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Linux Kernel EUVDEUVD-2026-103681

| CVE-2026-98441 HIGH
2026-10-18 Linux GHSA-vvgr-4jx9-2c4x
7.8
CVSS 3.1 · Vendor: Linux
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Attack ChainAIDerived

Hypothetical attack flow derived from CVE metadata – not a confirmed exploit chain

  1. Access
    Configure/reach tc act_ct conntrack path (PR:L)
  2. Delivery
    Send packet that gets cloned with unconfirmed ct entry
  3. Exploit
    First clone wires extension into expectation list
  4. Execution
    Second clone commits labels or runs NAT, breaking the pointer
  5. Persist
    Use-after-free on conntrack destruction path
  6. Impact
    Kernel memory corruption (DoS or potential LPE)

Vulnerability Assessment

Exploitation Conditions

Requires the host to use the tc (traffic control) act_ct connection-tracking action, and specifically a path where an skb holding an UNCONFIRMED conntrack entry is cloned and both clones are processed - with the second clone committing labels or performing NAT (act_ct permits NAT without the commit flag, unlike openvswitch). The vulnerability was introduced in Linux 6.2 with the conntrack helper wiring. Limiting factors: AV:L means local triggering only (not remote-internet exploitation); PR:L indicates some privilege is needed (configuring tc/act_ct typically requires CAP_NET_ADMIN); and the vendor states there is 'no practical network pipeline' requiring double-clone processing in the same zone without header/zone changes, so a non-default or contrived conntrack/cloning configuration is effectively required to reach the UAF.

Impact

Signals point to a genuine but non-emergency kernel memory-safety issue rather than a mass-exploitation threat. The CVSS 3.1 vector (AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H, base 7.8) reflects a local use-after-free with high confidentiality, integrity and availability impact - consistent with a kernel UAF that can lead to crash (DoS) or potential privilege escalation. EPSS is very low at 0.17% (6th percentile), and the vulnerability is NOT listed in CISA KEV, so there is no public evidence of active exploitation. The vuln.today decision label is 'this_week', indicating patch-soon prioritization rather than drop-everything urgency, which is coherent with the low EPSS and absence of KEV. There is a notable tension with the description: the vendor explicitly states 'there should be no practical network pipeline' that triggers this without unusual processing of both skb clones in the same zone, implying exploitation requires an atypical/contrived act_ct conntrack configuration - so the real-world AC:L rating may understate the difficulty of reaching the vulnerable code path. Net assessment: legitimate local kernel vulnerability worth patching on the normal stable-update cadence, but not a widespread-exploitation priority on current signals.

Exploit ScenarioDerived

On a host using the tc act_ct (connection tracking) action, an attacker or workload capable of influencing network configuration/processing arranges for an skb carrying an unconfirmed conntrack entry to be cloned and processed twice (e.g., committing labels or running NAT on a second clone), corrupting the extension pointer in the expectation list and triggering a use-after-free on the destruction path. The resulting kernel memory corruption can cause a denial of service (panic) and may be leveraged toward local privilege escalation. No public exploit identified at time of analysis; only upstream fix commits and advisory references are available.

This Week Schedule remediation this week. Why: HIGH severity (CVSS 7.0-8.9).
Patch available 0.2% exploitation probability (EPSS)

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AnalysisAIv1 – Oct 24, 2026

A use-after-free in the Linux kernel's net/sched act_ct connection-tracking action can be triggered when a socket buffer holding an unconfirmed conntrack entry is cloned and both clones are subsequently processed with differing extension sets - the first clone wiring helper extensions into the expectation list, then losing confirmation, and the second clone adding a label or NAT extension that breaks the expectation-list pointer, corrupting memory later on the destruction path. The flaw was introduced in Linux 6.2 with the conntrack helper wiring and affects kernels through 6.18.55, 6.12.112 and 7.2.9, with fixes merged in 7.3-rc5. Triggering requires local access with privileges sufficient to configure tc act_ct (CAP_NET_ADMIN), and the vendor notes no practical pipeline processes both clones in the same zone without header or zone changes; the CVSS 3.1 vector is AV:L/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H, and per available data there is no confirmed active exploitation and no public exploit code identified, with EPSS at roughly 0.17%.

