Information Disclosure

Local privilege escalation in the Linux kernel's CAIF serial driver allows attackers with local access to trigger a use-after-free condition in pty_write_room() via the caif_serial line discipline. The flaw stems from missing reference counting on tty->link, enabling memory corruption that can lead to arbitrary kernel code execution with full confidentiality, integrity, and availability impact. No public exploit identified at time of analysis, with an EPSS score of 0.02% (7th percentile) indicating low likelihood of widespread exploitation.

Privilege escalation in Linux kernel netfilter subsystem allows local authenticated users to achieve high-impact compromise via duplicate netdev hook registration. The vulnerability affects kernel versions 6.16 through early 7.0 releases, with vendor patches available for stable branches 6.18.19, 6.19.9, and mainline 7.0. EPSS score of 0.02% (4th percentile) suggests low observed exploitation likelihood despite CVSS 7.8 severity. No active exploitation (not in CISA KEV) or public proof-of-concept identified at time of analysis.

Stack out-of-bounds read in the Linux kernel's netfilter nft_set_pipapo subsystem allows local low-privileged attackers to read 4 bytes past the end of a stack-allocated rulemap array via pipapo_drop(). The flaw was confirmed by KASAN and affects kernels from 5.6 onward until the fixed stable releases. No public exploit identified at time of analysis, and EPSS is very low (0.02%, 7th percentile), but the CVSS 7.1 score reflects the potential for kernel memory disclosure and availability impact.

Out-of-bounds read in Linux kernel netfilter x_tables module allows remote attackers to disclose kernel memory and potentially cause denial of service. The xt_tcpudp and xt_dccp option walkers fail to validate boundaries when processing the last byte of TCP/UDP/DCCP options, triggering a 1-byte buffer over-read. CVSS 8.2 with network attack vector and no authentication required indicates high exploitability, though EPSS score of 0.02% (7th percentile) suggests minimal observed exploitation attempts. Patches available across all active kernel stable branches (5.10.253, 5.15.203, 6.1.167, 6.6.130, 6.12.78, 6.18.19, 6.19.9, 7.0). No CISA KEV listing or public exploit code identified at time of analysis.

Out-of-bounds read in the Linux kernel's netfilter nfnetlink_cthelper subsystem allows a local attacker with CAP_NET_ADMIN to trigger an 8-byte OOB read in nfnl_cthelper_dump_table() by racing helper deletion against a netlink dump operation. The flaw stems from a misplaced 'goto restart' that bypasses the for-loop bounds check when cb->args[0] equals nf_ct_helper_hsize, as detected by KASAN. EPSS is 0.02% and no public exploit identified at time of analysis, though a detailed reproducer call trace exists in the commit message.

Out-of-bounds read in the Linux kernel's NVMe PCI driver (nvme_dbbuf_set) allows a local attacker to trigger a slab-out-of-bounds memory access during NVMe controller reset, potentially leading to denial of service or information disclosure. The flaw stems from an incorrect loop bound that iterates past dev->online_queues, reading from kmalloc-2k slab memory belonging to adjacent allocations. No public exploit identified at time of analysis, and the EPSS score of 0.02% reflects a low probability of opportunistic exploitation.

Local unprivileged users can trigger out-of-bounds memory reads in Linux kernel's io_uring subsystem (versions 6.19+) via crafted SQE array mappings when IORING_SETUP_SQE_MIXED is enabled without NO_SQARRAY. By manipulating sq_array indices to point to the last physical SQE slot and submitting 128-byte operations, attackers cause a 64-byte buffer over-read during memcpy operations, potentially leaking sensitive kernel memory. Vendor patches available for affected 6.19.x branches. EPSS score of 0.02% indicates very low observed exploitation probability; no CISA KEV listing or public exploit identified at time of analysis.

Local privilege escalation potential in the Linux kernel's Microsoft Azure Network Adapter (mana) driver allows a low-privileged local user to trigger a use-after-free via a double destroy_workqueue() call on the gc->service_wq pointer when mana_gd_setup() fails. The flaw, fixed in the 6.18.x and 6.19.x stable trees, has no public exploit identified at time of analysis and an EPSS of 0.02% (4th percentile), but carries a CVSS of 7.8 due to high confidentiality, integrity, and availability impact within the kernel.

Reference count underflow in Linux kernel sched_ext subsystem enables local privilege escalation to execute arbitrary code with kernel privileges. The flaw affects kernel versions 6.12 through 6.19.x (prior to patched releases 6.12.78, 6.18.19, 6.19.9, 7.0), scoring CVSS 7.8 with local attack vector requiring low privileges. Vendor patches available via stable kernel updates. EPSS exploitation probability is low (0.02%, 5th percentile) with no public exploit code or active exploitation confirmed at time of analysis, though the Use-After-Free primitive could enable kernel memory corruption attacks.

Use-after-free in Linux kernel ALSA PCM subsystem allows local authenticated users to corrupt memory and potentially execute arbitrary code with kernel privileges. The vulnerability occurs in snd_pcm_drain() when a linked stream's runtime structure is freed via concurrent close() while still being dereferenced, enabling information disclosure, system crashes, or privilege escalation. With EPSS at 0.02% (7th percentile) and CVSS 7.8, this represents elevated theoretical risk but shows no evidence of active exploitation or public POC at time of analysis. Vendor patches are available across multiple stable kernel branches (5.10.253, 6.1.167, 6.6.130, 6.12.78, 6.18.19, 6.19.9, 7.0).

Local privilege escalation in Linux kernel's Rust Binder allows authenticated users to write to normally read-only binder pages, potentially leading to memory corruption and arbitrary code execution. The vulnerability stems from improper VMA (Virtual Memory Area) ownership validation during page installation - if a VMA is closed and replaced at the same address, Rust Binder may install pages into the wrong VMA, converting read-only pages to writable. Affects Linux kernel 6.18+ with Rust Binder enabled. EPSS score of 0.02% suggests low observed exploitation probability. Vendor patches available (6.18.19, 6.19.9, 7.0) via kernel.org stable tree commits.

Out-of-bounds read in the Linux kernel's USB CDC-WDM (Communication Device Class - Wireless Device Management) driver allows a local low-privileged attacker to disclose uninitialized kernel memory and potentially crash the host through a memory-ordering race between desc->length updates and a memmove() in the read path. The flaw stems from compiler reordering or CPU out-of-order execution that can cause wdm_read() to observe an updated length before the corresponding data is fully copied, leading copy_to_user() to operate on uninitialized memory. EPSS is very low (0.02%, 7th percentile), there is no public exploit identified at time of analysis, and the issue is not on the CISA KEV list.

