Attack ChainAIDerived
Hypothetical attack flow derived from CVE metadata – not a confirmed exploit chain
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AccessReach Markdown render endpoint
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ExploitSubmit payload of many unbalanced '['
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ExecutionTrigger repeated O(n²) parse_link_text scans
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ImpactExhaust worker CPU and deny service
Vulnerability Assessment
| Weakness |
CWE
OWASP Top 10:2025
A06:2025 - Insecure Design
ASVS 5.0
V2 - Validation and Business Logic Resource consumption limits
MITRE ATT&CK
1 technique across 1 tactic: Impact The technique list with ATT&CK links and the kill-chain view is part of the Basic plan and up. |
| Exploitation Conditions | No special configuration is required: the vulnerable parse_link_text fallback lives in the shared core inline parser and is reachable from every documented default entry point (mistune.html, mistune.create_markdown(...), Markdown.parse), in both the default escape=False renderer and the escape=True safe-mode renderer, with no plugin or non-default option needed. The only genuine prerequisite is that the application accepts and renders attacker-supplied Markdown through mistune 3.0.0-3.2.1. The exploit is a plain ASCII string of unbalanced '[' / '![' characters requiring no authentication, no user interaction, and no special headers. Limiting factors that bound realistic risk: impact is confined to CPU/availability of the rendering worker process (scope Unchanged - no code execution, data access, or cross-process effect), and deployments that require authentication before accepting Markdown effectively raise the bar to PR:L (CVSS 3.1 ~6.5 per the advisory's conservative variant). Upgrading to 3.3.0 is the fix. |
| Impact | The CVSS 4.0 vector in the input (AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N, VA:H, score 8.7) and the GHSA-proposed CVSS 3.1 (AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H = 7.5) agree closely: a network-reachable, low-complexity, unauthenticated flaw whose only impact is availability - pure CPU-exhaustion DoS (CWE-400 driven by CWE-1333 algorithmic complexity), with no confidentiality or integrity effect. The signals are internally consistent rather than conflicting: there is no CISA KEV listing and no EPSS score in the provided data, so exploitation-probability cannot be quantified here, and absence of KEV means this is NOT confirmed actively exploited. Offsetting that, the GHSA advisory ships a self-contained, confirmed-reproduced proof-of-concept showing ~4x-per-doubling (quadratic) growth and ~16 KB tying up a core for ~16 seconds on 3.2.1 in both default and safe-mode renderers, which materially lowers the attacker effort/skill barrier. The vuln.today decision label is 'this_week' (not act_now/emergency), so this is a prompt-but-not-emergency priority: a genuinely real, trivially triggerable DoS against any service that renders untrusted Markdown, but one bounded to resource exhaustion of the rendering process rather than code execution or data compromise. Net: treat as a real, actionable this-week patch item; the headline 8.7 reflects easy unauthenticated reachability, not catastrophic impact, since scope is Unchanged and impact is availability-only. |
| Exploit ScenarioDerived | An attacker submits a short (tens of kilobytes) Markdown payload consisting of many consecutive unbalanced '[' or '![' characters to any endpoint that renders user-supplied Markdown with mistune 3.0.0-3.2.1 (comment box, wiki page, chat message, issue tracker, SaaS preview). Because parse_link_text rescans the remaining input from each unmatched bracket, parsing runs in O(n²), so ~50 KB consumes minutes of CPU on one core and a handful of concurrent requests can starve a render worker pool. A confirmed, self-contained PoC demonstrating the quadratic blowup on 3.2.1 (default escape=False and safe-mode escape=True) is published in the GHSA advisory. |
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Alert meAnalysisAIv1 – Oct 22, 2026
Quadratic-time CPU exhaustion in Mistune 3.0.0 through 3.2.1 allows unauthenticated remote attackers to tie up a rendering worker for minutes using only a few tens of kilobytes of Markdown built from unbalanced '[' or '![' characters. The flaw is reachable from every documented default entry point (mistune.html, mistune.create_markdown(...), Markdown.parse) in both the default escape=False renderer and the escape=True safe mode, with no plugin or non-default option required, so any application that renders attacker-supplied Markdown is exposed. Impact is limited to availability - no confidentiality, integrity, or cross-process effect (scope Unchanged) - and a public proof-of-concept with reproducible timing measurements exists; deployments that require authentication before accepting Markdown effectively raise the bar to PR:L (CVSS 3.1 ~6.5 per the advisory's conservative variant). No CISA KEV listing or confirmed active exploitation is reported at time of analysis; upgrading to 3.3.0 is the fix.
