Information Disclosure
Information disclosure occurs when an application unintentionally exposes sensitive data that aids attackers in reconnaissance or directly compromises security.
How It Works
Information disclosure occurs when an application unintentionally exposes sensitive data that aids attackers in reconnaissance or directly compromises security. This happens through multiple channels: verbose error messages that display stack traces revealing internal paths and frameworks, improperly secured debug endpoints left active in production, and misconfigured servers that expose directory listings or version control artifacts like .git folders. APIs often leak excessive data in responses—returning full user objects when only a name is needed, or revealing system internals through metadata fields.
Attackers exploit these exposures systematically. They probe for common sensitive files (.env, config.php, backup archives), trigger error conditions to extract framework details, and analyze response timing or content differences to enumerate valid usernames or resources. Even subtle variations—like "invalid password" versus "user not found"—enable account enumeration. Exposed configuration files frequently contain database credentials, API keys, or internal service URLs that unlock further attack vectors.
The attack flow typically starts with passive reconnaissance: examining HTTP headers, JavaScript bundles, and public endpoints for version information and architecture clues. Active probing follows—testing predictable paths, manipulating parameters to trigger exceptions, and comparing responses across similar requests to identify information leakage patterns.
Impact
- Credential compromise: Exposed configuration files, hardcoded secrets in source code, or API keys enable direct authentication bypass
- Attack surface mapping: Stack traces, framework versions, and internal paths help attackers craft targeted exploits for known vulnerabilities
- Data breach: Direct exposure of user data, payment information, or proprietary business logic through oversharing APIs or accessible backups
- Privilege escalation pathway: Internal URLs, service discovery information, and architecture details facilitate lateral movement and SSRF attacks
- Compliance violations: GDPR, PCI-DSS, and HIPAA penalties for exposing regulated data through preventable disclosures
Real-World Examples
A major Git repository exposure affected thousands of websites when .git folders remained accessible on production servers, allowing attackers to reconstruct entire source code histories including deleted commits containing credentials. Tools like GitDumper automated mass exploitation of this misconfiguration.
Cloud storage misconfigurations have repeatedly exposed sensitive data when companies left S3 buckets or Azure Blob containers publicly readable. One incident exposed 150 million voter records because verbose API error messages revealed the storage URL structure, and no authentication was required.
Framework debug modes left enabled in production have caused numerous breaches. Django's DEBUG=True setting exposed complete stack traces with database queries and environment variables, while Laravel's debug pages revealed encryption keys through the APP_KEY variable in environment dumps.
Mitigation
- Generic error pages: Return uniform error messages to users; log detailed exceptions server-side only
- Disable debug modes: Enforce production configurations that suppress stack traces, verbose logging, and debug endpoints through deployment automation
- Access control audits: Restrict or remove development artifacts (
.git, backup files,phpinfo()) and internal endpoints before deployment - Response minimization: API responses should return only necessary fields; implement allowlists rather than blocklists for data exposure
- Security headers: Deploy
X-Content-Type-Options, remove server version banners, and disable directory indexing - Timing consistency: Ensure authentication and validation responses take uniform time regardless of input validity
Recent CVEs (12958)
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: regulator: pca9450: Use devm_register_sys_off_handler With module test, there is error dump: ------------[ cut here ]------------. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: bnxt_en: Fix lockdep warning during rmmod The commit under the Fixes tag added a netdev_assert_locked() in bnxt_free_ntp_fltrs(). Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: net/mlx5: HWS, fix complex rules rehash error flow Moving rules from matcher to matcher should not fail. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: LoongArch: Optimize module load time by optimizing PLT/GOT counting When enabling CONFIG_KASAN, CONFIG_PREEMPT_VOLUNTARY_BUILD and. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: net/sched: Make cake_enqueue return NET_XMIT_CN when past buffer_limit The following setup can trigger a WARNING in htb_activate. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.
Memory leak in Linux kernel netfilter conntrack expectation dumper (CVE-2025-39764) allows local authenticated attackers to cause denial of service through refcount double-increment during dump resumption operations. The vulnerability affects Linux kernel versions including 6.17-rc1 and impacts the netfilter module's expectation object lifecycle management. Patch commits are available upstream; exploitation requires local system access with unprivileged user privileges.
