Information Disclosure
Information disclosure occurs when an application unintentionally exposes sensitive data that aids attackers in reconnaissance or directly compromises security.
How It Works
Information disclosure occurs when an application unintentionally exposes sensitive data that aids attackers in reconnaissance or directly compromises security. This happens through multiple channels: verbose error messages that display stack traces revealing internal paths and frameworks, improperly secured debug endpoints left active in production, and misconfigured servers that expose directory listings or version control artifacts like .git folders. APIs often leak excessive data in responses—returning full user objects when only a name is needed, or revealing system internals through metadata fields.
Attackers exploit these exposures systematically. They probe for common sensitive files (.env, config.php, backup archives), trigger error conditions to extract framework details, and analyze response timing or content differences to enumerate valid usernames or resources. Even subtle variations—like "invalid password" versus "user not found"—enable account enumeration. Exposed configuration files frequently contain database credentials, API keys, or internal service URLs that unlock further attack vectors.
The attack flow typically starts with passive reconnaissance: examining HTTP headers, JavaScript bundles, and public endpoints for version information and architecture clues. Active probing follows—testing predictable paths, manipulating parameters to trigger exceptions, and comparing responses across similar requests to identify information leakage patterns.
Impact
- Credential compromise: Exposed configuration files, hardcoded secrets in source code, or API keys enable direct authentication bypass
- Attack surface mapping: Stack traces, framework versions, and internal paths help attackers craft targeted exploits for known vulnerabilities
- Data breach: Direct exposure of user data, payment information, or proprietary business logic through oversharing APIs or accessible backups
- Privilege escalation pathway: Internal URLs, service discovery information, and architecture details facilitate lateral movement and SSRF attacks
- Compliance violations: GDPR, PCI-DSS, and HIPAA penalties for exposing regulated data through preventable disclosures
Real-World Examples
A major Git repository exposure affected thousands of websites when .git folders remained accessible on production servers, allowing attackers to reconstruct entire source code histories including deleted commits containing credentials. Tools like GitDumper automated mass exploitation of this misconfiguration.
Cloud storage misconfigurations have repeatedly exposed sensitive data when companies left S3 buckets or Azure Blob containers publicly readable. One incident exposed 150 million voter records because verbose API error messages revealed the storage URL structure, and no authentication was required.
Framework debug modes left enabled in production have caused numerous breaches. Django's DEBUG=True setting exposed complete stack traces with database queries and environment variables, while Laravel's debug pages revealed encryption keys through the APP_KEY variable in environment dumps.
Mitigation
- Generic error pages: Return uniform error messages to users; log detailed exceptions server-side only
- Disable debug modes: Enforce production configurations that suppress stack traces, verbose logging, and debug endpoints through deployment automation
- Access control audits: Restrict or remove development artifacts (
.git, backup files,phpinfo()) and internal endpoints before deployment - Response minimization: API responses should return only necessary fields; implement allowlists rather than blocklists for data exposure
- Security headers: Deploy
X-Content-Type-Options, remove server version banners, and disable directory indexing - Timing consistency: Ensure authentication and validation responses take uniform time regardless of input validity
Recent CVEs (13132)
Improper access control in AudioService prior to SMR Jun-2025 Release 1 allows local attackers to access sensitive information.
Privilege escalation vulnerability in Zscaler Client Connector for macOS versions prior to 4.2.0.241, caused by improper verification of loaded libraries. A local attacker with standard user privileges can exploit this weakness without user interaction to gain elevated system privileges, potentially compromising system integrity and confidentiality. The CVSS 7.3 score reflects the moderate-to-high severity of local privilege escalation with high impact on confidentiality and integrity.
Rejected reason: Not used. No vendor patch available.
Rejected reason: Not used. No vendor patch available.
Rejected reason: Not used. No vendor patch available.
Rejected reason: Not used. No vendor patch available.
Rejected reason: Not used. No vendor patch available.
Rejected reason: Not used. No vendor patch available.
Rejected reason: Not used. No vendor patch available.
Rejected reason: Not used. No vendor patch available.
Rejected reason: Not used. No vendor patch available.
