Information Disclosure
Information disclosure occurs when an application unintentionally exposes sensitive data that aids attackers in reconnaissance or directly compromises security.
How It Works
Information disclosure occurs when an application unintentionally exposes sensitive data that aids attackers in reconnaissance or directly compromises security. This happens through multiple channels: verbose error messages that display stack traces revealing internal paths and frameworks, improperly secured debug endpoints left active in production, and misconfigured servers that expose directory listings or version control artifacts like .git folders. APIs often leak excessive data in responses—returning full user objects when only a name is needed, or revealing system internals through metadata fields.
Attackers exploit these exposures systematically. They probe for common sensitive files (.env, config.php, backup archives), trigger error conditions to extract framework details, and analyze response timing or content differences to enumerate valid usernames or resources. Even subtle variations—like "invalid password" versus "user not found"—enable account enumeration. Exposed configuration files frequently contain database credentials, API keys, or internal service URLs that unlock further attack vectors.
The attack flow typically starts with passive reconnaissance: examining HTTP headers, JavaScript bundles, and public endpoints for version information and architecture clues. Active probing follows—testing predictable paths, manipulating parameters to trigger exceptions, and comparing responses across similar requests to identify information leakage patterns.
Impact
- Credential compromise: Exposed configuration files, hardcoded secrets in source code, or API keys enable direct authentication bypass
- Attack surface mapping: Stack traces, framework versions, and internal paths help attackers craft targeted exploits for known vulnerabilities
- Data breach: Direct exposure of user data, payment information, or proprietary business logic through oversharing APIs or accessible backups
- Privilege escalation pathway: Internal URLs, service discovery information, and architecture details facilitate lateral movement and SSRF attacks
- Compliance violations: GDPR, PCI-DSS, and HIPAA penalties for exposing regulated data through preventable disclosures
Real-World Examples
A major Git repository exposure affected thousands of websites when .git folders remained accessible on production servers, allowing attackers to reconstruct entire source code histories including deleted commits containing credentials. Tools like GitDumper automated mass exploitation of this misconfiguration.
Cloud storage misconfigurations have repeatedly exposed sensitive data when companies left S3 buckets or Azure Blob containers publicly readable. One incident exposed 150 million voter records because verbose API error messages revealed the storage URL structure, and no authentication was required.
Framework debug modes left enabled in production have caused numerous breaches. Django's DEBUG=True setting exposed complete stack traces with database queries and environment variables, while Laravel's debug pages revealed encryption keys through the APP_KEY variable in environment dumps.
Mitigation
- Generic error pages: Return uniform error messages to users; log detailed exceptions server-side only
- Disable debug modes: Enforce production configurations that suppress stack traces, verbose logging, and debug endpoints through deployment automation
- Access control audits: Restrict or remove development artifacts (
.git, backup files,phpinfo()) and internal endpoints before deployment - Response minimization: API responses should return only necessary fields; implement allowlists rather than blocklists for data exposure
- Security headers: Deploy
X-Content-Type-Options, remove server version banners, and disable directory indexing - Timing consistency: Ensure authentication and validation responses take uniform time regardless of input validity
Recent CVEs (12970)
Improper verification of intent by SamsungExceptionalBroadcastReceiver in S Assistant prior to version 9.3.2 allows local attackers to modify itinerary information. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.1), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Improper access control in Samsung Notes prior to version 4.4.30.63 allows physical attackers to access data across multiple user profiles. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.1), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Improper access control in Samsung Notes prior to version 4.4.30.63 allows local privileged attackers to access exported note files. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.0), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Improper access control in Samsung Calendar prior to version 12.5.06.5 in Android 14 and 12.6.01.12 in Android 15 allows physical attackers to access data across multiple user profiles. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.6), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Improper access control in ContactProvider prior to SMR Sep-2025 Release 1 allows local attackers to access sensitive information. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.0), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Improper handling of insufficient permission in AppPrelaunchManagerService prior to SMR Sep-2025 Release 1 in Chinese Android 15 allows local attackers to execute arbitrary application in the. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.3), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Improper handling of insufficient permission in System UI prior to SMR Sep-2025 Release 1 allows local attackers to send arbitrary replies to messages from the cover display. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.0), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Improper privilege management in ThemeManager prior to SMR Sep-2025 Release 1 allows local privileged attackers to reuse trial items. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Improper verification of intent by broadcast receiver in ImsService prior to SMR Sep-2025 Release 1 allows local attackers to temporarily disable the SIM. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.1), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Improper handling of insufficient permission in ImsService prior to SMR Sep-2025 Release 1 allows local attackers to interrupt the call. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.0), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Improper access control in MARsExemptionManager prior to SMR Sep-2025 Release 1 allows local attackers to be excluded from background execution management. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.1), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
PaperCut Print Deploy is an optional component that integrates with PaperCut NG/MF which simplifies printer deployment and management. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.7), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Rejected reason: This CVE is a duplicate of another CVE. No vendor patch available.