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: wifi: ath12k: Decrement TID on RX peer frag setup error handling Currently, TID is not decremented before peer cleanup, during. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.1), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. This Out-of-bounds Read vulnerability could allow attackers to read data from memory outside the intended buffer boundaries.
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: usb: core: config: Prevent OOB read in SS endpoint companion parsing usb_parse_ss_endpoint_companion() checks descriptor type. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.1), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. This Out-of-bounds Read vulnerability could allow attackers to read data from memory outside the intended buffer boundaries.
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: btrfs: qgroup: fix race between quota disable and quota rescan ioctl There's a race between a task disabling quotas and another. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.0).
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: ALSA: usb-audio: Validate UAC3 cluster segment descriptors UAC3 class segment descriptors need to be verified whether their sizes. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.1), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. This Out-of-bounds Read vulnerability could allow attackers to read data from memory outside the intended buffer boundaries.
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: fs: Prevent file descriptor table allocations exceeding INT_MAX When sysctl_nr_open is set to a very high value (for example,. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. This Memory Leak vulnerability could allow attackers to exhaust available memory leading to denial of service.
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: mm/smaps: fix race between smaps_hugetlb_range and migration smaps_hugetlb_range() handles the pte without holdling ptl, and may be. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.7).
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: gfs2: Set .migrate_folio in gfs2_{rgrp,meta}_aops Clears up the warning added in 7ee3647243e5 ("migrate: Remove call to. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: ARM: rockchip: fix kernel hang during smp initialization In order to bring up secondary CPUs main CPU write trampoline code to. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.
Rejected reason: This CVE ID has been rejected or withdrawn by its CVE Numbering Authority. No vendor patch available.
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: wifi: ath12k: Correct tid cleanup when tid setup fails Currently, if any error occurs during ath12k_dp_rx_peer_tid_setup(), the tid. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.1), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. This Out-of-bounds Read vulnerability could allow attackers to read data from memory outside the intended buffer boundaries.
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: rcu: Protect ->defer_qs_iw_pending from data race On kernels built with CONFIG_IRQ_WORK=y, when rcu_read_unlock() is invoked within. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.0).
Linux kernel BPF verifier fails to properly handle range invariants when refining register bounds following JSET (bitwise AND test) instructions, allowing local privileged users to trigger kernel warnings and cause denial of service. The vulnerability affects all Linux kernel versions with BPF subsystem support across multiple kernel branches. While EPSS probability is very low (0.02%, percentile 5%), the issue manifests as a kernel warning on unreachable code paths that the verifier incorrectly traverses, and patches are available from upstream kernel repositories.
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: rcutorture: Fix rcutorture_one_extend_check() splat in RT kernels For built with CONFIG_PREEMPT_RT=y kernels, running rcutorture. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: rcu: Fix rcu_read_unlock() deadloop due to IRQ work During rcu_read_unlock_special(), if this happens during irq_exit(), we can. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.1), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. This Out-of-bounds Read vulnerability could allow attackers to read data from memory outside the intended buffer boundaries.
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: jfs: truncate good inode pages when hard link is 0 The fileset value of the inode copy from the disk by the reproducer is. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: RDMA: hfi1: fix possible divide-by-zero in find_hw_thread_mask() The function divides number of online CPUs by num_core_siblings,. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: drm/xe/migrate: prevent potential UAF If we hit the error path, the previous fence (if there is one) has already been put() prior. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. This Use After Free vulnerability could allow attackers to access freed memory to execute arbitrary code or crash the application.
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: iommu/arm-smmu-qcom: Add SM6115 MDSS compatible Add the SM6115 MDSS compatible to clients compatible list, as it also needs that. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: btrfs: do not allow relocation of partially dropped subvolumes [BUG] There is an internal report that balance triggered transaction. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: mm/kmemleak: avoid deadlock by moving pr_warn() outside kmemleak_lock When netpoll is enabled, calling pr_warn_once() while holding. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.