RemediationAI

Vendor-released patch: update to Linux 6.18.55, 6.12.112 or 7.2.9 on the corresponding stable branch, or to 7.3-rc5 or later on mainline, which contain the upstream changes referenced in the kernel.org stable commits (2b783c562c3238ff50c34fd7a72a735c9cc73d9a, b097d9d7a5b09c8ec5c4c1a08e35ac5a66b06b44, 4a04ed91575819fb1859311113e95700b709bec7 and f85009dfcd65e5969526b0db7a49b5413746e630) and follow the advisories at https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-98441 and https://vuldb.com/vuln/421775. Kernels predating 6.2 are not affected by this specific defect. Where immediate upgrade is not possible, the practical compensating control is to stop exercising the vulnerable path: remove or avoid tc filter configurations that use the act_ct action on cloned skbs with unconfirmed conntrack entries (in particular NAT applied without the commit flag), accepting the loss of that connection-tracking enforcement; because configuring tc requires CAP_NET_ADMIN, restricting that capability to trusted administrators reduces reachability but does not remove the flaw. The evidence does not identify further mitigations, and the vendor treats the reset-on-shared-entry behavior in the patch as the complete fix. Prioritization aligns with the vuln.today 'this_week' decision label and low EPSS (about 0.17%), with no confirmed active exploitation.

Affected VersionsENISA

Linux 6.2
Linux a21b06e7319129994f339ed47f512bbe57b77f5b <2b783c562c3238ff50c34fd7a72a735c9cc73d9a
Linux patch: 6.18.55
Linux a21b06e7319129994f339ed47f512bbe57b77f5b <b097d9d7a5b09c8ec5c4c1a08e35ac5a66b06b44
Linux patch: 7.3-rc5
Linux a21b06e7319129994f339ed47f512bbe57b77f5b <4a04ed91575819fb1859311113e95700b709bec7
Linux a21b06e7319129994f339ed47f512bbe57b77f5b <f85009dfcd65e5969526b0db7a49b5413746e630
Linux patch: 0
Linux patch: 7.2.9
Linux patch: 6.12.112

Affected Packages

euvd linux no fix

Source: OSV (Open Source Vulnerabilities)

Affects your stack

Affects 1 package in euvd

Checking this CVE against your own stacks and servers is part of the Basic plan and up.

Technical ContextAI · show details

The affected component is the net/sched act_ct traffic-control action, which lets tc rules push packets through netfilter connection tracking. Conntrack entries begin unconfirmed and are attached to skbs; extensions (helper/expectation wiring, labels, NAT) are allocated and linked into the entry's expectation list. When an skb carrying an unconfirmed ct entry is cloned, both copies can be processed with different extension sets: the first clone commits and wires extension pointers into the expectation list but then loses confirmation, while the second clone commits labels or performs NAT, adding a new extension that invalidates the pointer in the expectation list - leaving a dangling reference freed on the destruction path (use-after-free). Unlike the openvswitch module, act_ct permits NAT without the commit flag, so the fix must reset the shared unconfirmed entry on NAT regardless of the commit flag to avoid extension-space reallocation; changing that behavior would be a uAPI break. The root cause class is a memory-safety/shared-state issue rather than a distinct CWE entry, which is listed as not assigned in the source data. The fix resets the entry whenever an skb with a shared unconfirmed entry is encountered, which the vendor states does not affect any known use cases. The trigger conditions beyond the above (specific helper, label or NAT sequencing) are described only at the level given in the upstream commit messages.

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Severity by source

Vendor (Linux) PRIMARY 7.8 HIGH
AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
vuln.today AI 7.0 HIGH

Local kernel UAF (AV:L); the vendor notes no normal pipeline triggers the double-clone condition, implying an atypical/racy setup (AC:H); tc/act_ct config needs privilege (PR:L); memory corruption yields full C/I/A impact.

3.1 AV:L/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
4.0 AV:L/AC:H/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N

Primary rating from Vendor (Linux).

