Information Disclosure
Information disclosure occurs when an application unintentionally exposes sensitive data that aids attackers in reconnaissance or directly compromises security.
How It Works
Information disclosure occurs when an application unintentionally exposes sensitive data that aids attackers in reconnaissance or directly compromises security. This happens through multiple channels: verbose error messages that display stack traces revealing internal paths and frameworks, improperly secured debug endpoints left active in production, and misconfigured servers that expose directory listings or version control artifacts like .git folders. APIs often leak excessive data in responses—returning full user objects when only a name is needed, or revealing system internals through metadata fields.
Attackers exploit these exposures systematically. They probe for common sensitive files (.env, config.php, backup archives), trigger error conditions to extract framework details, and analyze response timing or content differences to enumerate valid usernames or resources. Even subtle variations—like "invalid password" versus "user not found"—enable account enumeration. Exposed configuration files frequently contain database credentials, API keys, or internal service URLs that unlock further attack vectors.
The attack flow typically starts with passive reconnaissance: examining HTTP headers, JavaScript bundles, and public endpoints for version information and architecture clues. Active probing follows—testing predictable paths, manipulating parameters to trigger exceptions, and comparing responses across similar requests to identify information leakage patterns.
Impact
- Credential compromise: Exposed configuration files, hardcoded secrets in source code, or API keys enable direct authentication bypass
- Attack surface mapping: Stack traces, framework versions, and internal paths help attackers craft targeted exploits for known vulnerabilities
- Data breach: Direct exposure of user data, payment information, or proprietary business logic through oversharing APIs or accessible backups
- Privilege escalation pathway: Internal URLs, service discovery information, and architecture details facilitate lateral movement and SSRF attacks
- Compliance violations: GDPR, PCI-DSS, and HIPAA penalties for exposing regulated data through preventable disclosures
Real-World Examples
A major Git repository exposure affected thousands of websites when .git folders remained accessible on production servers, allowing attackers to reconstruct entire source code histories including deleted commits containing credentials. Tools like GitDumper automated mass exploitation of this misconfiguration.
Cloud storage misconfigurations have repeatedly exposed sensitive data when companies left S3 buckets or Azure Blob containers publicly readable. One incident exposed 150 million voter records because verbose API error messages revealed the storage URL structure, and no authentication was required.
Framework debug modes left enabled in production have caused numerous breaches. Django's DEBUG=True setting exposed complete stack traces with database queries and environment variables, while Laravel's debug pages revealed encryption keys through the APP_KEY variable in environment dumps.
Mitigation
- Generic error pages: Return uniform error messages to users; log detailed exceptions server-side only
- Disable debug modes: Enforce production configurations that suppress stack traces, verbose logging, and debug endpoints through deployment automation
- Access control audits: Restrict or remove development artifacts (
.git, backup files,phpinfo()) and internal endpoints before deployment - Response minimization: API responses should return only necessary fields; implement allowlists rather than blocklists for data exposure
- Security headers: Deploy
X-Content-Type-Options, remove server version banners, and disable directory indexing - Timing consistency: Ensure authentication and validation responses take uniform time regardless of input validity
Recent CVEs (69267)
A vulnerability has been identified in Parasolid V33.1 (All versions < V33.1.262), Parasolid V33.1 (All versions >= V33.1.262 < V33.1.263), Parasolid V34.0 (All versions < V34.0.252), Parasolid V34.1. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
A vulnerability has been identified in Parasolid V33.1 (All versions < V33.1.262), Parasolid V34.0 (All versions < V34.0.252), Parasolid V34.1 (All versions < V34.1.242), Parasolid V35.0 (All. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
A vulnerability has been identified in Parasolid V33.1 (All versions < V33.1.262), Parasolid V34.0 (All versions < V34.0.252), Parasolid V34.1 (All versions < V34.1.242), Parasolid V35.0 (All. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
An issue in the Elasticsearch plugin of Appsmith v1.7.11 allows attackers to connect disallowed hosts to the AWS/GCP internal metadata endpoint. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity.