Use-after-free in the Linux kernel's Renesas USB host (renesas_usbhs) driver allows a local low-privileged attacker to potentially corrupt memory or escalate privileges during device removal. The flaw stems from the interrupt handler remaining registered while driver resources, including the pipe array, are freed in usbhs_remove(), creating a race window where the ISR can dereference freed memory. EPSS is very low (0.02%, 7th percentile) and no public exploit identified at time of analysis, but the kernel-level memory corruption impact (CVSS 7.8) makes it a meaningful local risk on affected Renesas USB hardware.

Double-free vulnerability in Linux kernel's qla2xxx SCSI driver allows remote code execution or denial of service through malformed Fibre Channel ELS commands. The qla24xx_els_dcmd_iocb() function incorrectly frees fcport structures twice during error handling - once via kref_put() calling qla2x00_els_dcmd_sp_free(), then again explicitly afterward. Despite the CVSS:3.1/AV:N score of 9.8, the network vector appears to reflect the driver's network-facing nature (Fibre Channel over IP or similar) rather than internet-accessible exploitation. EPSS score of 0.02% (5th percentile) indicates extremely low observed exploitation probability. Patches available across multiple stable kernel branches (6.9+, 6.19.9+, 7.0+) per upstream commits.

Integer overflow in Linux kernel's libceph authentication handler enables remote memory corruption and potential system crash against unpatched systems. A malicious Ceph monitor can send a specially crafted CEPH_MSG_AUTH_REPLY message with payload_len exceeding INT_MAX, causing ceph_handle_auth_reply() to underflow a pointer and trigger out-of-bounds memory access. This allows remote unauthenticated attackers to potentially read sensitive kernel memory (high confidentiality impact) or crash the kernel (high availability impact) on systems using Ceph storage. CVSS 9.1 (Critical) reflects network attack vector with no authentication or user interaction required. EPSS score of 0.02% (7th percentile) suggests low observed exploitation likelihood. Vendor patches available for all affected kernel series (5.10.253, 5.15.203, 6.1.167, 6.6.130, 6.12.78, 6.18.19, 6.19.9, 7.0), but no active exploitation confirmed via CISA KEV.

Out-of-bounds memory reads in Linux kernel's libceph messaging layer allow remote unauthenticated attackers to disclose kernel memory or trigger denial-of-service via malformed Ceph protocol frames. The vulnerability exists in process_message_header() when message frames are corrupted to make the control segment length smaller than the message header size, bypassing length validation. Vendor patches available for stable kernel versions 5.15.203, 6.1.167, 6.6.130, 6.12.78, 6.18.19, 6.19.9, and mainline 7.0. EPSS score of 0.02% and no KEV listing suggest limited real-world exploitation observed despite network-accessible attack vector and unauthenticated access. Critical CVSS score of 9.1 reflects worst-case impact (high confidentiality and availability risk) if Ceph storage networking is exposed.

Integer signedness vulnerability in Linux kernel's Ceph networking library (libceph) allows remote attackers to trigger denial of service via crafted monitor map messages. The flaw enables bypassing memory allocation limits by exploiting signed/unsigned integer confusion in ceph_monmap_decode(), causing excessive memory allocation attempts that crash the system. With CVSS 7.5 (AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N) and 0.02% EPSS score, this represents a network-reachable DoS vector against systems using Ceph storage, though low exploitation probability suggests limited attacker interest. Patches available across all maintained kernel branches (5.15.203, 6.1.167, 6.6.130, 6.12.78, 6.18.19, 6.19.9, 7.0).

Namespace iteration ioctl permission bypass in Linux kernel allows local privileged users to enumerate namespaces of other privileged services, potentially leaking cross-service information. Affects kernel 6.12 through 6.19.x with patches available in 6.12.78, 6.18.20, 6.19.9, and mainline 7.0. The vulnerability has low EPSS (0.02%, 5th percentile) indicating minimal observed exploitation activity. Vendor patches deployed across stable kernel branches address the issue by enforcing stricter namespace visibility policies via the may_see_all_namespaces() helper.

Insufficient permission checks in Linux kernel nsfs (namespace filesystem) allow low-privileged local users to access other processes' namespaces, potentially escalating privileges across namespace boundaries and leaking sensitive information between isolated services. The vulnerability affects kernel versions before 6.19.9 and 7.0, with patches available in stable branches d2324a9317f0 and 1797ee11451f. EPSS score of 0.02% (5th percentile) indicates low current exploitation probability, and no active exploitation or public POC has been identified in CISA KEV or public sources. The CVSS 8.8 (High) rating reflects scope change (S:C) indicating privilege escalation across security boundaries - a critical concern for containerized environments where namespace isolation is foundational to multi-tenant security.

Use-after-free condition in the Linux kernel's DAMON (Data Access MONitor) subsystem affects systems running kernel version 6.14 and related stable branches prior to the patched commits. A local low-privileged user can trigger a dangling pointer to a stack-allocated walk_control structure when damos_walk() is invoked against an inactive DAMON context, with no public exploit identified at time of analysis and an EPSS probability of just 0.02%.

Out-of-bounds read in the Linux kernel's rtl8723bs staging Wi-Fi driver allows a local authenticated attacker to read memory beyond the WMM IE buffer and potentially crash the kernel. The flaw resides in rtw_restruct_wmm_ie(), which accesses in_ie[i+5] before validating that the index is within in_len. EPSS is 0.02% (7th percentile) and no public exploit identified at time of analysis, but a vendor-released patch is available across multiple stable branches.

RCU tasks grace period stalls cause denial of service in Linux kernel's threaded NAPI busypoll implementation (6.19+). When threaded busypoll is enabled on network interfaces, the napi_threaded_poll_loop function resets its quiescent state tracking (last_qs) on every invocation, preventing rcu_softirq_qs_periodic from reporting grace period completion. This triggers kernel stalls lasting hundreds of seconds (400,000+ jiffies observed), causing tools like bpftrace to hang indefinitely and impacting system stability. Vendor patches available for 6.19.9 and 7.0. EPSS score of 0.02% suggests very low active exploitation likelihood, consistent with this being a kernel-internal RCU mechanism issue affecting specific network polling configurations rather than a remotely triggerable network attack surface.

