What is the CVSS score of CVE-2023-28431?

CVE-2023-28431 has a CVSS 3.1 base score of 7.5 (High). CVSS vector: CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H. EPSS exploitation probability: 0.9%.

Is there a patch available for CVE-2023-28431?

Yes, a patch is available for CVE-2023-28431. Update the affected software to the latest version immediately.

Frontier CVE-2023-28431

HIGH

Incorrect Calculation (CWE-682)

2023-03-22 security-advisories@github.com

Denial Of Service Frontier

7.5

CVSS 3.1 · NVD

Severity by source

NVD PRIMARY

7.5 HIGH

AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H

Primary rating from NVD · only source for this CVE.

CVSS VectorNVD

CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H

Attack Vector

Network

Attack Complexity

Low

Privileges Required

None

User Interaction

None

Scope

Unchanged

Confidentiality

None

Integrity

None

Availability

High

Lifecycle Timeline

CVE Published

Mar 22, 2023 - 21:15 nvd

HIGH 7.5

DescriptionNVD

Frontier is an Ethereum compatibility layer for Substrate. Frontier's modexp precompile uses num-bigint crate under the hood. In the implementation prior to pull request 1017, the cases for modulus being even and modulus being odd are treated separately. Odd modulus uses the fast Montgomery multiplication, and even modulus uses the slow plain power algorithm. This gas cost discrepancy was not accounted for in the modexp precompile, leading to possible denial of service attacks.

No fixes for num-bigint are currently available, and thus this issue is fixed in the short term by raising the gas costs for even modulus, and in the long term fixing it in num-bigint or switching to another modexp implementation. The short-term fix for Frontier is deployed at pull request 1017. There are no known workarounds aside from applying the fix.

AnalysisAI

Frontier is an Ethereum compatibility layer for Substrate. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity.

Technical ContextAI

This vulnerability is classified under CWE-682. Frontier is an Ethereum compatibility layer for Substrate. Frontier's modexp precompile uses num-bigint crate under the hood. In the implementation prior to pull request 1017, the cases for modulus being even and modulus being odd are treated separately. Odd modulus uses the fast Montgomery multiplication, and even modulus uses the slow plain power algorithm. This gas cost discrepancy was not accounted for in the modexp precompile, leading to possible denial of service attacks. No fixes for num-bigint are currently available, and thus this issue is fixed in the short term by raising the gas costs for even modulus, and in the long term fixing it in num-bigint or switching to another modexp implementation. The short-term fix for Frontier is deployed at pull request 1017. There are no known workarounds aside from applying the fix. Affected products include: Parity Frontier.

RemediationAI

A vendor patch is available. Apply the latest security update as soon as possible. Apply vendor patches when available. Implement network segmentation and monitoring as interim mitigations.