CVSS VectorVendor: Linux

Attack Vector
Local
Attack Complexity
Low
Privileges Required
Low
User Interaction
None
Scope
Unchanged
Confidentiality
High
Integrity
High
Availability
High

Lifecycle Timeline

4
CVSS changed
Oct 24, 2026 - 14:22 NVD
7.8 (HIGH)
Patch available
Oct 18, 2026 - 16:32 EUVD
CVE Published
Oct 18, 2026 - 15:14 cve.org
HIGH 7.8
CVE Published
Oct 18, 2026 - 15:14 cve.org
UNKNOWN (no severity yet)

DescriptionCVE.org

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:

net/sched: act_ct: avoid modifying shared unconfirmed ct entry

In a case where skb with an unconfirmed ct entry gets cloned, we may end up processing both again but with different sets of extensions.

The series of events:

  1. The first clone wants to commit and runs the helpers wiring up

the extension pointer into the expectation list.

  1. Then it looses the confirmation keeping the entry unconfirmed.
  2. Second clone now wants to commit labels or run NAT and adds the

new extension for that breaking the pointer in the expectation list causing UAF on the destruction path later.

While this is possible to trigger, there should be no practical network pipeline where we need to process both clones without modifications in the same zone. So, let's just reset the entry in case for some reason we got an skb with a shared one. This doesn't affect any known use cases, but avoids any potential problems with sharing and modification of the unconfirmed ct entry.

Unlike openvswitch module, act_ct allows for NAT without commit. Changing that would be a uAPI break. So, act_ct needs to reset on NAT regardless of the commit flag to avoid reallocation of the extension space. This, however, doesn't really change the picture for sensible networking cases as there should be no need to run the same packet twice (before and after the clone) through conntrack without packet header or zone changes and without commit.

The fixes tag points to the introduction of helpers, since that's the main UAF trigger for the sharing.

Executive ViewAI

Why It Matters

A high-severity use-after-free flaw in the Linux kernel's network traffic control component (act_ct) could allow an attacker with local administrative privileges to corrupt kernel memory, potentially leading to system crashes or arbitrary code execution. While exploitation requires specific privileges and conditions, the vulnerability affects a wide range of kernel versions, and organizations relying on Linux-based systems should prioritize patching to maintain the integrity of their network infrastructure.

Business Impact: High
Compensating Controls

Apply vendor patch.

Threat Intelligence Overview

EPSS Score
0.2%
Top 94% exploitable
Prevalence
Ubiquitous
Linux kernel networking code, present in nearly all production environments
Data Quality
5 sources
Confidence: Medium

How this decision was reached

The engine reads each signal below and applies a fixed list of rules from top to bottom. The first rule that matches sets the recommended action – like a statement, every line is shown.

SignalValue
Severity HIGH
CISA KEV No
Public POC No
EPSS 0.2%
Patch available Yes
Active threat No
Deciding rule
HIGH severity (CVSS 7.0-8.9)
What every action level means
Emergency Immediate action required. Criteria: CRITICAL + in CISA KEV (actively exploited) without patch, OR CRITICAL + EPSS > 30% without patch, OR CRITICAL + active threat signals without patch.
Act Now Prioritize within 24-48h. Criteria: in KEV with patch available, OR CRITICAL + public POC, OR HIGH + EPSS > 10%, OR CRITICAL + active threat, OR any CRITICAL severity.
This Week Schedule remediation this week. Criteria: HIGH severity (CVSS 7.0-8.9). Patch within normal change window.
This Month Plan within 30 days. Criteria: MEDIUM severity (CVSS 4.0-6.9), lower exploitation probability. Include in regular patch cycle.
Monitor Track and reassess. Criteria: LOW severity (CVSS 0.1-3.9), minimal exploitation risk. No immediate action needed.

SSVC AssessmentENISA

SSVC Decision· derived
Scheduled
Exploitation· derived
None
System Exposure· derived
Small
Automatable· derived
No
Human Impact
High

Priority Score

39
Low Medium High Critical
KEV: 0
EPSS: 0
CVSS: +39
PoC: 0
Weaponized: 0
Threat intel: 0
Gov advisory: 0

Attack Technique

Information disclosure occurs when an application unintentionally exposes sensitive data that aids attackers in reconnaissance or directly compromises security.

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