Rejected reason: This CVE is a duplicate of another CVE. No vendor patch available.
Rejected reason: This CVE is a duplicate of another CVE. No vendor patch available.
Rejected reason: This CVE is a duplicate of another CVE. No vendor patch available.
Rejected reason: This CVE is a duplicate of another CVE. No vendor patch available.
Rejected reason: This CVE is a duplicate of another CVE, CVE-2025-58163. No vendor patch available.
Rejected reason: This CVE is a duplicate of another CVE, CVE-2025-58163. No vendor patch available.
A security vulnerability has been detected in ScriptAndTools Real Estate Management System 1.0. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.9), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
A flaw has been found in Das Parking Management System 停车场管理系统 6.2.0. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Local Deep Research is an AI-powered research assistant for deep, iterative research. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.9), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
A vulnerability was detected in Das Parking Management System 停车场管理系统 6.2.0. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Envoy is an open source L7 proxy and communication bus designed for large modern service oriented architectures. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. This Use After Free vulnerability could allow attackers to access freed memory to execute arbitrary code or crash the application.
In isInSignificantPlace of multiple files, there is a possible way to access sensitive information due to a missing permission check. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
In ParseTag of dng_ifd.cpp, there is a possible way to crash the image renderer due to a missing bounds check. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
In contentDescForNotification of NotificationContentDescription.kt, there is a possible notification content leak through the lockscreen due to a logic error in the code. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
In generateFileInfo of BluetoothOppSendFileInfo.java, there is a possible cross user media disclosure due to a confused deputy. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
In showAvatarPicker of EditUserPhotoController.java, there is a possible cross user image leak due to a confused deputy. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Foxit PDF Reader PRC File Parsing Out-Of-Bounds Read Remote Code Execution Vulnerability. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Foxit PDF Reader PRC File Parsing Out-Of-Bounds Read Remote Code Execution Vulnerability. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Foxit PDF Reader PRC File Parsing Out-Of-Bounds Read Information Disclosure Vulnerability. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Foxit PDF Reader PRC File Parsing Out-Of-Bounds Read Remote Code Execution Vulnerability. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Foxit PDF Reader PRC File Parsing Out-Of-Bounds Read Information Disclosure Vulnerability. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Foxit PDF Reader PRC File Parsing Out-Of-Bounds Read Information Disclosure Vulnerability. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Foxit PDF Reader JP2 File Parsing Out-Of-Bounds Read Information Disclosure Vulnerability. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
CData API Server MySQL Misconfiguration Information Disclosure Vulnerability. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Realtek RTL8811AU rtwlanu.sys N6CQueryInformationHandleCustomized11nOids Out-Of-Bounds Read Information Disclosure Vulnerability. Rated low severity (CVSS 3.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
rocket.chat Incorrect Authorization Information Disclosure Vulnerability. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Dell Alienware Command Center 5.x (AWCC), versions prior to 5.10.2.0, contains an Improper Link Resolution Before File Access ('Link Following')" vulnerability. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.7). No vendor patch available.
IBM DevOps Deploy / IBM UrbanCode Deploy (UCD) 8.1 before 8.1.2.2 could allow an authenticated user to obtain sensitive information about configuration on the system. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
ModStartCMS v9.5.0 has an arbitrary file write vulnerability, which allows attackers to write malicious files and execute malicious commands to obtain sensitive data on the server. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
A cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability exists in the PDF preview functionality of uTools thru 7.1.1. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.1), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
An issue was discovered in Samsung Mobile Processor, Wearable Processor, and Modem Exynos 980, 990, 850, 1080, 2100, 1280, 2200, 1330, 1380, 1480, 2400, 1580, 9110, W920, W930, W1000, Modem 5123,. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
A vulnerability was determined in Tenda CP6 11.10.00.243. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
A User enumeration vulnerability in the /CredentialsServlet/ForgotPassword endpoint in Silverpeas 6.4.1 and 6.4.2 allows remote attackers to determine valid usernames via the Login parameter. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available.