Deno is a JavaScript, TypeScript, and WebAssembly runtime. Versions 1.46.0 through 2.1.6 have an issue that affects AES-256-GCM and AES-128-GCM in Deno in which the authentication tag is not being validated. This means tampered ciphertexts or incorrect keys might not be detected, which breaks the guarantees expected from AES-GCM. Older versions of Deno correctly threw errors in such cases, as does Node.js. Without authentication tag verification, AES-GCM degrades to essentially CTR mode, removing integrity protection. Authenticated data set with set_aad is also affected, as it is incorporated into the GCM hash (ghash) but this too is not validated, rendering AAD checks ineffective. Version 2.1.7 includes a patch that addresses this issue.
Auth bypass in DataEase BI tool before 2.10.10.
MaxKB prior to version 1.10.8-lts contains an incomplete sandbox implementation that only blacklists binary execution in common system directories (/bin, /usr/bin, etc.), allowing local attackers with low privileges to execute arbitrary code via executable files in non-blacklisted directories and achieve full system compromise. The vulnerability affects enterprise AI assistant deployments and has a high CVSS score of 8.8 reflecting significant impact potential; exploitation requires local access but no user interaction.
webpack-dev-server allows users to use webpack with a development server that provides live reloading. Prior to version 5.2.1, webpack-dev-server users' source code may be stolen when you access a malicious web site with non-Chromium based browser. The `Origin` header is checked to prevent Cross-site WebSocket hijacking from happening, which was reported by CVE-2018-14732. But webpack-dev-server always allows IP address `Origin` headers. This allows websites that are served on IP addresses to connect WebSocket. An attacker can obtain source code via a method similar to that used to exploit CVE-2018-14732. Version 5.2.1 contains a patch for the issue.
A security vulnerability in quequnlong shiyi-blog (CVSS 5.3). Risk factors: public PoC available.
Credential exposure in IBM QRadar Suite 1.10.12.0-1.11.2.0.
IBM QRadar Suite Software 1.10.12.0 through 1.11.2.0 and IBM Cloud Pak for Security 1.10.0.0 through 1.10.11.0 does not invalidate session after a logout which could allow a user to impersonate another user on the system.
CVE-2025-1334 is a security vulnerability (CVSS 4.0) that allows web pages. Remediation should follow standard vulnerability management procedures.
An issue was discovered in Unicom Focal Point 7.6.1. The database is encrypted with a hardcoded key, making it easier to recover the cleartext data.
Path traversal vulnerability in Python's tarfile module extraction filters that allows attackers to bypass the 'data' and 'tar' filter protections, enabling symlink targets to point outside the extraction directory and permitting modification of file metadata. This affects any application using TarFile.extractall() or TarFile.extract() with filter='data' or filter='tar' on untrusted tar archives, as well as Python 3.14+ users relying on the new 'data' default filter. The vulnerability has a CVSS score of 7.5 (High) with high integrity impact, though exploitation requires an attacker to control the tar archive contents.
CVE-2025-4138 is a security vulnerability (CVSS 7.5) that allows the extraction filter. High severity vulnerability requiring prompt remediation.
Transient denial-of-service vulnerability in wireless beacon frame processing that occurs when a device receives a malformed EHT (Extremely High Throughput) operation information element. An unauthenticated remote attacker can trigger a temporary service disruption by sending a specially crafted beacon frame, affecting WiFi 6E and later devices. With a CVSS score of 7.5 and high availability impact, this vulnerability requires no user interaction and is network-accessible, making it a notable threat to wireless infrastructure and client devices, though there is currently no evidence of active exploitation in the wild.
CVE-2024-53026 is an information disclosure vulnerability in IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem) implementations affecting VoLTE and VoWiFi call processing. When a malicious or malformed RTCP (Real-time Transport Control Protocol) packet is received during an active call, the vulnerable system leaks sensitive information to a network-adjacent attacker without requiring authentication or user interaction. The CVSS 8.2 rating reflects high confidentiality impact with partial availability degradation; exploitation likelihood and real-world activity status require cross-referencing with EPSS and KEV data.
CVE-2024-53021 is an information disclosure vulnerability in RTCP (Real-time Transport Control Protocol) packet processing that allows unauthenticated remote attackers to leak sensitive data through malicious goodbye (BYE) RTCP packets. The vulnerability affects multiple VoIP and real-time communication products processing RTCP traffic; attackers can extract confidential information across the network without authentication or user interaction, and may also cause limited availability impact. The high CVSS score of 8.2 reflects the severe confidentiality impact and network-based attack vector, though exploitation complexity is low.