RemediationAI
Upgrade to mistune 3.3.0, the fixed release (vulnerable range >= 3.0.0, <= 3.2.1); this is the only complete fix, and the upstream advisory recommends bounding the parse_link_text fallback scan - for example capping the number of brackets or total distance walked before returning None, or preventing the inline driver from re-running the full forward scan from each unmatched '[' - mirroring the existing 500-character LINK_LABEL cap so that valid links keep working while the quadratic blowup is removed. See https://github.com/lepture/mistune/security/advisories/GHSA-x2gr-6qf2-fc9x and https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/mistune-before-3.3.0-quadratic-time-dos-via-parse-link-text for details. If upgrade cannot be performed immediately, the exposure can be narrowed by requiring authentication before Markdown is accepted for rendering (which effectively raises the attack prerequisite to PR:L per the advisory's conservative CVSS variant, at the cost of restricting anonymous content submission) and by capping accepted document size - but note that a size cap only reduces, and does not eliminate, the quadratic cost, since per the PoC roughly 50 KB already occupies a core for minutes; any application backport must apply the same bound to the fallback scan rather than relying on input filtering, because the trigger is a plain ASCII string of '[' characters with no special headers and no non-default option.
Affected VersionsENISA
Affected Packages
Source: OSV (Open Source Vulnerabilities)
Affects your stack
Affects 1 package in euvd
Checking this CVE against your own stacks and servers is part of the Basic plan and up.
Technical ContextAI · show details
The affected code is the shared core inline parser, not a plugin. When the parser encounters '[' or '![', it first tries the bounded fast label path (LINK_LABEL = r"(?:[^\\\[\]]|\\.){0,500}" at src/mistune/helpers.py:10, used by _INLINE_LINK_LABEL_RE at line 101); when that fails on unbalanced brackets it falls back to parse_link_text (src/mistune/helpers.py:110-133), which repeatedly runs _INLINE_SQUARE_BRACKET_RE.search forward through the remaining input looking for the matching ']'. With n consecutive '[' and no closing bracket, each call walks to end of input and returns None, and the driving scan in src/mistune/inline_parser.py:332-359 then advances one character and re-enters at the next '[', yielding O(n) + O(n-1) + ... = O(n^2) total work; parse_link invokes the fallback at inline_parser.py:129. This is CWE-1333 (inefficient algorithmic complexity) producing CWE-400 (uncontrolled resource consumption). The in-repo asymmetry is telling: the sibling label path is explicitly capped at 500 characters, while this fallback scans unbounded to end of input. The advisory's container-based PoC against mistune 3.2.1 shows per-doubling times growing ~3.9x (the O(n^2) signature) versus sub-millisecond linear behavior for equal-length benign input, with a ~16 KB payload consuming roughly 16 seconds of CPU in the default renderer.
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Severity by source
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
Unauthenticated network input through the default render API triggers the O(n²) scan with low complexity (AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N); impact is CPU exhaustion only, so C:N/I:N/A:H and scope Unchanged.
Primary rating from Vendor (vulncheck).
CVSS VectorVendor: vulncheck
Lifecycle Timeline
2DescriptionCVE.org
Mistune from 3.0.0 before 3.3.0 contains an algorithmic complexity vulnerability in the inline link parser's parse_link_text function that allows unauthenticated attackers to exhaust CPU with unbalanced brackets. Attackers can submit Markdown containing many unbalanced '[' or '![' characters, forcing repeated unbounded forward scans and tying up worker processes for minutes.
Executive ViewAI
A high-severity availability flaw in the Mistune Markdown library (versions 3.0.0 through 3.2.1) lets unauthenticated attackers exhaust rendering workers with small, malformed inputs, potentially degrading or halting any product feature that converts user-supplied Markdown. Any customer-facing or internal service embedding these Mistune versions is affected, and because exploitation requires no credentials, internet-facing comment, messaging, documentation, or chat features carry the greatest exposure. Leadership should care because sustained worker exhaustion translates into service slowdowns or outages and potential SLA and reputational damage rather than data loss.
Patch available per vendor advisory; upgrading to 3.3.0 is the remediation. Until deployment completes, restrict or rate-limit Markdown input size and requests, enforce authentication on Markdown-submitting endpoints to raise the bar, and monitor rendering workers for CPU saturation.
Threat Intelligence Overview
How this decision was reached
The engine reads each signal below and applies a fixed list of rules from top to bottom. The first rule that matches sets the recommended action – like a statement, every line is shown.
What every action level means
SSVC AssessmentENISA
Priority Score
Attack Technique
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