E3 Site Supervisor (firmware version < 2.31F01) has a default admin user "ONEDAY" with a daily generated password. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
E3 Site Supervisor Control (firmware version < 2.31F01) firmware upgrade packages are unsigned. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.6), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
E3 Site Supervisor Control (firmware version < 2.31F01) generates the root linux password on each boot. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.2), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
E3 Site Supervisor Control (firmware version < 2.31F01) contains a hidden API call in the application services that enables SSH and Shellinabox, which exist but are disabled by default. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.9), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
E3 Site Supervisor Control (firmware version < 2.31F01) RCI service contains an API call to read users info, which returns all usernames and password hashes for the application services. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.7), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
E3 Site Supervisor Control (firmware version < 2.31F01) has a floor plan feature that allows for an unauthenticated attacker to upload floor plan files. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
E3 Site Supervisor Control (firmware version < 2.31F01) application services (MGW and RCI) uses client side hashing for authentication. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Unauthorized disclosure of sensitive data: Any user with `GET` or `LIST` permissions on `BundleDeployment` resources could retrieve Helm values containing credentials or other secrets. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.7), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Origin Validation Error vulnerability in Akinsoft OctoCloud allows HTTP Response Splitting, CAPEC - 87 - Forceful Browsing.09.01 before v1.11.01. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.7), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
"Gunosy" App contains a vulnerability where sensitive information may be included in the application's outbound communication. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.1), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
OpenAM (OpenAM Consortium Edition) contains a vulnerability that may cause it to malfunction as a SAML IdP due to a tampered request.0.0 through 14.0.1. Rated low severity (CVSS 2.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Rejected reason: Not used. No vendor patch available.
Rejected reason: Not used. No vendor patch available.
Rejected reason: Not used. No vendor patch available.
Rejected reason: Not used. No vendor patch available.
Rejected reason: Not used. No vendor patch available.
Rejected reason: Not used. No vendor patch available.
Rejected reason: Not used. No vendor patch available.
Rejected reason: Not used. No vendor patch available.
ESPHome is a system to control microcontrollers remotely through Home Automation systems. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.1), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available.
A vulnerability was determined in mrvautin expressCart up to b31302f4e99c3293bd742c6d076a721e168118b0. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
TOCTOU in linenoiseHistorySave in linenoise allows local attackers to overwrite arbitrary files and change permissions via a symlink race between fopen("w") on the history path and subsequent chmod(). Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.8), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
IBM Concert Software 1.0.0 through 1.1.0 uses weaker than expected cryptographic algorithms that could allow an attacker to decrypt highly sensitive information. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.9), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required. No vendor patch available.
IBM Concert Software 1.0.0 through 1.1.0 could allow a remote attacker to obtain sensitive information, caused by the failure to properly enable HTTP Strict Transport Security. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.9), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required. No vendor patch available.
Improper Validation of Certificate with Host Mismatch vulnerability in Akınsoft QR Menü allows HTTP Response Splitting.05.05 before v1.05.12. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
IBM App Connect Enterprise Certified Container CD: 9.2.0 through 11.6.0, 12.1.0 through 12.14.0, and 12.0 LTS: 12.0.0 through 12.0.14stores potentially sensitive information in log files during. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.9), this vulnerability is no authentication required. No vendor patch available.
A vulnerability has been found in RemoteClinic up to 2.0.php. Rated low severity (CVSS 2.1), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
In Modem, there is a possible out of bounds read due to an incorrect bounds check. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.5), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
A weakness has been identified in Portabilis i-Educar up to 2.10. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
Cleartext Transmission of Sensitive Information vulnerability in Mitsubishi Electric Corporation MELSEC iQ-F Series CPU module allows a remote unauthenticated attacker to obtain credential. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Improper Control of Filename for Include/Require Statement in PHP Program ('PHP Remote File Inclusion') vulnerability in Solwin Blog Designer PRO.4.7. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.1), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required. No vendor patch available.
Rejected reason: This CVE ID has been rejected or withdrawn by its CVE Numbering Authority. No vendor patch available.
A vulnerability was identified in GalleryVault Gallery Vault App up to 4.5.2 on Android. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
A security vulnerability has been detected in Mupen64Plus up to 2.6.0. Rated low severity (CVSS 2.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required. No vendor patch available.
A weakness has been identified in Portabilis i-Educar up to 2.10. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: f2fs: fix to avoid out-of-boundary access in dnode page As Jiaming Zhang reported: <TASK> __dump_stack lib/dump_stack.c:94 [inline]. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.1), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. This Out-of-bounds Read vulnerability could allow attackers to read data from memory outside the intended buffer boundaries.
An external control of file name or path vulnerability in SUNNET Corporate Training Management System before 10.11 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary system commands via a malicious file by. Rated critical severity (CVSS 10.0), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
A security flaw has been discovered in Modo Legend of the Phoenix up to 1.0.5. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
A vulnerability was identified in NCSOFT Universe App up to 1.3.0. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
A vulnerability was determined in Voice Changer App up to 1.1.0.xml of the component com.tuyangkeji.changevoice. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
A flaw has been found in Transbyte Scooper News App up to 1.2 on Android. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
A vulnerability was detected in Kakao 헤이카카오 Hey Kakao App up to 2.17.4 on Android. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
A security vulnerability has been detected in Rejseplanen App up to 8.2.2. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
A weakness has been identified in UAB Paytend App up to 2.1.9 on Android. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.