Timing attacks can compromise TCP Authentication Option (TCP-AO) message authentication codes in Linux kernel 6.7+ due to non-constant-time MAC comparison. Remote unauthenticated attackers on the network path can exploit timing differences during MAC validation to extract authentication secrets, defeating TCP-AO's connection authentication mechanism. Exploitation probability is low (EPSS 0.02%, 5th percentile) with no confirmed active exploitation, but vendor patches are available for affected stable branches including 6.12.78, 6.18.19, 6.19.9, and mainline 7.0.

Timing attacks against TCP MD5 authentication in Linux kernel allow remote attackers to forge connection signatures through MAC comparison oracle. The vulnerability exists because MAC (Message Authentication Code) comparisons in the TCP-MD5 implementation are not constant-time, enabling attackers to extract authentication secrets through timing side-channels. All Linux kernel versions from 2.6.20 through 6.19.9 are affected. Patches are available across all actively maintained stable branches (5.10, 6.1, 6.6, 6.12, 6.18, 6.19, 7.0). EPSS score of 0.02% suggests low automated exploitation probability, though the network-accessible attack vector and authentication bypass capability represent significant risk for systems using TCP MD5 signatures (RFC 2385).

Stack buffer overflow in the Linux kernel's pmbus/q54sj108a2 hwmon driver allows local privileged users to corrupt kernel stack memory by reading from a specific debugfs entry. The flaw stems from a misuse of bin2hex() that writes 64 bytes of hex-encoded output into a 34-byte stack buffer, overflowing it by 30 bytes; no public exploit identified at time of analysis and EPSS exploitation probability is negligible at 0.03% (9th percentile).

Use-after-free in Linux kernel ksmbd allows remote unauthenticated attackers to potentially execute arbitrary code, disclose sensitive information, or cause denial of service. The vulnerability stems from improper RCU lock handling in smb_lazy_parent_lease_break_close() where opinfo pointer is dereferenced after RCU read unlock, creating a race condition. Patches available across multiple kernel versions (6.6.130, 6.12.78, 6.18.19, 6.19.9, 7.0). Despite critical CVSS 9.8 score, EPSS exploitation probability is low (0.02%, 5th percentile) and no active exploitation or public POC identified at time of analysis.

Use-after-free in the Linux kernel's ksmbd SMB server (smb2_open()) allows remote attackers to potentially trigger memory corruption when accessing an opinfo pointer dereferenced after rcu_read_unlock(). The flaw is fixed in upstream stable releases (6.1.167, 6.6.130, 6.12.78, 6.18.19, 6.19.9, and 7.0); no public exploit identified at time of analysis, and EPSS exploitation probability is very low at 0.02%.

Linux kernel's ksmbd server exposes SMB3 session, signing, encryption, and decryption keys in debug logs when KSMBD_DEBUG_AUTH is enabled. Authenticated network attackers with access to system logs can retrieve these cryptographic keys to compromise SMB3 session confidentiality and integrity. EPSS probability is very low (0.01%, 3rd percentile) and no active exploitation is documented. Vendor patches available across multiple stable kernel branches (6.1.167, 6.6.130, 6.12.78, 6.18.20, 6.19.9, 7.0).

Use-after-free in Linux kernel ksmbd allows remote unauthenticated attackers to execute arbitrary code, escalate privileges, or cause denial of service by racing oplock_info access during concurrent RCU read operations. The vulnerability stems from immediate kfree() without RCU grace period, enabling opinfo_get() to call atomic_inc_not_zero() on freed memory. CVSS 9.8 reflects network exploitability without authentication, though EPSS score of 0.02% (5th percentile) suggests minimal observed exploitation attempts. Vendor patches available across multiple kernel versions (6.6.130, 6.12.78, 6.18.19, 6.19.9, 7.0) with fixes referenced in five upstream commits. Not listed in CISA KEV; no public exploit code identified at time of analysis.

Use-after-free in Linux kernel nexthop routing code allows local authenticated attackers with low privileges to execute arbitrary code, escalate privileges, or crash the system. The vulnerability occurs when removing a nexthop from a routing group, where percpu statistics memory is freed before the RCU grace period completes, allowing concurrent readers to access freed memory. Vendor patches available for stable kernel branches 6.12.78, 6.18.19, 6.19.9, and mainline 7.0. EPSS score of 0.02% (5th percentile) indicates low observed exploitation probability, and no active exploitation is confirmed (not in CISA KEV). CVSS 7.8 reflects local attack vector requiring authenticated access.

Memory exhaustion in Linux kernel NCSI protocol handler allows remote denial of service through resource depletion. The Network Controller Sideband Interface (NCSI) receive and Asynchronous Event Notification (AEN) handlers fail to free socket buffers (skbs) in error paths, enabling network attackers to exhaust kernel memory by sending malformed NCSI packets or triggering device resolution failures. CVSS 7.5 (High severity) reflects unauthenticated network exploitation, though low EPSS score (0.02%, 7th percentile) suggests minimal observed exploitation. Vendor patches available across all active kernel branches (5.10.253, 5.15.203, 6.1.167, 6.6.130, 6.12.78, 6.18.19, 6.19.9, 7.0).

Use-after-free race condition in Linux kernel amdgpu driver allows local authenticated users to achieve arbitrary code execution with high confidentiality, integrity, and availability impact. The flaw occurs when parent and child processes sharing a drm_file both attempt to acquire the same virtual memory context after fork(), due to non-atomic vm->process_info assignment. Patches released across multiple stable kernel versions (5.10.253, 5.15.203, 6.1.167, 6.6.130, 6.12.78, 6.18.19, 6.19.9, 7.0). EPSS score of 0.02% (7th percentile) indicates very low predicted exploitation probability despite CVSS 7.8 severity, and no active exploitation or public POC identified.

Local privilege escalation in Linux kernel io_uring subsystem allows authenticated attackers with low privileges to achieve high confidentiality, integrity, and availability impact through improper buffer list type validation during recycling operations. The vulnerability stems from a race condition where buffer lists can be upgraded from legacy to ring-provided type between acquisition and recycling when requests are forced through io-wq, potentially leading to type confusion and memory corruption. Patches available across multiple kernel versions (6.1.167, 6.6.130, 6.12.78, 6.18.19, 6.19.9, 7.0) with upstream commits confirmed. EPSS score is very low (0.02%, 7th percentile) indicating minimal observed exploitation probability despite high CVSS 7.8 rating. No KEV listing or public exploit identified at time of analysis.

