What is the CVSS score of CVE-2025-25184?

CVE-2025-25184 has a CVSS 4.0 base score of 5.7 (Medium). CVSS vector: CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:N/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P. EPSS exploitation probability: 1.1%.

Is there a public PoC exploit available for CVE-2025-25184?

Yes, a public proof-of-concept exploit is available for CVE-2025-25184. Prioritise patching immediately. EPSS: 1.1%.

How to fix or mitigate CVE-2025-25184?

Within 30 days: Identify affected systems running Ruby. and apply vendor patches as part of regular patch cycle. Vendor patch is available.

Rack CVE-2025-25184

MEDIUM

Improper Neutralization of CRLF Sequences ('CRLF Injection') (CWE-93)

2025-02-12 security-advisories@github.com

Code Injection Red Hat Rack Suse

5.7

CVSS 4.0 · GitHub Advisory

View

Vulnerability Assessment

Weakness	CWE CWE-93 OWASP Top 10:2025 A05:2025 - Injection ASVS 5.0 V1 - Encoding and Sanitization CRLF sequence sanitization
Impact	CVSS score of 5.7 (MEDIUM). Attack characteristics: network attack vector, low complexity, low privileges required, no user interaction not required. Public proof-of-concept exploit code is available. EPSS exploitation probability: 1.07%.
Exploit ScenarioDerived	This vulnerability can be exploited remotely over the network. Successful exploitation could compromise the medium-severity affected system.

This Month Plan within 30 days. Why: MEDIUM severity (CVSS 4.0-6.9).

Patch available 1.1% exploitation probability (EPSS)

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AnalysisAIv1 – Mar 28, 2026

Rack provides an interface for developing web applications in Ruby. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.7), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available.

RemediationAI

A vendor patch is available. Apply the latest security update as soon as possible. Apply vendor patches when available. Implement network segmentation and monitoring as interim mitigations.

Affected Packages

rubygems rack fix: 2.2.11, 3.0.12, 3.1.10

Source: OSV (Open Source Vulnerabilities)

Affects your stack

Affects 1 package in rubygems

Checking this CVE against your own stacks and servers is part of the Basic plan and up.

Technical ContextAI · show details

This vulnerability is classified under CWE-93. Rack provides an interface for developing web applications in Ruby. Prior to versions 2.2.11, 3.0.12, and 3.1.10, Rack::CommonLogger can be exploited by crafting input that includes newline characters to manipulate log entries. The supplied proof-of-concept demonstrates injecting malicious content into logs. When a user provides the authorization credentials via Rack::Auth::Basic, if success, the username will be put in env['REMOTE_USER'] and later be used by Rack::CommonLogger for logging purposes. The issue occurs when a server intentionally or unintentionally allows a user creation with the username contain CRLF and white space characters, or the server just want to log every login attempts. If an attacker enters a username with CRLF character, the logger will log the malicious username with CRLF characters into the logfile. Attackers can break log formats or insert fraudulent entries, potentially obscuring real activity or injecting malicious data into log files. Versions 2.2.11, 3.0.12, and 3.1.10 contain a fix. Affected products include: Rack.

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Exploit and PoC references, threat intelligence from 22 sources

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Severity by source

GitHub Advisory PRIMARY 5.7 MEDIUM

CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:N/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P

SUSE 6.5 MEDIUM

AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N

Red Hat 6.5 MEDIUM

Primary rating from GitHub Advisory.

CVSS VectorGitHub Advisory

Attack Vector

Network

Attack Complexity

Low

Attack Requirements

None

Privileges Required

Low

User Interaction

None

Vulnerable system: Confidentiality

None

Vulnerable system: Integrity

High

Vulnerable system: Availability

None

Subsequent system: Confidentiality

None

Subsequent system: Integrity

None

Subsequent system: Availability

None

Lifecycle Timeline

Patch released

Mar 28, 2026 - 18:26 nvd

Patch available

PoC Detected

Nov 03, 2025 - 22:18 vuln.today

Public exploit code

CVE Published

Feb 12, 2025 - 17:15 nvd

MEDIUM 5.7

DescriptionGitHub Advisory

Rack provides an interface for developing web applications in Ruby. Prior to versions 2.2.11, 3.0.12, and 3.1.10, Rack::CommonLogger can be exploited by crafting input that includes newline characters to manipulate log entries. The supplied proof-of-concept demonstrates injecting malicious content into logs. When a user provides the authorization credentials via Rack::Auth::Basic, if success, the username will be put in env['REMOTE_USER'] and later be used by Rack::CommonLogger for logging purposes. The issue occurs when a server intentionally or unintentionally allows a user creation with the username contain CRLF and white space characters, or the server just want to log every login attempts. If an attacker enters a username with CRLF character, the logger will log the malicious username with CRLF characters into the logfile. Attackers can break log formats or insert fraudulent entries, potentially obscuring real activity or injecting malicious data into log files. Versions 2.2.11, 3.0.12, and 3.1.10 contain a fix.