CVE-2024-53020 is an information disclosure vulnerability in RTP (Real-time Transport Protocol) packet processing that occurs when decoding packets with malformed header extensions. An attacker on the network can send specially crafted RTP packets to trigger memory disclosure, potentially exposing sensitive information while also causing minor availability impact. The vulnerability affects multiple implementations of RTP protocol handling across various media processing frameworks and VoIP applications; while there is no confirmed active KEV status or public exploit code documented, the high CVSS score (8.2) combined with network accessibility (CVSS:3.1/AV:N) indicates significant real-world risk to exposed services.
Network-based information disclosure vulnerability in RTP (Real-time Transport Protocol) packet decoding that occurs when the CSRC (Contributing Source) count header field is improperly validated, allowing an attacker to read sensitive memory contents. The vulnerability affects any system processing RTP streams with malformed headers and has a high CVSS score of 8.2 due to the combination of high confidentiality impact and network accessibility without authentication; no patch availability, KEV status, EPSS score, or active exploitation details are currently documented.
CVE-2025-49164 is a security vulnerability (CVSS 4.3). Remediation should follow standard vulnerability management procedures.
CVE-2025-49163 is a security vulnerability (CVSS 6.7) that allows booting an arbitrary image. Remediation should follow standard vulnerability management procedures.
CVE-2025-49162 is a security vulnerability (CVSS 6.4) that allows file overwrite. Remediation should follow standard vulnerability management procedures.
HAX open-apis provides microservice apis for HAX webcomponents repo that are shared infrastructure calls. An unauthenticated information disclosure vulnerability exists in the Penn State University deployment of the HAX content management system via the `haxPsuUsage` API endpoint, related to a flat present in open-apis versions up to and including 10.0.2. This allows any remote unauthenticated user to retrieve a full list of PSU websites hosted on HAX CMS. When chained with other authorization issues (e.g., HAX-3), this could assist in targeted attacks such as unauthorized content modification or deletion. Commit 06c2e1fbb7131a8fe66aa0600f38dcacae6b7ac7 patches the vulnerability.
tar-fs versions prior to 3.0.9, 2.1.3, and 1.16.5 contain a path traversal vulnerability (CWE-22) that allows attackers to extract tar archives outside the intended directory using specially crafted tarballs. This affects all users of vulnerable tar-fs versions with network-accessible extraction endpoints; the high CVSS 8.7 score reflects the integrity impact and network-accessible attack vector, though no KEV status or widespread public exploits have been confirmed at this time.
Directory Traversal vulnerability (CWE-22) in WebLaudos version 24.2 (04) that allows unauthenticated remote attackers to read arbitrary files and obtain sensitive information through improper validation of the 'id' parameter. With a CVSS score of 7.5 and network-based attack vector requiring no privileges or user interaction, this vulnerability poses a significant confidentiality risk to exposed WebLaudos instances. The vulnerability's active exploitation status and proof-of-concept availability should be verified through current KEV databases and security advisories.
Privilege escalation vulnerability in Splunk Universal Forwarder for Windows where incorrect file system permissions are assigned during installation or upgrade, allowing non-administrator users to read and modify sensitive files in the installation directory. This affects versions below 9.4.2, 9.3.4, 9.2.6, and 9.1.9, and could enable unauthorized access to credentials, configuration files, and system monitoring data. While CVSS 8.0 indicates high severity, real-world exploitation requires local access and user interaction (UI requirement per vector), limiting attack scope.
Use-After-Free vulnerability (CWE-416) in Autodesk Revit triggered by maliciously crafted RFA (Revit Family) files that can be linked or imported into the application. An unauthenticated attacker with local access can exploit this vulnerability to crash the application, exfiltrate sensitive data, or achieve arbitrary code execution with the privileges of the Revit process. The attack requires user interaction (opening/importing a malicious file) but has high impact potential (confidentiality, integrity, and availability all compromised); current KEV and exploitation status unknown without additional intelligence sources.
A security vulnerability in SignXML (CVSS 6.9). Remediation should follow standard vulnerability management procedures.
A security vulnerability in SignXML (CVSS 6.9). Remediation should follow standard vulnerability management procedures.
A server-side request forgery (SSRF) vulnerability exists in multiple WSO2 products due to improper input validation in SOAP admin services. This flaw allows unauthenticated attackers to manipulate server-side requests, enabling access to internal and external resources available through the network or filesystem. Exploitation of this vulnerability could lead to unauthorized access to sensitive data and systems, including resources within private networks, as long as they are reachable by the affected product.
A remote code execution vulnerability in MyBB (CVSS 5.3) that allows attackers. Remediation should follow standard vulnerability management procedures. Vendor patch is available.