Under heavy system utilization a random race condition can occur during authentication or token refresh operation. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.0). No vendor patch available.
In Content Management versions 20.4- 25.3 authenticated attackers may exploit a complex cache poisoning technique to download unprotected files from the server if the filenames are known. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable. No vendor patch available.
A weakness has been identified in DJI Mavic Spark, Mavic Air and Mavic Mini 01.00.0500. Rated low severity (CVSS 2.3), this vulnerability is no authentication required. No vendor patch available.
The Ultimate Classified Listings plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Local File Inclusion in all versions up to, and including, 1.6 via the 'uclwp_dashboard' shortcode. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable. No vendor patch available.
The Propovoice: All-in-One Client Management System plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Arbitrary File Read in all versions up to, and including, 1.7.6.7 via the send_email() function. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
A security vulnerability has been detected in JEPaaS 7.2.8. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Angular is a development platform for building mobile and desktop web applications using TypeScript/JavaScript and other languages. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.1), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
A vulnerability was detected in GrandNode up to 2.3.0. Rated low severity (CVSS 2.1), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable. No vendor patch available.
Hoverfly is an open source API simulation tool. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available.
IBM Security Verify Information Queue 10.0.5, 10.0.6, 10.0.7, and 10.0.8 uses weaker than expected cryptographic algorithms that could allow an attacker to decrypt highly sensitive information. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.9), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required. No vendor patch available.
A security flaw has been discovered in Papermerge DMS up to 3.5.3. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
If an unauthenticated user sends a large amount of data to the Stork UI, it may cause memory and disk use problems for the system running the Stork server.0.0 through 2.3.0. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Intelbras IWR 3000N 1.9.8 exposes the Wi-Fi password in plaintext via the /api/wireless endpoint. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.4), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
The eudskacs.sys driver version 20250328 shipped with EaseUs Todo Backup 1.2.0.1 fails to properly validate privileges for I/O requests (IRP_MJ_READ/IRP_MJ_WRITE) sent to its device object. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
A Shell Upload vulnerability in Tourism Management System 2.0 allows an attacker to upload and execute arbitrary PHP shell scripts on the server, leading to remote code execution and unauthorized. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.2), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
An issue was discovered in MariaDB MCP 0.1.0 allowing attackers to gain sensitive information via the SSE service as the SSE service lacks user validation. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
Missing Encryption of Sensitive Data (CWE-311) in the Object Archive component in AxxonSoft Axxon One (C-Werk) before 2.0.8 on Windows and Linux allows a local attacker with access to exported. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.1), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Insufficient Session Expiration (CWE-613) in the Web Admin Panel in AxxonSoft Axxon One (C-Werk) prior to 2.0.3 on Windows allows a local or remote authenticated attacker to retain access with. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Exposure of Sensitive Information to an Unauthorized Actor (CWE-200) in the diagnostic dump component in AxxonSoft Axxon One VMS (C-Werk) 2.0.0 through 2.0.1 on Windows allows a local attacker to. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Insertion of Sensitive Information into Log File (CWE-532) in the ARP Agent component in AxxonSoft Axxon One / AxxonNet / C-WerkNet 2.0.4 and earlier on Windows platforms allows a local attacker to. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.7), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Rejected reason: This CVE ID has been rejected or withdrawn by its CVE Numbering Authority. No vendor patch available.
Through the provision of user names, SolaX Cloud will suggest (similar) user accounts and thereby leak sensitive information such as user email addresses and phone numbers. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.7), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
The Maspik plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Missing Authorization in version 2.5.6 and prior. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
A vulnerability has been found in Seismic App 2.4.2 on Android. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Himmelblau is an interoperability suite for Microsoft Azure Entra ID and Intune. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.4), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Prebid Universal Creative (PUC) is a JavaScript API to render multiple formats. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Prebid.js is a free and open source library for publishers to quickly implement header bidding. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.6), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Infrahub offers a central hub to manage data, templates, and playbooks. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Improper action enforcement in certain Zoom Workplace Clients for Windows may allow an unauthenticated user to conduct a disclosure of information via network access. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required. No vendor patch available.