Log corruption in Linux kernel XFS filesystem leads to mount failures and potential data integrity loss when superblock lacks log stripe unit configuration. Systems with 4k physical sector disks are vulnerable to torn writes and CRC failures that prevent filesystem mounting. Vendor-released patches available across multiple stable kernel branches (5.15.203, 6.1.167, 6.6.130, 6.12.78, 6.18.19, 6.19.9, 7.0). EPSS score of 0.02% suggests low exploitation probability. No active exploitation confirmed (not in CISA KEV). CVSS 8.2 reflects network vector but description indicates local filesystem operation - attack vector discrepancy requires verification.

Race condition in Linux kernel I3C HCI DMA dequeue handler allows local authenticated attackers with low privileges to trigger memory corruption leading to privilege escalation, denial of service, or information disclosure. The vulnerability affects kernel versions from 5.11 onwards where the mipi-i3c-hci driver is enabled. EPSS probability is low (0.02%, 4th percentile) and no active exploitation or public POC is identified at time of analysis. Vendor patches available for stable kernel branches 6.18.19, 6.19.9, and 7.0.

Flawed DMA ring abort handling in the Linux kernel's MIPI I3C Host Controller Interface driver allows local authenticated attackers with low privileges to cause high-severity impacts including information disclosure, integrity violations, and denial of service. The vulnerability stems from improper abort sequence logic that disrupts controller state by unintentionally clearing hardware enable bits and resetting ring pointers. Vendor patches are available for kernel versions 6.18.19, 6.19.9, and 7.0. EPSS score of 0.02% (4th percentile) indicates low probability of mass exploitation, and no active exploitation or public POC has been identified at time of analysis.

Remote attackers can invoke arbitrary application callables in PraisonAI multi-agent systems by manipulating tool-call names to bypass tool declaration controls. Vulnerable versions (praisonai <4.6.37, praisonaiagents <1.6.37) resolve unmatched tool names against module globals and __main__ namespaces without permission validation when _perm_allow is None (default configuration). This enables unauthorized function execution beyond the intended tool list, allowing integrity compromise and potential information disclosure. Patched versions 4.6.37 and 1.6.37 address the tool name resolution vulnerability.

Out-of-bounds read in Linux kernel SMB client allows malicious SMB servers to disclose kernel memory and potentially crash systems via crafted NFS mode SIDs in ACL responses. Affects Linux kernel 5.4+ with SMB client enabled. Vendor patches released for stable branches 6.6.136, 6.12.84, 6.18.25, 7.0.2, and mainline 7.1-rc1. EPSS score of 0.02% (5th percentile) indicates low observed exploitation probability, and no active exploitation confirmed (not in CISA KEV). Attack requires user interaction (mounting malicious SMB share), reducing practical risk for environments with controlled server connections.

Linux Kernel versions 6.4 and later containing IPA v5.0+ hardware support experience complete data path failure and indefinite system hangs during suspend or shutdown operations due to a register field misprogramming bug. The event ring index field was incorrectly referenced using an outdated identifier (ERINDEX instead of CH_ERINDEX) in the CH_C_CNTXT_1 register definition, preventing GSI channels from signaling transfer completions. This causes gsi_channel_trans_quiesce() to block indefinitely in wait_for_completion(), resulting in runtime suspend, system suspend, and remoteproc stop operations hanging forever. Patches are available across multiple stable kernel branches (6.6.136, 6.12.83, 6.18.24, 6.19.14, 7.0). EPSS score of 0.02% indicates very low observed exploitation probability, and no active exploitation is confirmed (not in CISA KEV). The CVSS vector indicates network-accessible attack surface, though the actual impact is limited to devices with IPA v5.0+ hardware.

Local privilege escalation in Linux kernel IPv6 address configuration subsystem enables authenticated local users to gain high-level system access through a use-after-free (UaF) condition in addrconf_permanent_addr(). Patch available across all maintained stable kernel series (5.10.253, 5.15.203, 6.1.168, 6.6.134, 6.12.81, 6.18.22, 6.19.12, 7.0) with fixes backported from commit f1705ec197e7. EPSS score of 0.02% suggests minimal active exploitation likelihood, no KEV listing or public POC identified at time of analysis.

ChaCha cipher implementation in the Linux kernel leaks cryptographic key material through an improperly zeroized stack variable. The ChaCha permutation function leaves 'permuted_state' on the stack after execution, which can be used to reverse-compute the original encryption key since ChaCha's permutation is mathematically invertible. This information disclosure affects kernel cryptographic operations including the RNG (random number generator). EPSS score of 0.02% indicates very low observed exploitation probability, and no active exploitation is confirmed (not in CISA KEV). Patches are available across all maintained kernel versions from 5.10.253 through 6.19.12.

Authentication downgrade in Linux kernel Bluetooth SMP allows adjacent network attackers to bypass MITM protection during pairing. When a Bluetooth responder requires BT_SECURITY_HIGH, the SMP implementation incorrectly builds pairing responses before enforcing local MITM requirements, allowing initiators to force weaker 'Just Confirm' authentication even when policy mandates stronger methods. EPSS score of 0.02% indicates low predicted exploitation probability, and no active exploitation or public POC has been identified. Patches available across all supported kernel branches (5.10.253, 5.15.203, 6.1.168, 6.6.134, 6.12.81, 6.18.22, 6.19.12, 7.0).

Use-after-free in Linux kernel thermal subsystem allows local authenticated attackers with low privileges to achieve high confidentiality, integrity, and availability impact through race condition during thermal zone device registration failure. The flaw occurs when thermal_zone_device_register_with_trips() fails after registration but before properly cleaning up - if userspace holds a kobject reference, the thermal zone structure can be freed prematurely while still in use. Vendor patches available across stable branches (6.6.134, 6.12.81, 6.18.22, 6.19.12, 7.0). EPSS score of 0.02% (5th percentile) indicates very low observed exploitation probability despite CVSS 7.8 rating, suggesting limited real-world attacker interest in this local race condition.

Double-free condition in the Linux kernel's cpufreq governor subsystem affects multiple stable branches and can lead to memory corruption when an error path in cpufreq_dbs_governor_init() is triggered. The flaw stems from redundant cleanup logic that calls gov->exit() and kfree(dbs_data) twice after a kobject_init_and_add() failure, and no public exploit identified at time of analysis. EPSS exploitation probability is very low (0.02%, 7th percentile), consistent with a local memory-safety bug requiring privileged access rather than a remote attack surface.