FreshService Windows Agent < 2.11.0 and FreshService macOS Agent < 4.2.0 and FreshService Linux Agent < 3.3.0. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.1), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
FreshService macOS Agent < 4.4.0 and FreshServce Linux Agent < 3.4.0 are vulnerable to TLS Man-in-The-Middle via the FreshAgent client and scheduled update service. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.1), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
Dendrite is a Matrix homeserver written in Go. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity.
Shopware is an open source e-commerce software. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. This Exposure of Sensitive Information vulnerability could allow attackers to access sensitive data that should not be disclosed.
Dell BIOS versions contain an Unchecked Return Value vulnerability. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.1), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.
Dell BIOS versions contain an Improper Protection Against Voltage and Clock Glitches vulnerability. Rated low severity (CVSS 2.4), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity.
Dell BIOS versions contain an Improper Neutralization of Null Byte vulnerability. Rated low severity (CVSS 2.3), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.
Dell BIOS versions contain an Information Exposure vulnerability. Rated low severity (CVSS 2.3), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. This Exposure of Sensitive Information vulnerability could allow attackers to access sensitive data that should not be disclosed.
Dell BIOS versions contain an Unchecked Return Value vulnerability. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.1), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Torguard VPN 4.8, has a vulnerability that allows an attacker to dump sensitive information, such as credentials and information about the server, without admin privileges. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
An issue in Micro-Star International MSI Feature Navigator v1.0.1808.0901 allows attackers to download arbitrary files regardless of file type or size. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
An issue in Micro-Star International MSI Feature Navigator v1.0.1808.0901 allows attackers to write arbitrary files to the directory \PromoPhoto\, regardless of file type or size. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.1), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
cfg_tilde_expand in confuse.c in libConfuse 3.3 has a heap-based buffer over-read. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
Arq Backup 7.19.5.0 and below stores backup encryption passwords using reversible encryption. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.9), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
aEnrich eHRD Learning Management Key Performance Indicator System 5+ has Improper Access Control. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
aEnrich eHRD Learning Management Key Performance Indicator System 5+ exposes Sensitive Information to an Unauthorized Actor. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Improper validation of integrity check vulnerability in Samsung Kies prior to version 2.6.4.22074 allows local attackers to delete arbitrary directory using directory junction. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.1), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Improper validation of integrity check vulnerability in Smart Switch PC prior to version 4.3.22083 allows local attackers to delete arbitrary directory using directory junction. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.1), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
OpenHarmony-v3.1.2 and prior versions have a permission bypass vulnerability. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Exposure of Sensitive Information in Find My Mobile prior to version 7.2.25.14 allows local attacker to access IMEI via log. Rated low severity (CVSS 3.3), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Exposure of Sensitive Information in FaqSymptomCardViewModel in Samsung Members prior to versions 4.3.00.11 in Global and 14.0.02.4 in China allows local attackers to access device identification via. Rated low severity (CVSS 3.3), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Improper Handling of Insufficient Permissions or Privileges vulnerability in Waterplugin prior to 2.2.11.22040751 allows attacker to access device IMEI and Serial number. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.2), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Improper restriction of broadcasting Intent in GalaxyStoreBridgePageLinker of?Waterplugin prior to version 2.2.11.22081151 leaks MAC address of the connected Bluetooth device. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.5), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Intent redirection in Photo Editor prior to SMR Sep-2022 Release 1 allows attacker to get sensitive information. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Rating increase/decrease via race condition in Lester 'GaMerZ' Chan WP-PostRatings plugin <= 1.89 at WordPress. Rated low severity (CVSS 3.1), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable. No vendor patch available.
An out-of-bounds memory read flaw was found in the Linux kernel's BPF subsystem in how a user calls the bpf_tail_call function with a key larger than the max_entries of the map. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
A use-after-free vulnerability was found in systemd. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. This Use After Free vulnerability could allow attackers to access freed memory to execute arbitrary code or crash the application.
The Baxter Spectrum WBM (v16, v16D38) and Baxter Spectrum WBM (v17, v17D19, v20D29 to v20D32) when in superuser mode is susceptible to format string attacks via application messaging. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
The Baxter Spectrum Wireless Battery Module (WBM) stores network credentials and PHI (only applicable to Spectrum IQ pumps using auto programming) in unencrypted form. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.2), this vulnerability is no authentication required. No vendor patch available.