Executive ViewAI

Why It Matters

Organizations using Ruby. should be aware of moderate risk from CVE-2025-25184 rated CVSS 5.7. Exploitation could compromise the security of affected deployments. Proof-of-concept code is publicly available. A patch is available and should be applied during regular vulnerability management.

Business Impact: Low

Compensating Controls

Apply vendor patch. If patching is delayed: restrict network access and enable monitoring.

Threat Intelligence Overview

EPSS Score

1.1%

Top 22% exploitable

Exploit

POC

Public exploit code exists

Data Quality

4 sources

Confidence: Medium

NVD

CVE.org

EPSS Vendor

GitHub

How this decision was reached

The engine reads each signal below and applies a fixed list of rules from top to bottom. The first rule that matches sets the recommended action – like a statement, every line is shown.

SignalValue

Severity MEDIUM

CISA KEV No

Public POC Yes

EPSS 1.1%

Patch available Yes

Active threat No

Deciding rule

MEDIUM severity (CVSS 4.0-6.9)

What every action level means

Emergency Immediate action required. Criteria: CRITICAL + in CISA KEV (actively exploited) without patch, OR CRITICAL + EPSS > 30% without patch, OR CRITICAL + active threat signals without patch.

Act Now Prioritize within 24-48h. Criteria: in KEV with patch available, OR CRITICAL + public POC, OR HIGH + EPSS > 10%, OR CRITICAL + active threat, OR any CRITICAL severity.

This Week Schedule remediation this week. Criteria: HIGH severity (CVSS 7.0-8.9). Patch within normal change window.

This Month Plan within 30 days. Criteria: MEDIUM severity (CVSS 4.0-6.9), lower exploitation probability. Include in regular patch cycle.

Monitor Track and reassess. Criteria: LOW severity (CVSS 0.1-3.9), minimal exploitation risk. No immediate action needed.

SSVC AssessmentENISA

SSVC Decision· derived

Scheduled

Exploitation· derived

Poc

System Exposure· derived

Open

Automatable· derived

Human Impact

Low

Priority Score

Low Medium High Critical

KEV: 0

EPSS: +1

CVSS: +28

PoC: +20

Weaponized: 0

Threat intel: 0

Gov advisory: 0

Attack Technique

Code Injection CRITICAL

Code injection occurs when an application accepts user input and passes it directly into a language interpreter or evaluator without proper sanitization.

Affected Products (CPE)GitHub Advisory

cpe:2.3:a:rack:rack:*:*:*:*:*:ruby:*:*

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Same weakness CWE-93 – Improper Neutralization of CRLF Sequences ('CRLF Injection')