Race condition in the Linux kernel's dummy-hcd USB driver allows local authenticated users to trigger use-after-free conditions during gadget driver unbinding, potentially enabling privilege escalation, information disclosure, or denial of service. The flaw stems from incorrect ordering of interrupt synchronization - emulated synchronize_irq() runs before interrupt-disable, allowing callbacks to execute after the gadget driver is unbound. Patched versions include 5.15.203, 6.1.168, 6.6.134, 6.12.81, 6.18.22, 6.19.12, and mainline 7.0. EPSS score of 0.02% (7th percentile) indicates very low probability of exploitation in the wild, with no confirmed active exploitation or public POC identified at time of analysis.

Use-after-free (UAF) in Linux kernel Bluetooth subsystem allows adjacent network attackers to trigger memory corruption via malformed LE Read Features Complete responses. The vulnerability occurs when hci_conn is freed before le_read_features_complete callback executes but after hci_le_read_remote_features_sync initiates, causing atomic operations on freed memory during hci_conn_drop. Active exploitation status not confirmed (no CISA KEV listing). EPSS score of 0.02% (5th percentile) indicates very low observed exploitation probability. Upstream patches committed to stable kernel branches 6.19.12+ and 7.0+.

Improper register liveness tracking in the Linux kernel eBPF verifier allows local authenticated users to potentially achieve information disclosure, privilege escalation, or denial of service through crafted BPF programs. The vulnerability stems from the compute_insn_live_regs() function failing to mark registers as used during indirect jump ('gotox rX') instructions, enabling attackers with BPF program loading privileges to manipulate register state tracking. With EPSS exploitation probability at 0.02% (5th percentile) and no evidence of active exploitation or public POC, this represents a theoretical risk primarily for systems where unprivileged users can load BPF programs. Vendor patches are available for kernel versions 6.18.16, 6.19.6, and 7.0.

Buffer over-read in the Linux kernel's adxl380 IIO accelerometer driver allows local authenticated users to read arbitrary kernel memory. The FIFO interrupt handler incorrectly calculates batch sizes when multiple channels are enabled, reading more entries than exist in the FIFO buffer. CVSS rates this 7.8 (High) with local access requiring low-privileged credentials. EPSS exploitation probability is minimal (0.02%, 5th percentile), indicating low real-world risk. Patches available in stable kernel versions 6.12.75, 6.18.16, 6.19.6, and 7.0.

Improper key length validation in the Linux kernel's libceph authentication subsystem allows remote unauthenticated attackers to trigger memory corruption during Ceph authentication key decoding. This affects systems using Ceph distributed storage clusters, with EPSS probability 0.02% (percentile 7%), indicating low immediate exploitation likelihood. Patches available across all supported kernel branches (5.15.202, 6.1.165, 6.6.128, 6.12.75, 6.18.16, 6.19.6, 7.0) with commits linked in multiple stable trees, suggesting coordinated vendor response. No public exploit code or CISA KEV listing identified at time of analysis.

Denial of service in Linux kernel octeontx2-af network driver allows remote unauthenticated attackers to trigger system stalls and deadlocks via network traffic that exploits hardware errata in Marvell OcteonTX2 NIX SQ manager. The vulnerability affects Linux kernel versions from mainline through multiple stable branches, with vendor patches released for 5.10.252, 5.15.202, 6.1.165, 6.6.128, 6.12.75, 6.18.16, 6.19.6, and mainline 7.0. EPSS exploitation probability is low at 0.02% (7th percentile), and no public exploit or active exploitation is confirmed at time of analysis.

Improper packet data validation in Linux kernel NCI NFC subsystem breaks communication with NFC chips and creates potential for information disclosure. The vulnerability affects adjacent network attackers (AV:A) who can exploit variable-length packet handling without authentication (PR:N) to achieve high confidentiality impact, low integrity impact, and high availability impact. EPSS score of 0.02% (7th percentile) indicates low observed exploitation probability despite CVSS 8.3 severity. Vendor patches available across multiple kernel versions (5.15.202, 6.1.165, 6.6.128, 6.12.75, 6.18.16, 6.19.6, 7.0) with upstream fixes committed to stable branches.

A buffer management flaw in the Linux kernel's uvcvideo (USB Video Class) driver allows local authenticated attackers to trigger memory corruption via improper buffer handling when streaming initialization fails. The vulnerability manifests when xHCI controller failures cause uvc_pm_get() errors during start_streaming(), leaving queued video buffers unreturned and potentially causing system instability or privilege escalation. Patches are available from kernel maintainers for versions 6.18.16, 6.19.6, and 7.0+, with upstream fixes committed. EPSS score of 0.02% suggests minimal observed exploitation attempts, and no KEV listing indicates this is not currently exploited in the wild despite the high CVSS 7.8 score.

Unauthorized cross-tenant access in Apache CloudStack 4.21.0 through 4.22.0 allows remote unauthenticated attackers to gain full control over virtual machines belonging to other tenants via the Proxmox extension. Attackers exploit a user-editable 'proxmox_vmid' setting that lacks tenant ownership validation and predictable VM IDs to reference and control VMs across tenant boundaries, enabling VM start/stop/destroy operations. CVSS 9.1 indicates critical severity with network attack vector and no authentication required, though EPSS data and KEV status are not available to confirm active exploitation patterns.

Use-after-free in Linux kernel ESP (IPsec) allows local authenticated attackers to decrypt shared memory fragments improperly, potentially exposing encrypted network traffic or causing memory corruption. Affects kernel versions 6.5+ where MSG_SPLICE_PAGES can attach pipe pages directly to UDP socket buffers. The IPv4/IPv6 datagram paths fail to mark spliced pages as shared, causing ESP input decryption to modify memory not privately owned by the packet buffer. Public exploit code exists (POC available on GitHub), EPSS score is low (0.01%) indicating limited widespread exploitation risk, and vendor patches are available across affected stable kernel branches (6.6.138, 6.12.87, 6.18.28, 7.0.5).

Cookie leakage in curl (libcurl) versions 7.71.0 through 8.19.0 allows remote servers to receive cookies intended for a different host when a stale custom cookie host value persists across requests. The flaw, tracked as CWE-319 (cleartext transmission of sensitive information), carries a CVSS 7.5 and SSVC 'partial' technical impact, with no public exploit identified at time of analysis and an EPSS of 0.01%.

Authorization bypass in Heimdall cloud-native Identity Aware Proxy allows remote unauthenticated attackers to circumvent access control policies via path normalization mismatches. Attackers can craft requests with encoded or relative path traversal sequences (e.g., /public/../admin, /user/%2e%2e/admin) that Heimdall evaluates against one rule while downstream services normalize to a different protected path, enabling unauthorized access to restricted resources or functionality. No public exploit identified at time of analysis, though CVSS vector indicates network-accessible, low-complexity exploitation (CVSS:4.0 AV:N/AC:L/PR:N). Fixed in version 0.17.14.