An issue was discovered in the Linux kernel through 5.19.8. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.7).
In Singular before 4.3.1, a predictable /tmp pathname is used (e.g., by sdb.cc), which allows local users to gain the privileges of other users via a procedure in a file under /tmp. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. Public exploit code available.
An issue was discovered in Samsung TizenRT through 3.0_GBM (and 3.1_PRE). Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
bilde2910 Hauk v1.6.1 requires a hardcoded password which by default is blank. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
XWiki Platform Web Templates are templates for XWiki Platform, a generic wiki platform. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Cynet 360 Web Portal before v4.5 was discovered to allow attackers to access a list of decoy users via a crafted GET request sent to /WebApp/DeceptionUser/GetAllDeceptionUsers. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
Cynet 360 Web Portal before v4.5 was discovered to allow attackers to access a list of monitored files and profiles via a crafted GET request sent to. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
Cynet 360 Web Portal before v4.5 was discovered to allow attackers to access a list of excluded files and profiles via a crafted GET request sent to /WebApp/SettingsExclusion/GetExclusionsProfiles. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
IBM Planning Analytics Local 2.0 allows web pages to be stored locally which can be read by another user on the system. Rated low severity (CVSS 3.3), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.
A vulnerability in the messaging interface of Cisco Webex App, formerly Webex Teams, could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to manipulate links or other content within the messaging. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
An externally controlled reference to a resource vulnerability has been reported to affect QNAP NAS running Photo Station. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.1), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Mailform Pro CGI 4.3.1 and earlier allow a remote unauthenticated attacker to obtain the user input data by having a use of the product to access a specially crafted URL. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.9), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required. Public exploit code available.
Untrusted search path vulnerability in the installer of Device Software Manager prior to Ver.2.20.3.0 allows an attacker to gain privileges via a Trojan horse DLL in an unspecified directory. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
The PlexTrac platform prior to version 1.28.0 allows for username enumeration via HTTP response times on invalid login attempts for users configured to use the PlexTrac authentication provider. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
The PlexTrac platform prior to version 1.17.0 does not restrict excessive authentication attempts for accounts configured to use the PlexTrac authentication provider. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
The PlexTrac platform prior to API version 1.17.0 does not restrict excessive MFA TOTP submission attempts. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Phicomm FIR151B A2, FIR302E A2, FIR300B A2, FIR303B A2 routers V3.0.1.17 were discovered to contain a remote command execution (RCE) vulnerability via the sendnum parameter of the ping function. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.2), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
Phicomm FIR151B A2, FIR302E A2, FIR300B A2, FIR303B A2 routers V3.0.1.17 were discovered to contain a remote command execution (RCE) vulnerability via the current_time parameter of the time function. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.2), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
Phicomm FIR151B A2, FIR302E A2, FIR300B A2, FIR303B A2 routers 3.0.1.17 and earlier were discovered to contain a remote command execution (RCE) vulnerability via the trHops parameter of the tracert. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.2), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
mangadex-downloader is a command-line tool to download manga from MangaDex. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity.
Wikmd is a file based wiki that uses markdown. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. This Path Traversal vulnerability could allow attackers to access files and directories outside the intended path.
Parse Server is an open source backend that can be deployed to any infrastructure that can run Node.js. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. This Exposure of Sensitive Information vulnerability could allow attackers to access sensitive data that should not be disclosed.
The Trend Controls IC protocol through 2022-05-06 allows Cleartext Transmission of Sensitive Information. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.5), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Phicomm FIR151B A2, FIR302E A2, FIR300B A2, FIR303B A2 routers V3.0.1.17 were discovered to contain a remote command execution (RCE) vulnerability via the pingAddr parameter of the tracert function. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.2), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
Unverified Password Change in GitHub repository phpfusion/phpfusion prior to 9.10.20. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available.