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6.4

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9.8

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8.8

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8.7

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8.6

CVE-2026-54511 HIGH POC

8.6

CVE-2026-116235 HIGH POC

8.5

CVE-2026-116231 HIGH POC

8.6

Same technique Code Injection

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CVE-2023-3519 CRITICAL POC

9.8

CVE-2021-22205 CRITICAL POC

10.0

CVE-2024-23692 CRITICAL POC

9.8

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8.8

CVE-2021-44529 CRITICAL POC

9.8

CVE-2014-6287 CRITICAL POC

9.8

CVE-2017-7494 CRITICAL POC

9.8

CVE-2025-24893 CRITICAL POC

9.8

Vendor StatusVendor

SUSE

Severity: Medium

Product	Status
Image SLES15-SP3-SAP-Azure-LI-BYOS-Production Image SLES15-SP3-SAP-Azure-VLI-BYOS-Production Image SLES15-SP3-SAP-BYOS-Azure Image SLES15-SP3-SAP-BYOS-EC2-HVM Image SLES15-SP3-SAP-BYOS-GCE Image SLES15-SP4-SAP-Azure-LI-BYOS Image SLES15-SP4-SAP-Azure-LI-BYOS-Production Image SLES15-SP4-SAP-Azure-VLI-BYOS Image SLES15-SP4-SAP-Azure-VLI-BYOS-Production Image SLES15-SP4-SAP-BYOS Image SLES15-SP4-SAP-BYOS-Azure Image SLES15-SP4-SAP-BYOS-EC2 Image SLES15-SP4-SAP-BYOS-GCE Image SLES15-SP4-SAP-Hardened Image SLES15-SP4-SAP-Hardened-Azure Image SLES15-SP4-SAP-Hardened-BYOS Image SLES15-SP4-SAP-Hardened-BYOS-Azure Image SLES15-SP4-SAP-Hardened-BYOS-EC2 Image SLES15-SP4-SAP-Hardened-BYOS-GCE Image SLES15-SP4-SAP-Hardened-GCE Image SLES15-SP5-SAP-Azure-3P Image SLES15-SP5-SAP-Azure-LI-BYOS Image SLES15-SP5-SAP-Azure-LI-BYOS-Production Image SLES15-SP5-SAP-Azure-VLI-BYOS Image SLES15-SP5-SAP-Azure-VLI-BYOS-Production Image SLES15-SP5-SAP-BYOS-Azure Image SLES15-SP5-SAP-BYOS-EC2 Image SLES15-SP5-SAP-BYOS-GCE Image SLES15-SP5-SAP-Hardened-Azure Image SLES15-SP5-SAP-Hardened-BYOS-Azure Image SLES15-SP5-SAP-Hardened-BYOS-EC2 Image SLES15-SP5-SAP-Hardened-BYOS-GCE Image SLES15-SP5-SAP-Hardened-GCE Image SLES15-SP6-SAP-Azure-3P Image SLES15-SP6-SAP-Azure-LI-BYOS Image SLES15-SP6-SAP-Azure-LI-BYOS-Production Image SLES15-SP6-SAP-Azure-VLI-BYOS Image SLES15-SP6-SAP-Azure-VLI-BYOS-Production Image SLES15-SP6-SAP-BYOS Image SLES15-SP6-SAP-BYOS-Azure Image SLES15-SP6-SAP-BYOS-EC2 Image SLES15-SP6-SAP-BYOS-GCE Image SLES15-SP6-SAP-Hardened Image SLES15-SP6-SAP-Hardened-Azure Image SLES15-SP6-SAP-Hardened-BYOS Image SLES15-SP6-SAP-Hardened-BYOS-Azure Image SLES15-SP6-SAP-Hardened-BYOS-EC2 Image SLES15-SP6-SAP-Hardened-BYOS-GCE Image SLES15-SP6-SAP-Hardened-EC2 Image SLES15-SP6-SAP-Hardened-GCE Image SLES15-SP7-SAP-Azure Image SLES15-SP7-SAP-Azure-3P Image SLES15-SP7-SAP-Azure-LI-BYOS-Production Image SLES15-SP7-SAP-Azure-VLI-BYOS-Production Image SLES15-SP7-SAP-BYOS-Azure Image SLES15-SP7-SAP-BYOS-EC2 Image SLES15-SP7-SAP-BYOS-GCE Image SLES15-SP7-SAP-EC2 Image SLES15-SP7-SAP-GCE Image SLES15-SP7-SAP-GCE-3P Image SLES15-SP7-SAP-Hardened-Azure Image SLES15-SP7-SAP-Hardened-BYOS-Azure Image SLES15-SP7-SAP-Hardened-BYOS-EC2 Image SLES15-SP7-SAP-Hardened-BYOS-GCE Image SLES15-SP7-SAP-Hardened-GCE	Affected
SUSE Linux Enterprise High Availability Extension 15 SP3	Fixed
SUSE Linux Enterprise High Availability Extension 15 SP4	Fixed
SUSE Linux Enterprise High Availability Extension 15 SP5	Fixed
SUSE Linux Enterprise High Availability Extension 15 SP6	Fixed

References

Advisories & patches

PATCH https://github.com/rack/rack/commit/074ae244430cda05c27ca91cda699709cfb3ad8e ADVISORY https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2025:1985 ADVISORY https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2025:7085 ADVISORY https://www.suse.com/support/update/SUSE-SU-2025:0858/ ADVISORY https://www.suse.com/support/update/SUSE-SU-2025:0874/ ADVISORY https://www.suse.com/support/update/SUSE-SU-2025:14811/ ADVISORY https://www.suse.com/support/update/SUSE-SU-2025:14875/ REF https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025/03/msg00016.html

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SUSE Linux Enterprise High Availability Extension 15 SP7	Fixed
openSUSE Leap 15.6	Fixed
openSUSE Tumbleweed	Fixed
SUSE Linux Enterprise High Availability Extension 15 SP7	Fixed
openSUSE Leap 15.6	Fixed
openSUSE Leap 15.6	Fixed
SUSE Linux Enterprise High Availability Extension 15 SP4	Fixed
SUSE Linux Enterprise High Availability Extension 15 SP5	Fixed
SUSE Linux Enterprise High Availability Extension 15	Fixed
SUSE Linux Enterprise High Availability Extension 15 SP1	Fixed
SUSE Linux Enterprise High Availability Extension 15 SP2	Fixed
SUSE Linux Enterprise High Availability Extension 15 SP3	Fixed
SUSE Linux Enterprise High Availability Extension 15 SP6	Fixed
openSUSE Leap 15.3	Fixed
openSUSE Leap 15.3	Fixed
openSUSE Leap 15.4	Fixed
openSUSE Leap 15.4	Fixed
openSUSE Leap 15.5	Fixed
openSUSE Leap 15.5	Fixed