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Attack ChainAIDerived

Hypothetical attack flow derived from CVE metadata – not a confirmed exploit chain

  1. Access
    Gain foothold on adjacent network segment
  2. Delivery
    Craft malformed TCP/IP packet
  3. Exploit
    Send to target Windows host
  4. Execution
    Trigger NULL pointer dereference in tcpip.sys
  5. Persist
    Kernel bugcheck crashes system
  6. Impact
    Repeat to sustain denial of service

Vulnerability Assessment

Weakness
CWE
OWASP Top 10:2025
A10:2025 - Mishandling of Exceptional Conditions
ASVS 5.0
V16 - Security Logging and Error Handling Null pointer safety, defensive checks
MITRE ATT&CK

1 technique across 1 tactic: Impact

The technique list with ATT&CK links and the kill-chain view is part of the Basic plan and up.

Exploitation Conditions

Exploitation requires network adjacency: per CVSS AV:A the attacker must be on the same logical/link-local network segment (same VLAN, subnet, or shared broadcast domain) as the target - routed internet exploitation is not indicated. No authentication (PR:N) and no user interaction (UI:N) are required, and the affected TCP/IP stack is present and enabled by default on all supported Windows editions, so no non-default feature or configuration must be turned on. The primary limiting factor is that adjacency constraint, which confines the threat to attackers who have already reached the local network; the impact is limited to denial of service (A:H only, C:N/I:N) with no code execution or data exposure.

Impact

Signals are consistent and point to moderate, not critical, real-world risk. The CVSS 3.1 base score is 7.4 (High) driven purely by availability (A:H) with a scope change (S:C) and adjacent attack vector (AV:A); there is no confidentiality or integrity impact (C:N/I:N). Low attack complexity (AC:L), no privileges (PR:N), and no user interaction (UI:N) make the packet easy to send, but AV:A meaningfully constrains reach to the same broadcast/link-local segment rather than the open internet. Corroborating signals align: EPSS is only 0.14% (34th percentile), CISA SSVC records Exploitation: none, Automatable: no, and Technical Impact: partial, and there is no KEV listing and no public POC. The one internal tension worth flagging is the S:C scope change paired with a DoS-only impact - Microsoft commonly scores kernel-stack crashes as scope-changed, which inflates the base score above what a pure single-host reboot might otherwise warrant. Net: prioritize in normal patch cycles, ahead of low-CVSS issues but below any network-reachable RCE.

Exploit ScenarioDerived

An attacker who has gained a foothold on the same LAN segment or VLAN as a target server (for example a compromised workstation, rogue device, or hostile guest on shared Wi-Fi) sends a specially crafted packet stream to the victim's Windows TCP/IP stack. The malformed traffic drives the kernel down a path that dereferences a NULL pointer, triggering a bugcheck and rebooting the host, and the attacker can repeat this to sustain an outage. No credentials or user interaction are needed, but no public exploit code has been identified at time of analysis.

This Week Schedule remediation this week. Why: HIGH severity (CVSS 7.0-8.9).
Patch available 0.1% exploitation probability (EPSS)

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AnalysisAIv1 – Jul 23, 2026

Remote denial of service in the Windows TCP/IP stack lets an unauthorized adjacent-network attacker crash affected systems by triggering a NULL pointer dereference (CWE-476) via crafted network traffic. Reported by Microsoft and patched across the Windows 10, Windows 11, and Windows Server 2012-2025 families, the flaw requires no authentication or user interaction but is limited to attackers on the same logical network segment. EPSS is low (0.14%, 34th percentile) and CISA SSVC lists exploitation as none, so this is a real-but-not-urgent patch item with no public exploit identified at time of analysis.

RemediationAI

Vendor-released patch: apply the Microsoft security update for your specific Windows build via Windows Update or WSUS, upgrading tcpip.sys to at least the fixed build for your edition (for example 10.0.19045.7291 for Windows 10 22H2, 10.0.26100.8457 for Windows 11 24H2, 10.0.20348.5139 for Windows Server 2022, and 10.0.26100.32860 for Windows Server 2025), as listed in the MSRC advisory at https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2026-40413. Patching is the definitive fix; there is no software-side toggle to disable the vulnerable parser. As a compensating control until patching is complete, exploit the AV:A limitation: segment and restrict layer-2/adjacent access so only trusted hosts share a subnet with critical servers, enforce switch-level port security and ACLs, and place management interfaces on isolated VLANs - the trade-off is added network administration overhead and no protection against an already-compromised on-segment host. Host-based firewalls offer limited help here because the flaw is in core stack packet processing rather than a specific closable service port.