Outbyte PC Repair Installation File 1.7.112.7856 is vulnerable to Dll Hijacking. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
The Blink1Control2 application <= 2.2.7 uses weak password encryption and an insecure method of storage. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
Open Asset Import Library (assimp) commit 3c253ca was discovered to contain a segmentation violation via the component Assimp::XFileImporter::CreateMeshes. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
The Cognex 3D-A1000 Dimensioning System in firmware version 1.0.3 (3354) and prior is vulnerable to CWE-117: Improper Output Neutralization for Logs, which allows an attacker to create false logs. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
SilverwareGames.io is a social network for users to play video games online. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.9), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required. No vendor patch available.
Elrond go is the go implementation for the Elrond Network protocol. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
Elrond go is the go implementation for the Elrond Network protocol. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available.
Rizin is a UNIX-like reverse engineering framework and command-line toolset. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity.
ReactPHP HTTP is a streaming HTTP client and server implementation for ReactPHP. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity.
WatchGuard Firebox and XTM appliances allow a local attacker (that has already obtained shell access) to elevate their privileges and execute code with root permissions. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Nextcloud Password Policy is an app that enables a Nextcloud server admin to define certain rules for passwords. Rated low severity (CVSS 2.7), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity.
Unauthenticated Sensitive Information Disclosure vulnerability in WP Libre Form 2 plugin <= 2.0.8 at WordPress allows attackers to list and delete submissions. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. This Exposure of Sensitive Information vulnerability could allow attackers to access sensitive data that should not be disclosed.
sys/netinet/tcp_timer.h in FreeBSD before 7.0 contains a denial-of-service (DoS) vulnerability due to improper handling of TSopt on TCP connections. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity.
WatchGuard Firebox and XTM appliances allow an unauthenticated remote attacker to retrieve sensitive authentication server settings by sending a malicious request to exposed authentication endpoints. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
The WP Cerber Security plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to security protection bypass in versions up to, and including 9.0, that makes user enumeration possible. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. This Exposure of Sensitive Information vulnerability could allow attackers to access sensitive data that should not be disclosed.
The Transposh WordPress Translation plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to sensitive information disclosure to unauthenticated users in versions up to, and including, 1.0.9.6. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available.
A missing cryptographic steps vulnerability [CWE-325] in the functions that encrypt the keytab files in FortiOS version 7.2.0, 7.0.0 through 7.0.5 and below 7.0.0 may allow an attacker in possession. Rated low severity (CVSS 3.3), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
A improper verification of source of a communication channel in Fortinet FortiOS with IPS engine version 7.201 through 7.214, 7.001 through 7.113, 6.001 through 6.121, 5.001 through 5.258 and before. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
In vow, there is a possible out of bounds read due to an incorrect bounds check. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.4), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
In vow, there is a possible out of bounds read due to an incorrect bounds check. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.4), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
In vow, there is a possible out of bounds read due to an integer overflow. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.4), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
In vow, there is a possible information disclosure due to a symbolic link following. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.4), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
A vulnerability in the web-based management interface of AOS-CX could allow a remote unauthenticated attacker to fingerprint the exact version AOS-CX running on the switch. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Multiple vulnerabilities exist in the processing of packet data by the LLDP service of AOS-CX. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.3), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Multiple vulnerabilities exist in the processing of packet data by the LLDP service of AOS-CX. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.3), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Multiple vulnerabilities exist in the processing of packet data by the LLDP service of AOS-CX. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.3), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Multiple vulnerabilities exist in the processing of packet data by the LLDP service of AOS-CX. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.3), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
A vulnerability in the Aruba Virtual Intranet Access (VIA) client for Microsoft Windows operating system client communications that could allow for an attacker in a privileged network position to. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.9), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required. No vendor patch available.
Okta Active Directory Agent versions 3.8.0 through 3.11.0 installed the Okta AD Agent Update Service using an unquoted path. Rated low severity (CVSS 3.9). No vendor patch available.
Improper Handling of Length Parameter Inconsistency in GitHub repository francoisjacquet/rosariosis prior to 10.0. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity.
Information Exposure Through an Error Message vulnerability in Hitachi RAID Manager Storage Replication Adapter allows remote authenticated users to gain sensitive information. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Apache IoTDB version 0.13.0 is vulnerable by session id attack. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.