MyBB versions prior to 1.8.39 contain a local file inclusion (LFI) vulnerability in the upgrade component due to improper input validation (CWE-22). This vulnerability allows authenticated administrators or unauthenticated attackers with access to an unlocked installer to read arbitrary files from the server filesystem. The vulnerability requires either the installer to be accessible via re-installation or the attacker to have administrative privileges, significantly limiting real-world exploitability despite the CVSS 7.2 score.
A security vulnerability in Sitecom WLX-2006 Wall Mount Range Extender N300 v.1.5 and before (CVSS 6.5). Risk factors: public PoC available.
A Local File Inclusion (LFI) vulnerability exists in Sitecom WLX-2006 Wall Mount Range Extender N300 v1.5 and before, which allows an attacker to manipulate the "language" cookie to include arbitrary files from the server. This vulnerability can be exploited to disclose sensitive information.
Directory Traversal in HPE StoreOnce backup storage software. One of 6 critical CVEs.
An out-of-bounds read vulnerability exists in High-Logic FontCreator 15.0.0.3015. A specially crafted font file can trigger this vulnerability which can lead to disclosure of sensitive information. An attacker needs to trick the user into opening the malicious file to trigger this vulnerability.
Rejected reason: DO NOT USE THIS CANDIDATE NUMBER. No vendor patch available.
DLL hijacking vulnerability in Yandex Telemost for Desktop versions before 2.7.0, where the application searches for dynamic libraries in untrusted paths, allowing local attackers with user-level privileges to execute arbitrary code through malicious DLL injection. The vulnerability has a high CVSS score of 7.8 and requires user interaction (running the application), but poses significant risk as DLL hijacking is a well-understood and commonly exploitable attack vector with publicly available proof-of-concept techniques.
AstrBot versions 3.4.4 through 3.5.12 contain a path traversal vulnerability (CWE-23) in the dashboard feature that allows unauthenticated remote attackers to disclose sensitive information including LLM provider API keys, account passwords, and other confidential data. The vulnerability has a CVSS score of 7.5 (High) with high confidentiality impact and no authentication requirements. Patch is available in version 3.5.13 and later via Pull Request #1676.
Para is a multitenant backend server/framework for object persistence and retrieval. A vulnerability that exists in versions prior to 1.50.8 exposes both access and secret keys in logs without redaction. These credentials are later reused in variable assignments for persistence but do not require logging for debugging or system health purposes. Version 1.50.8 fixes the issue.
A remote code execution vulnerability in A Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling vulnerability in sslh (CVSS 8.7) that allows attackers. High severity vulnerability requiring prompt remediation.
Buffer over-read vulnerability in Arm GPU userspace drivers (Bifrost, Valhall, and 5th Gen architectures) that allows unprivileged local users to access memory outside allocated buffer bounds through valid GPU operations including WebGL and WebGPU. The vulnerability affects multiple driver versions across three GPU architectures and has a CVSS score of 7.8 with high impact on confidentiality, integrity, and availability; exploitation status and POC availability are not documented in the provided data.
CVE-2025-3260 is an authorization bypass vulnerability in Grafana's dashboard API endpoints (/apis/dashboard.grafana.app/*) that allows authenticated users to circumvent dashboard and folder permission controls across all API versions (v0alpha1, v1alpha1, v2alpha1). Affected users with viewer or editor roles can access, modify, or delete dashboards and folders they should not have permission to interact with, while organization isolation boundaries and datasource access controls remain unaffected. With a CVSS score of 8.3 and requiring only low-privilege authentication, this represents a significant risk to multi-tenant Grafana deployments and requires immediate patching.
A vulnerability was found in Multilaser Sirius RE016 MLT1.0. It has been rated as problematic. This issue affects some unknown processing of the file /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi. The manipulation leads to information disclosure. The attack may be initiated remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
CVE-2025-0325 is a security vulnerability (CVSS 4.3). Remediation should follow standard vulnerability management procedures.
A low privileged attacker can set the date of the devices to the 19th of January 2038 an therefore exceed the 32-Bit time limit. This causes the date of the switch to be set back to January 1st, 1970.
A security vulnerability in juzaweb CMS (CVSS 6.3). Risk factors: public PoC available.
setDeferredReply in networking.c in Valkey through 8.1.1 has an integer underflow for prev->size - prev->used.
A security vulnerability in juzaweb CMS (CVSS 6.3). Risk factors: public PoC available.