Race condition in the Zoom Workplace VDI Plugin macOS Universal installer for VMware Horizon before version 6.4.10 (or before 6.2.15 and 6.3.12 in their respective tracks) may allow an authenticated. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.6), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Substance3D - Modeler versions 1.22.2 and earlier are affected by an out-of-bounds read vulnerability when parsing a crafted file, which could result in a read past the end of an allocated memory. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
DuckDB is an analytical in-process SQL database management system. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.6), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
After Effects versions 25.3, 24.6.7 and earlier are affected by an out-of-bounds read vulnerability that could lead to memory exposure, potentially disclosing sensitive information. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
After Effects versions 25.3, 24.6.7 and earlier are affected by an out-of-bounds read vulnerability that could lead to memory exposure, potentially disclosing sensitive information. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
After Effects versions 25.3, 24.6.7 and earlier are affected by an out-of-bounds read vulnerability that could lead to memory exposure, potentially disclosing sensitive information. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Insecure Storage of Sensitive Information vulnerability in Calix GigaCenter ONT (Quantenna SoC modules) allows admin access to the web interface. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.1), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
A vulnerability in the Poly Lens Desktop application running on the Windows platform might allow modifications to the filesystem, which might lead to SYSTEM level privileges being granted. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.3), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
The NVIDIA NVDebug tool contains a vulnerability that may allow an actor to run code on the platform host as a non-privileged user. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.3), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
The NVIDIA NVDebug tool contains a vulnerability that may allow an actor to write files to restricted components. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.6). No vendor patch available.
The NVIDIA NVDebug tool contains a vulnerability that may allow an actor to gain access to a privileged account . Rated high severity (CVSS 8.2), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
TinyEnv is an environment variable loader for PHP applications. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.1), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
TinyEnv is an environment variable loader for PHP applications. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.1), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity.
Copyparty is a portable file server. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity.
Saleor is an e-commerce platform. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Open OnDemand is an open-source HPC portal. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.1), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
CoreDNS is a DNS server that chains plugins. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.1), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
CWE-328: Use of Weak Hash. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
IBM Jazz for Service Management 1.1.3.0 through 1.1.3.24 does not set the secure attribute on authorization tokens or session cookies. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
CWE-200 Exposure of Sensitive Information to an Unauthorized Actor. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
CWE-1392: Use of Default Credentials. Rated critical severity (CVSS 10.0), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
CWE-1242: Inclusion of Undocumented Features. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Use of Default Cryptographic Key (CWE-1394). Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.1), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
An issue in TP-Link AX10 Ax1500 v.1.3.10 Build (20230130) allows a remote attacker to obtain sensitive information. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Sunshine for Windows, version v2025.122.141614, contains a DLL search-order hijacking vulnerability, allowing attackers to insert a malicious DLL in user-writeable PATH directories. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
A flaw has been found in ZhenShi Mibro Fit App 1.6.3.17499 on Android. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Improper Control of Filename for Include/Require Statement in PHP Program ('PHP Remote File Inclusion') vulnerability in gavias Ziston allows PHP Local File Inclusion. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.1), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required. No vendor patch available.
Improper link resolution before file access ('link following') in Microsoft AutoUpdate (MAU) allows an authorized attacker to elevate privileges locally. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
External control of file name or path in Azure Arc allows an authorized attacker to elevate privileges locally. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Improper link resolution before file access ('link following') in Xbox allows an authorized attacker to elevate privileges locally. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Exposure of sensitive information to an unauthorized actor in Microsoft Office Plus allows an unauthorized attacker to perform spoofing over a network. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Time-of-check time-of-use (toctou) race condition in Graphics Kernel allows an authorized attacker to execute code locally. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.3), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Concurrent execution using shared resource with improper synchronization ('race condition') in Windows Win32K - GRFX allows an authorized attacker to execute code locally. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8). No vendor patch available.
Concurrent execution using shared resource with improper synchronization ('race condition') in Graphics Kernel allows an authorized attacker to execute code locally. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.7). No vendor patch available.
Out-of-bounds read in Windows Routing and Remote Access Service (RRAS) allows an unauthorized attacker to disclose information over a network. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.