Heimdall's case-sensitive host matching bypasses access control policies when attackers submit HTTP requests with alternate letter casing in the Host header, exploiting the discrepancy between HTTP spec (case-insensitive hostnames) and Heimdall's implementation. Versions prior to 0.17.14 fail to match rules configured for lowercase hostnames when requests arrive with mixed or uppercase casing, potentially routing to permissive default rules and granting unintended access. This vulnerability is most dangerous when Heimdall is deployed with insecure default rule enforcement flags enabled, though it requires attackers to know the exact hostname pattern and exploit misconfiguration.

Authorization bypass in Heimdall cloud-native Identity Aware Proxy affects versions prior to 0.17.14 due to case-sensitive URL-encoded slash handling. Remote unauthenticated attackers can craft requests with lowercase-encoded slashes (%2f) to evade path-based access controls when 'allow_encoded_slashes' is disabled (default). This discrepancy between Heimdall's path interpretation and upstream services enables access to restricted endpoints if a permissive default rule exists. GitHub reports a public fix (PR #3207, commit 8b0de6a) with patched version 0.17.14 released. No public exploit identified at time of analysis. CVSS 7.8 with CVSS:4.0 vector indicates network-accessible, low-complexity attack requiring no privileges or user interaction, though real-world impact depends on deployment configuration.

Anonymous authorization bypass in Mendix Studio Pro (all versions up to 11.8.0 Beta) causes the Anonymous user role to silently follow standard user-inheritance rules, so an unauthenticated visitor can read every record in an entity even when no access rights are configured for that role. Demonstrated in DIVD's VerySecureApp (≤1.1.0), the flaw exposes entire datasets to anonymous callers whenever anonymous access is enabled to publish an entity publicly. There is no public exploit identified at time of analysis, EPSS is very low (0.04%), and it is not on CISA KEV, but SSVC rates technical impact as total and automatable.

Unauthorized information disclosure in Azure DevOps allows remote unauthenticated attackers to access sensitive data via network requests and potentially compromise the system with high confidentiality, integrity, and availability impact. The vulnerability carries a maximum CVSS 10.0 score with scope change, indicating cross-boundary impact. Microsoft has released an official patch, and no active exploitation has been reported via CISA KEV at the time of analysis.

Remote code execution in Azure Managed Instance for Apache Cassandra allows authenticated attackers with low privileges to execute arbitrary code when a user interacts with a malicious payload. CVSS 9.0 (Critical) with scope change indicates container/tenant escape potential. Microsoft released a patch (MSRC update guide), and CVSS temporal metrics confirm remediation available with complete confidence, though no confirmed active exploitation or public POC identified at time of analysis.

Remote unauthenticated attackers can disclose sensitive information from Microsoft 365 Copilot's Business Chat through improper input neutralization (CVSS 7.5). The vulnerability allows network-based exploitation with low complexity and no user interaction required. Vendor-released patch available via Microsoft Security Response Center (MSRC-2026-26129). No public exploit identified at time of analysis, though the low attack complexity (AC:L) and lack of authentication requirements (PR:N) increase realistic exploitation risk.

Injection vulnerability in Microsoft 365 Copilot's Business Chat enables remote unauthenticated attackers to extract sensitive information through specially crafted inputs. Microsoft has released a patch addressing this CWE-74 injection flaw. With CVSS 7.5 (High), network-accessible attack vector, and no authentication required, this represents a significant exposure for organizations using Copilot Business Chat, though no active exploitation is confirmed at time of analysis.

Consensus divergence in Zebra 4.3.1 enables blockchain network partitioning through crafted transparent transactions with invalid sighash types. Insufficient error handling at the Rust-to-C++ FFI boundary causes Zebra to incorrectly accept transactions with undefined hash types by reusing stale buffer data from prior valid signature checks, while zcashd correctly rejects these transactions. Attackers can exploit this by chaining OP_CHECKSIGVERIFY with OP_CHECKSIG opcodes using invalid hash types to trigger acceptance on Zebra nodes but rejection on zcashd nodes, creating a consensus split that could enable double-spend attacks. Vendor-released patch: 4.4.0. No public exploit identified at time of analysis, but the technical mechanism is fully disclosed in the GitHub advisory GHSA-gq4h-3grw-2rhv.

Zebra's block validator fails to count transparent signature operations correctly, allowing malicious miners to create blocks that exceed the 20,000 sigop consensus limit and trigger network splits between Zebra and zcashd nodes. The vulnerability affects Zebra versions prior to 4.4.0 and stems from two distinct accounting flaws: (1) coinbase input scriptSigs were excluded from legacy sigop counts, hiding up to 98 operations, and (2) P2SH redeem script sigops were only computed during mempool validation but never aggregated during block validation. A miner could craft a single block with 1,334+ P2SH spends to exceed the limit and partition the Zcash network. Vendor-released patch: Zebra 4.4.0 (confirmed by GitHub advisory GHSA-jv4h-j224-23cc). No public exploit identified at time of analysis.

Denial of service in the Go standard library's net/mail package allows remote attackers to exhaust CPU or memory by submitting pathologically crafted email address strings that the consumePhrase routine parses inefficiently while handling RFC 5322 phrases. The flaw affects Go releases through 1.25.9 and the 1.26.0-1.26.2 series, is fixed in Go 1.26.3 and 1.25.10, and publicly available exploit code exists, though EPSS scores exploitation likelihood at only 0.01% and it is not on CISA KEV.

Certificate validation bypass in PJSIP versions before 2.17 allows remote attackers to perform man-in-the-middle attacks against TLS connections when built with GnuTLS. Despite applications explicitly enabling certificate verification through verify_server or verify_client flags, the SIP TLS transport accepts connections with invalid or untrusted certificates, exposing SIP signaling to interception and manipulation. Vendor-released patch available in version 2.17 with GitHub commit ef684252. No public exploit identified at time of analysis, though the vulnerability is straightforward to exploit given the network attack vector and low complexity (CVSS:4.0 AV:N/AC:L/PR:N).

Remote code execution in GitPython < 3.1.47 allows unauthenticated network attackers to inject malicious Git configuration during repository clone operations via crafted multi_options arguments. The _clone() method validates options before shlex.split transformation, enabling attackers to bypass unsafe option checks by embedding commands like '--config core.hooksPath=/attacker/path' within '--branch' strings. Git then executes attacker-controlled hooks during clone. Vendor-released patch available in version 3.1.47. CVSS 8.1 with high attack complexity; no EPSS or KEV data available, but public exploit code exists per GitHub security advisory GHSA-x2qx-6953-8485.