Affected VersionsENISA

Windows Server 2012 (Server Core installation) 6.2.9200.0 <6.2.9200.26079
Windows 10 Version 22H2 10.0.19045.0 <10.0.19045.7291
Windows Server 2019 10.0.17763.0 <10.0.17763.8755
Windows 10 Version 1809 10.0.17763.0 <10.0.17763.8755
Windows Server 2016 (Server Core installation) 10.0.14393.0 <10.0.14393.9140
Windows Server 2019 (Server Core installation) 10.0.17763.0 <10.0.17763.8755
Windows Server 2025 (Server Core installation) 10.0.26100.0 <10.0.26100.32860
Windows 11 version 26H1 10.0.28000.0 <10.0.28000.2113
Windows 11 Version 25H2 10.0.26200.0 <10.0.26200.8457
Windows Server 2012 6.2.9200.0 <6.2.9200.26079
Windows 11 Version 24H2 10.0.26100.0 <10.0.26100.8457
Windows 11 version 22H3 10.0.22631.0 <10.0.22631.7079
Windows 10 Version 21H2 10.0.19044.0 <10.0.19044.7291
Windows 10 Version 1607 10.0.14393.0 <10.0.14393.9140
Windows Server 2012 R2 6.3.9600.0 <6.3.9600.23181
Windows Server 2012 R2 (Server Core installation) 6.3.9600.0 <6.3.9600.23181
Windows Server 2016 10.0.14393.0 <10.0.14393.9140
Windows Server 2025 10.0.26100.0 <10.0.26100.32860
Windows Server 2022, 23H2 Edition (Server Core installation) 10.0.25398.0 <10.0.25398.2330
Windows Server 2022 10.0.20348.0 <10.0.20348.5139
Windows 11 Version 23H2 10.0.22631.0 <10.0.22631.7079

Affected Packages

microsoft windows_10_version_1607_10_0_14393_9140 fix: Windows 10 Version 1607 for x64-based Systems 10.0.14393.9140
microsoft windows_10_version_1809_10_0_17763_8755 fix: Windows 10 Version 1809 for x64-based Systems 10.0.17763.8755
microsoft windows_10_version_21h2_10_0_19044_7291 fix: Windows 10 Version 21H2 for x64-based Systems 10.0.19044.7291
microsoft windows_10_version_22h2_10_0_19045_7291 fix: Windows 10 Version 22H2 for x64-based Systems 10.0.19045.7291
microsoft windows_11_version_23h2_10_0_22631_7079 fix: Windows 11 Version 23H2 for ARM64-based Systems 10.0.22631.7079, Windows 11 Version 23H2 for x64-based Systems 10.0.22631.7079
microsoft windows_11_version_24h2_10_0_26100_8457 fix: Windows 11 Version 24H2 for ARM64-based Systems 10.0.26100.8457, Windows 11 Version 24H2 for x64-based Systems 10.0.26100.8457
microsoft windows_11_version_25h2_10_0_26200_8457 fix: Windows 11 Version 25H2 for ARM64-based Systems 10.0.26200.8457, Windows 11 Version 25H2 for x64-based Systems 10.0.26200.8457
microsoft windows_11_version_26h1_10_0_28000_2113 fix: Windows 11 Version 26H1 for ARM64-based Systems 10.0.28000.2113, Windows 11 version 26H1 for x64-based Systems 10.0.28000.2113
microsoft windows_server_2012_6_2_9200_26079 fix: Windows Server 2012 6.2.9200.26079, Windows Server 2012 (Server Core installation) 6.2.9200.26079
microsoft windows_server_2012_r2_6_3_9600_23181 fix: Windows Server 2012 R2 6.3.9600.23181, Windows Server 2012 R2 (Server Core installation) 6.3.9600.23181
microsoft windows_server_2016_10_0_14393_9140 fix: Windows Server 2016 10.0.14393.9140, Windows Server 2016 (Server Core installation) 10.0.14393.9140
microsoft windows_server_2019_10_0_17763_8755 fix: Windows Server 2019 10.0.17763.8755, Windows Server 2019 (Server Core installation) 10.0.17763.8755
microsoft windows_server_2022_10_0_20348_5139 fix: Windows Server 2022 10.0.20348.5139, Windows Server 2022 (Server Core installation) 10.0.20348.5139
microsoft windows_server_2022_23h2_edition_10_0_25398_2330 fix: Windows Server 2022, 23H2 Edition (Server Core installation) 10.0.25398.2330
microsoft windows_server_2025_10_0_26100_32860 fix: Windows Server 2025 10.0.26100.32860, Windows Server 2025 (Server Core installation) 10.0.26100.32860
euvd windows_10_version_1607 fix: 10.0.14393.9140
euvd windows_10_version_1809 fix: 10.0.17763.8755
euvd windows_10_version_21h2 fix: 10.0.19044.7291
euvd windows_10_version_22h2 fix: 10.0.19045.7291
euvd windows_11_version_22h3 fix: 10.0.22631.7079
euvd windows_11_version_23h2 fix: 10.0.22631.7079
euvd windows_11_version_24h2 fix: 10.0.26100.8457
euvd windows_11_version_25h2 fix: 10.0.26200.8457
euvd windows_11_version_26h1 fix: 10.0.28000.2113
euvd windows_server_2012 fix: 6.2.9200.26079
euvd windows_server_2012_r2 fix: 6.3.9600.23181
euvd windows_server_2012_r2_server_core_installation fix: 6.3.9600.23181
euvd windows_server_2012_server_core_installation fix: 6.2.9200.26079
euvd windows_server_2016 fix: 10.0.14393.9140
euvd windows_server_2016_server_core_installation fix: 10.0.14393.9140
euvd windows_server_2019 fix: 10.0.17763.8755
euvd windows_server_2019_server_core_installation fix: 10.0.17763.8755
euvd windows_server_2022 fix: 10.0.20348.5139
euvd windows_server_2022_23h2_edition_server_core_installation fix: 10.0.25398.2330
euvd windows_server_2025 fix: 10.0.26100.32860
euvd windows_server_2025_server_core_installation fix: 10.0.26100.32860

