoS attack using malicious request. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity.
In Apache Struts 2.0.0 through 2.3.33 and 2.5 through 2.5.10.1, using an unintentional expression in a Freemarker tag instead of string literals can lead to a RCE attack. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and EPSS exploitation probability 94.2%.
In Apache Struts 2.5 through 2.5.5, if an application allows entering a URL in a form field and the built-in URLValidator is used, it is possible to prepare a special URL which will be used to. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.9), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required.
In the Convention plugin in Apache Struts 2.3.x before 2.3.31, and 2.5.x before 2.5.5, it is possible to prepare a special URL which will be used for path traversal and execution of arbitrary code on. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity.
Apache Struts 2.x before 2.3.24.1 allows remote attackers to manipulate Struts internals, alter user sessions, or affect container settings via vectors involving a top object. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity.
When using a Spring AOP functionality to secure Struts actions it is possible to perform a DoS attack. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity.
If an application allows enter an URL in a form field and built-in URLValidator is used, it is possible to prepare a special URL which will be used to overload server process when performing. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.9), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required.
Apache Struts 2 before 2.3.29 and 2.5.x before 2.5.1 allow attackers to have unspecified impact via vectors related to improper action name clean up. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity.
The URLValidator class in Apache Struts 2 2.3.20 through 2.3.28.1 and 2.5.x before 2.5.1 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service via a null value for a URL field. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Epss exploitation probability 10.4%.
The REST plugin in Apache Struts 2 2.3.19 through 2.3.28.1 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via a crafted expression. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Epss exploitation probability 62.1%.
Apache Struts 2 2.3.20 through 2.3.28.1 allows remote attackers to bypass intended access restrictions and conduct redirection attacks via a crafted request. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity.
Apache Struts 2 2.3.20 through 2.3.28.1 allows remote attackers to bypass intended access restrictions and conduct redirection attacks by leveraging a default method. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity.
Apache Struts 2 2.3.20 through 2.3.28.1 mishandles token validation, which allows remote attackers to conduct cross-site request forgery (CSRF) attacks via unspecified vectors. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity.
ActionServlet.java in Apache Struts 1 1.x through 1.3.10 does not properly restrict the Validator configuration, which allows remote attackers to conduct cross-site scripting (XSS) attacks or cause a. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.2), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity.
ActionServlet.java in Apache Struts 1 1.x through 1.3.10 mishandles multithreaded access to an ActionForm instance, which allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.1), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required.
The MultiPageValidator implementation in Apache Struts 1 1.1 through 1.3.10 allows remote attackers to bypass intended access restrictions via a modified page parameter. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Epss exploitation probability 69.5%.
Apache Struts 2.0.0 through 2.3.24.1 does not properly cache method references when used with OGNL before 3.0.12, which allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (block access to a web. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity.
XSLTResult in Apache Struts 2.x before 2.3.20.2, 2.3.24.x before 2.3.24.2, and 2.3.28.x before 2.3.28.1 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via the stylesheet location parameter. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Epss exploitation probability 24.6%.
Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in the URLDecoder function in JRE before 1.8, as used in Apache Struts 2.x before 2.3.28, when using a single byte page encoding, allows remote attackers to. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.1), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity.
Apache Struts 2.x before 2.3.25 does not sanitize text in the Locale object constructed by I18NInterceptor, which might allow remote attackers to conduct cross-site scripting (XSS) attacks via. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.1), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity.
Apache Struts 2.x before 2.3.28 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via a "%{}" sequence in a tag attribute, aka forced double OGNL evaluation. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. Epss exploitation probability 17.8%.
The default exclude patterns (excludeParams) in Apache Struts 2.3.20 allow remote attackers to "compromise internal state of an application" via unspecified vectors. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity.
Apache Struts 2.0.0 through 2.3.x before 2.3.20 uses predictable <s:token/> values, which allows remote attackers to bypass the CSRF protection mechanism. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable. This Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) vulnerability could allow attackers to trick authenticated users into performing unintended actions.
CookieInterceptor in Apache Struts 2.x before 2.3.20, when a wildcard cookiesName value is used, does not properly restrict access to the getClass method, which allows remote attackers to. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable.
CookieInterceptor in Apache Struts before 2.3.20, when a wildcard cookiesName value is used, does not properly restrict access to the getClass method, which allows remote attackers to "manipulate". Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and EPSS exploitation probability 82.1%.
Multiple cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities in Apache Struts 2.3.15.3 allow remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via the namespace parameter to (1) actionNames.action and. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable. Public exploit code available.
Apache Struts 2.0.0 through 2.3.15.1 enables Dynamic Method Invocation by default, which has unknown impact and attack vectors. Rated critical severity (CVSS 10.0), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity.
Apache Struts 2.0.0 through 2.3.15.1 allows remote attackers to bypass access controls via a crafted action: prefix. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable.
Multiple open redirect vulnerabilities in Apache Struts 2.0.0 through 2.3.15 allow remote attackers to redirect users to arbitrary web sites and conduct phishing attacks via a URL in a parameter. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable. Public exploit code available and EPSS exploitation probability 92.0%.
Apache Struts 2 before 2.3.14.3 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary OGNL code via a request with a crafted value that contains both "${}" and "%{}" sequences, which causes the OGNL code to. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable. Epss exploitation probability 83.0%.
Apache Struts 2 before 2.3.14.3 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary OGNL code via a request with a crafted action name that is not properly handled during wildcard matching, a different. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable. Public exploit code available and EPSS exploitation probability 91.5%.
Apache Struts Showcase App 2.0.0 through 2.3.13, as used in Struts 2 before 2.3.14.3, allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary OGNL code via a crafted parameter name that is not properly handled. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable. Public exploit code available and EPSS exploitation probability 91.8%.
Apache Struts 2.0.0 through 2.3.4 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (CPU consumption) via a long parameter name, which is processed as an OGNL expression. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.0), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity.
The token check mechanism in Apache Struts 2.0.0 through 2.3.4 does not properly validate the token name configuration parameter, which allows remote attackers to perform cross-site request forgery. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable. This Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) vulnerability could allow attackers to trick authenticated users into performing unintended actions.
Apache Struts 2 before 2.2.3.1 evaluates a string as an OGNL expression during the handling of a conversion error, which allows remote attackers to modify run-time data values, and consequently. Rated critical severity (CVSS 10.0), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. Epss exploitation probability 11.1%.
Multiple cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities in Apache Struts 1.3.10 allow remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via (1) the name parameter to. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable. Public exploit code available and EPSS exploitation probability 23.0%.
Multiple cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities in Apache Struts 2.0.14 and 2.2.3 allow remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via the (1) name or (2) lastName parameter to. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable. Public exploit code available and EPSS exploitation probability 78.1%.
The ParameterInterceptor component in Apache Struts before 2.3.1.1 does not prevent access to public constructors, which allows remote attackers to create or overwrite arbitrary files via a crafted. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.4), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and EPSS exploitation probability 58.5%.
The CookieInterceptor component in Apache Struts before 2.3.1.1 does not use the parameter-name whitelist, which allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary commands via a crafted HTTP Cookie header. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable. Public exploit code available and EPSS exploitation probability 75.0%.