Unauthenticated account takeover in FreeScout versions prior to 1.8.217 allows remote attackers to gain permanent access to user accounts, including admin accounts, via non-expiring invite tokens. The /user-setup/{hash} endpoint accepts 60-character invite_hash values with no time-based expiration, remaining valid indefinitely until consumed. Attackers who obtain leaked invite links through forwarded emails, HTTP referrer logs, CDN access logs, or archived messages can set passwords for target accounts months or years post-issuance. CVSS 9.1 (Critical) with network vector and no authentication required. Patched in version 1.8.217 with 7-day invite expiration. EPSS and KEV data not available; no public exploit code identified at time of analysis.

Use-after-free memory corruption in PHP 8.2.x enables remote attackers to achieve high-impact exploitation through network-accessible attack vectors, despite high attack complexity and specific timing requirements. PHP 8.2.31 addresses this vulnerability along with seven other security issues in a coordinated security release. The CVSS v4.0 score of 9.5 reflects both confidentiality and integrity impact across vulnerable and subsequent systems, with high availability impact. No public exploit code or active exploitation confirmed at time of analysis, but the vendor urgency indicator (U:Red) and release coordinator emphasis (RE:M) signal critical priority for organizations running PHP 8.2.x in production environments.

Matrix access token disclosure in the Cinny web client (versions before 4.10.3) lets a remote authenticated attacker who shares a room with a victim and can create room emotes (e.g., in a DM) exfiltrate the victim's bearer access token to an attacker-controlled server. The token is leaked when the victim opens the emoji or sticker picker in a room containing a malicious emote pack, because a crafted pack avatar URL is fetched with the user's Authorization header attached. No public exploit has been identified at time of analysis, it is not listed in CISA KEV, and no EPSS score was provided; the vendor rates it CVSS 4.0 7.1 (confidentiality-only impact).

Improper certificate validation in Ivanti Endpoint Manager Mobile (EPMM) enables remote unauthenticated attackers to enroll restricted devices without authorization, exposing appliance configuration details and compromising enrolled device identity integrity. Affects EPMM versions prior to 12.6.1.1, 12.7.0.1, and 12.8.0.1. CVSS 7.4 with high attack complexity suggests exploitation requires specific timing or conditions. No confirmed active exploitation (not in CISA KEV) and no public exploit code identified at time of analysis, though Ivanti products have been frequent targets of nation-state actors in recent years.

Certificate validation bypass in Ivanti Endpoint Manager Mobile (EPMM) allows remote unauthenticated attackers to impersonate registered Sentry hosts and fraudulently obtain CA-signed client certificates. Affects all versions before 12.6.1.1, 12.7.0.1, and 12.8.0.1. High-severity network attack (CVSS 8.9) with changed scope indicating potential pivot to additional systems. No active exploitation confirmed in CISA KEV at time of analysis, but Ivanti products are frequent targets requiring immediate patching priority.

Undocumented persistent backdoor in Yarbo firmware v2.3.9 grants remote privileged access that survives factory reset and firmware updates. The backdoor requires high-privilege authentication (CVSS PR:H) but provides complete system control once accessed. No public exploit identified at time of analysis, though GitHub repository reference suggests technical disclosure exists. CVSS 7.2 reflects the high-privilege requirement, but persistence across resets and undocumented nature indicate significant supply chain or insider threat risk.

Predictable token generation in RELATE courseware allows remote attackers to forge authentication and exam access tokens. The vulnerability affects two critical security functions: make_sign_in_key() in auth.py (user authentication) and gen_ticket_code() in exam.py (exam access control). Weak pseudorandom number generation (CWE-338) enables attackers with high complexity to bypass authentication mechanisms and gain unauthorized access to exams with potential for integrity and availability compromise across security boundaries (CVSS scope change). Patched in commit 2f68e16. EPSS data not available; no public exploit identified at time of analysis.

Multiple memory corruption vulnerabilities in Mozilla Firefox allow remote code execution through browser rendering engine flaws. Firefox ESR 115.35.1, Firefox ESR 140.10.1, and Firefox 150.0.1 contain memory safety bugs with evidence of memory corruption that could enable arbitrary code execution. Fixed versions are available (Firefox 150.0.2, Firefox ESR 140.10.2, Firefox ESR 115.35.2). EPSS score of 0.01% indicates very low exploitation probability in the wild, and SSVC framework shows no confirmed exploitation and non-automatable attacks. Despite high CVSS 8.1, real-world exploitation requires significant complexity (AC:H), reducing immediate risk for most environments.

Remote code execution in Firefox ESR allows unauthenticated network attackers to achieve complete system compromise via malformed audio/video content. Mozilla has released patches in Firefox ESR 140.10.2 and Firefox ESR 115.35.2. Despite a critical CVSS 9.8 score and SSVC rating of 'total' technical impact with automatable exploitation, EPSS assigns only 0.01% exploitation probability (1st percentile), and no public exploit or active exploitation has been identified. The severity stems from the unauthenticated network attack vector against a boundary condition flaw in media playback - a user-facing feature in a widely-deployed browser component.

Use-after-free memory corruption in Firefox's DOM Networking component enables remote attackers to achieve unauthorized information disclosure, data manipulation, and service disruption without authentication or user interaction. Affects Firefox mainline and both Extended Support Release (ESR) branches. Mozilla shipped patches in Firefox 150.0.2, Firefox ESR 140.10.2, and Firefox ESR 115.35.2. SSVC analysis indicates no confirmed exploitation but the vulnerability is fully automatable with partial technical impact across confidentiality, integrity, and availability. EPSS data not available but the network attack vector (AV:N) with no prerequisites (AC:L/PR:N/UI:N) presents significant exposure for unpatched installations.

Remote unauthenticated attackers can bypass access control lists in Liderahenk 2.0.1, achieving complete system compromise with confidentiality, integrity, and availability impact. The origin validation flaw (CWE-346) allows attackers to access restricted functionality without proper authorization checks. CVSS 9.8 (Critical) reflects network-accessible exploitation requiring no authentication or user interaction. No EPSS data or CISA KEV status available, but the origin validation weakness combined with unrestricted network access creates high practical risk. Reported by Turkey's National Cyber Security Center (USOM), indicating potential targeting of Turkish government/organizational deployments.