Source: OSV (Open Source Vulnerabilities)

Affects your stack

Affects 36 packages in microsoft, euvd

Checking this CVE against your own stacks and servers is part of the Basic plan and up.

Technical ContextAI · show details

The vulnerability resides in the Windows TCP/IP kernel networking stack (tcpip.sys), the core driver that parses and processes IPv4/IPv6 and transport-layer packets for every modern Windows client and server. CWE-476 (NULL Pointer Dereference) indicates that a specific malformed or unexpected packet sequence drives the driver down a code path where a pointer is used without being validated as non-null, causing an unhandled kernel fault (bugcheck/BSOD). Because the fault occurs in ring-0 kernel code, the result is a full system crash rather than a single-process failure. The CPE set (microsoft:windows_10 versions 1607/1809/21H2/22H2, windows_11 22H3/23H2/24H2/25H2/26H1, and windows_server_2012) plus the broader EUVD list confirm the defect is in shared networking code common to the entire supported Windows line, not a single edition.

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  • Exploit and PoC references, threat intelligence from 22 sources

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Severity by source

NVD PRIMARY 7.4 HIGH
AV:A/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:N/I:N/A:H
CIRCL (temporal) 6.4 MEDIUM
vuln.today AI 7.4 HIGH

Adjacent-only crafted packets with no auth or interaction (AV:A/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N) cause a kernel crash affecting the whole system (S:C, A:H) with no data impact (C:N/I:N).

3.1 AV:A/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:N/I:N/A:H
4.0 AV:A/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N

Primary rating from NVD.

CVSS VectorNVD

Attack Vector
Adjacent
Attack Complexity
Low
Privileges Required
None
User Interaction
None
Scope
Changed
Confidentiality
None
Integrity
None
Availability
High

DescriptionCVE.org

Null pointer dereference in Windows TCP/IP allows an unauthorized attacker to deny service over an adjacent network.

Executive ViewAI

Why It Matters

A remote denial-of-service vulnerability in Windows 10, 11, and Server 2012-2025 (CVE-2026-40413) allows adjacent-network attackers to crash systems without authentication. This threatens operational continuity for any affected systems within networked environments, particularly servers and infrastructure components.

Business Impact: Medium
Compensating Controls

Apply vendor patch.

Threat Intelligence Overview

EPSS Score
0.1%
Top 66% exploitable
Prevalence
Ubiquitous
core networking stack in every supported Windows client and server
Vendor Action
See Below
Required. The vulnerability documented by this CVE requires customer action to resolve.
Vendor Status
Publicly Disclosed:No
Exploited:No
Latest Software Release:Exploitation Less Likely
Data Quality
6 sources
Confidence: High

How this decision was reached

The engine reads each signal below and applies a fixed list of rules from top to bottom. The first rule that matches sets the recommended action – like a statement, every line is shown.

SignalValue
Severity HIGH
CISA KEV No
Public POC No
EPSS 0.1%
Patch available Yes
Active threat No
Deciding rule
HIGH severity (CVSS 7.0-8.9)
What every action level means
Emergency Immediate action required. Criteria: CRITICAL + in CISA KEV (actively exploited) without patch, OR CRITICAL + EPSS > 30% without patch, OR CRITICAL + active threat signals without patch.
Act Now Prioritize within 24-48h. Criteria: in KEV with patch available, OR CRITICAL + public POC, OR HIGH + EPSS > 10%, OR CRITICAL + active threat, OR any CRITICAL severity.
This Week Schedule remediation this week. Criteria: HIGH severity (CVSS 7.0-8.9). Patch within normal change window.
This Month Plan within 30 days. Criteria: MEDIUM severity (CVSS 4.0-6.9), lower exploitation probability. Include in regular patch cycle.
Monitor Track and reassess. Criteria: LOW severity (CVSS 0.1-3.9), minimal exploitation risk. No immediate action needed.

SSVC AssessmentENISA

SSVC Decision
Scheduled
Exploitation
None
System Exposure· derived
Controlled
Automatable
No
Human Impact
Medium
Technical Impact
Partial

Priority Score

37
Low Medium High Critical
KEV: 0
EPSS: 0
CVSS: +37
PoC: 0
Weaponized: 0
Threat intel: 0
Gov advisory: 0

Attack Technique

A null pointer dereference occurs when a program attempts to access memory through a pointer that has been set to NULL (address 0x0).

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