A security vulnerability in juzaweb CMS (CVSS 6.3). Risk factors: public PoC available.
A security vulnerability in juzaweb CMS (CVSS 6.3). Risk factors: public PoC available.
A security vulnerability in juzaweb CMS (CVSS 6.3). Risk factors: public PoC available.
A security vulnerability in juzaweb CMS (CVSS 6.3). Risk factors: public PoC available.
A security vulnerability in juzaweb CMS (CVSS 6.3). Risk factors: public PoC available.
A security vulnerability in juzaweb CMS (CVSS 4.3). Risk factors: public PoC available.
A security vulnerability in juzaweb CMS (CVSS 6.3). Risk factors: public PoC available.
Critical improper access control vulnerability in Mist Community Edition's API Token Handler (create_token function) that allows unauthenticated remote attackers to manipulate token generation. Affected versions up to 4.7.1 are vulnerable; the vulnerability has been publicly disclosed with exploitation techniques available, and upgrading to version 4.7.2 provides the necessary fix. The CVSS 7.3 score reflects medium-to-high severity with potential for confidentiality, integrity, and availability impact.
File modification via 2-args open in YAML-LibYAML before 0.903.0 for Perl. PoC and patch available.
IBM Planning Analytics Local 2.0 and 2.1 does not invalidate session after a logout which could allow an authenticated user to impersonate another user on the system.
IBM InfoSphere Information Server 11.7 stores credential information for database authentication in a cleartext parameter file that could be viewed by an authenticated user.
A vulnerability, which was classified as critical, was found in JeeWMS up to 20250504. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
A vulnerability, which was classified as critical, has been found in JeeWMS up to 20250504. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
A vulnerability classified as critical has been found in JeeWMS up to 20250504. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
The Newsletters plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Local File Inclusion in all versions up to, and including, 4.9.9.9 via the 'file' parameter. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.2), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. This Path Traversal vulnerability could allow attackers to access files and directories outside the intended path.
liboqs is a C-language cryptographic library that provides implementations of post-quantum cryptography algorithms. Rated low severity (CVSS 3.7), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required.
Rejected reason: ** REJECT ** DO NOT USE THIS CANDIDATE NUMBER. No vendor patch available.
Rejected reason: ** REJECT ** DO NOT USE THIS CANDIDATE NUMBER. No vendor patch available.
Rejected reason: ** REJECT ** DO NOT USE THIS CANDIDATE NUMBER. No vendor patch available.
Rejected reason: ** REJECT ** DO NOT USE THIS CANDIDATE NUMBER. No vendor patch available.
Rejected reason: ** REJECT ** DO NOT USE THIS CANDIDATE NUMBER. No vendor patch available.
An improper permission handling vulnerability was reported in Lenovo PC Manager that could allow a local attacker to perform arbitrary file deletions as an elevated user. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.9), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
An untrusted search path vulnerability was reported in Lenovo PC Manager that could allow a local attacker to elevate privileges. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
vLLM is an inference and serving engine for large language models (LLMs). Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available.
go-gh is a collection of Go modules to make authoring GitHub CLI extensions easier. Rated low severity (CVSS 2.6), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity.
HCL Traveler for Microsoft Outlook (HTMO) is susceptible to a COM hijacking vulnerability which could allow an attacker to modify or replace the application with malicious content. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
HCL Traveler for Microsoft Outlook (HTMO) is susceptible to a DLL hijacking vulnerability which could allow an attacker to modify or replace the application with malicious content. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Due to outdated Hash algorithm, HCL Glovius Cloud could allow attackers to guess the input data using brute-force or dictionary attacks efficiently using modern hardware such as GPUs or ASICs. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.8). No vendor patch available.
An application "com.pri.applock", which is pre-loaded on Kruger&Matz smartphones, allows a user to encrypt any application using user-provided PIN code or by using biometric data. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.9), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Android based smartphones from vendors such as Ulefone and Krüger&Matz contain "com.pri.factorytest" application preloaded onto devices during manufacturing process. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.9), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Mattermost versions 10.7.x <= 10.7.0, 10.6.x <= 10.6.2, 10.5.x <= 10.5.3, 9.11.x <= 9.11.12 fails to properly invalidate personal access tokens upon user deactivation, allowing deactivated users to. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.4), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
A vulnerability was found in systemd-coredump. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.7). Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
Perl threads have a working directory race condition where file operations may target unintended paths. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.9), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.