Cross-site request forgery (CSRF) in Open Notebook v1.8.1 enables remote attackers to manipulate or delete database entries through social engineering attacks. The vulnerability combines input validation flaws (CWE-20) with overly permissive default CORS settings, allowing malicious sites to send authenticated requests on behalf of legitimate users. Attackers craft malicious URLs that, when clicked by authenticated users, execute unauthorized database operations including data modification, deletion, and potential exfiltration depending on deployment configuration. No public exploit code or active exploitation confirmed at time of analysis.

Remote code execution in Math.js expression parser allows authenticated attackers to execute arbitrary JavaScript code in versions 13.1.0 through 15.1.x. The vulnerability stems from unsafe property access controls (CWE-915) that can be exploited via crafted mathematical expressions. Patched in version 15.2.0 with comprehensive property access validation (commit bcf0da4, PR #3656). No active exploitation confirmed by CISA KEV, but public patch code reveals exploitable attack surface involving prototype pollution or unsafe property traversal. CVSS 8.8 with network vector and low complexity indicates high real-world risk for applications exposing Math.js parsing to user input.

Out-of-bounds read in OpenEXR 3.0.0-3.4.10 allows remote attackers to trigger information disclosure and denial of service by sending malformed EXR image files containing manipulated prefix-compressed strings in IDManifest structures. The vulnerability bypasses bounds checking when reconstructing strings longer than 255 bytes, reading memory outside allocated buffers. EPSS data not available; no public exploit confirmed at time of analysis. Patches released in versions 3.2.9, 3.3.11, and 3.4.11.

Time-of-check-time-of-use (TOCTOU) race condition in Spring Cloud Config Server's Git repository cloning mechanism allows local privileged attackers with high-privilege system access to potentially read or modify configuration data intended for other applications. Exploitation requires timing manipulation of the basedir filesystem path between validation and use, enabling symlink attacks or directory substitution. CVSS 7.2 reflects high attack complexity (AC:H) and privileged local access (AV:L/PR:H) requirements, but scope change (S:C) indicates impact beyond the vulnerable component. EPSS data not available; no public exploit identified at time of analysis.

Session replay vulnerability in Katalyst Koi admin authentication allows attackers with previously captured session cookies to maintain administrative access after legitimate logout. The issue affects Koi versions prior to 4.20.0 and 5.0.0-5.5.x, stemming from inadequate session invalidation that violates Rails security best practices for CookieStore session replay prevention. While the CVSS score of 7.4 reflects network-based attack potential, the AC:H rating and prerequisite of cookie interception significantly reduce real-world exploitation probability. No evidence of active exploitation or public POC exists at time of analysis, and vendor-released patches are available for both affected version ranges.

Kubernetes Secret extraction in Argo CD v3.2.0-3.2.10 and v3.3.0-3.3.8 allows authenticated users with read-only application permissions to retrieve plaintext credential data including service account tokens, TLS certificates, database passwords, and API keys via the ServerSideDiff endpoint. The vulnerability exists due to missing data masking in the gRPC/REST ServerSideDiff function, which returns raw Kubernetes Server-Side Apply dry-run responses containing unredacted Secret values from etcd when applications are annotated with 'IncludeMutationWebhook=true'. A functional proof-of-concept exploit exists demonstrating automated extraction of all accessible secrets. Vendor-released patches (3.2.11, 3.3.9) are available. CVSS 9.6 reflects network-exploitable, low-complexity attack requiring only low-privilege authenticated access with cross-scope high confidentiality/integrity impact.

Supply chain compromise in PyTorch Lightning versions 2.6.2 and 2.6.3 delivers credential-harvesting malware through the official PyPI distribution channel. Lightning AI confirmed malicious code was injected into these specific releases, targeting API keys, access tokens, SSH keys, and service account credentials. The compromised versions were quarantined from PyPI and users are directed to downgrade to known-clean version 2.6.1. The CVSS 9.3 score reflects network-accessible exploitation requiring no authentication or user interaction, though exploitation is limited to systems that specifically installed the two poisoned versions.

HTTP response desynchronization in Netty's HttpClientCodec (netty-codec-http 4.1.x through 4.1.132.Final and 4.2.0.Alpha1 through 4.2.12.Final) lets a malicious or misbehaving server cause one request's response body to be parsed as another's. Because the codec polls its request queue once per inbound response — including for informational 1xx — a pipelined GET+HEAD sequence preceded by a 103 mispairs the HEAD with the GET's 200, leaving GET entity bytes on the wire so the following response is parsed from the wrong offset. Rated CVSS 9.1 (I:H/A:H), publicly available exploit code exists (a vendor PoC ships in the advisory), though EPSS is very low (0.04%) and it is not on CISA KEV.

FlightPHP Core's default error handler exposes full exception messages, stack traces, and absolute filesystem paths in HTTP 500 responses without any debug-mode gating. All versions before 3.18.1 leak internal application structure, vendor package names, and any secrets interpolated into exception messages to unauthenticated remote attackers. This information disclosure primes follow-on attacks like LFI and path traversal by revealing server paths and configuration file locations. Vendor-released patch in version 3.18.1 introduces a flight.debug setting (default false) that suppresses verbose output in production. CVSS 7.5 reflects network-accessible information disclosure with no privileges required.

Environment variable namespace collision in OpenClaw npm package before version 2026.4.20 enables malicious workspace dotenv files to override critical runtime control variables including OPENCLAW_GIT_DIR, potentially redirecting trusted operations like source updates and installer flows to attacker-controlled paths. Exploitation requires user interaction (opening a malicious workspace) but no authentication, achieving high confidentiality and integrity impact within the local scope. CVSS 8.5 severity reflects the local attack vector with low complexity. No active exploitation confirmed (not in CISA KEV), but public exploit code exists via the GitHub security advisory demonstrating the attack surface. Fixed in version 2026.4.20 per vendor commit 018494fa.

Environment variable injection in OpenClaw before 2026.4.10 allows authenticated remote attackers to hijack interpreter execution behavior through insufficient filtering of high-risk startup variables (VIMINIT, EXINIT, LUA_INIT, HOSTALIASES). The vulnerability enables code execution by manipulating how downstream interpreters (Vim, ex, Lua) initialize and resolve hostnames. Patched in version 2026.4.10 following coordinated disclosure by Tencent zhuque Lab. No public exploit identified at time of analysis, though CVSS 8.7 reflects network-exploitable attack surface with low complexity requiring only low-privilege authentication.