Information Disclosure
Information disclosure occurs when an application unintentionally exposes sensitive data that aids attackers in reconnaissance or directly compromises security.
How It Works
Information disclosure occurs when an application unintentionally exposes sensitive data that aids attackers in reconnaissance or directly compromises security. This happens through multiple channels: verbose error messages that display stack traces revealing internal paths and frameworks, improperly secured debug endpoints left active in production, and misconfigured servers that expose directory listings or version control artifacts like .git folders. APIs often leak excessive data in responses—returning full user objects when only a name is needed, or revealing system internals through metadata fields.
Attackers exploit these exposures systematically. They probe for common sensitive files (.env, config.php, backup archives), trigger error conditions to extract framework details, and analyze response timing or content differences to enumerate valid usernames or resources. Even subtle variations—like "invalid password" versus "user not found"—enable account enumeration. Exposed configuration files frequently contain database credentials, API keys, or internal service URLs that unlock further attack vectors.
The attack flow typically starts with passive reconnaissance: examining HTTP headers, JavaScript bundles, and public endpoints for version information and architecture clues. Active probing follows—testing predictable paths, manipulating parameters to trigger exceptions, and comparing responses across similar requests to identify information leakage patterns.
Impact
- Credential compromise: Exposed configuration files, hardcoded secrets in source code, or API keys enable direct authentication bypass
- Attack surface mapping: Stack traces, framework versions, and internal paths help attackers craft targeted exploits for known vulnerabilities
- Data breach: Direct exposure of user data, payment information, or proprietary business logic through oversharing APIs or accessible backups
- Privilege escalation pathway: Internal URLs, service discovery information, and architecture details facilitate lateral movement and SSRF attacks
- Compliance violations: GDPR, PCI-DSS, and HIPAA penalties for exposing regulated data through preventable disclosures
Real-World Examples
A major Git repository exposure affected thousands of websites when .git folders remained accessible on production servers, allowing attackers to reconstruct entire source code histories including deleted commits containing credentials. Tools like GitDumper automated mass exploitation of this misconfiguration.
Cloud storage misconfigurations have repeatedly exposed sensitive data when companies left S3 buckets or Azure Blob containers publicly readable. One incident exposed 150 million voter records because verbose API error messages revealed the storage URL structure, and no authentication was required.
Framework debug modes left enabled in production have caused numerous breaches. Django's DEBUG=True setting exposed complete stack traces with database queries and environment variables, while Laravel's debug pages revealed encryption keys through the APP_KEY variable in environment dumps.
Mitigation
- Generic error pages: Return uniform error messages to users; log detailed exceptions server-side only
- Disable debug modes: Enforce production configurations that suppress stack traces, verbose logging, and debug endpoints through deployment automation
- Access control audits: Restrict or remove development artifacts (
.git, backup files,phpinfo()) and internal endpoints before deployment - Response minimization: API responses should return only necessary fields; implement allowlists rather than blocklists for data exposure
- Security headers: Deploy
X-Content-Type-Options, remove server version banners, and disable directory indexing - Timing consistency: Ensure authentication and validation responses take uniform time regardless of input validity
Recent CVEs (68828)
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: scsi: qla2xxx: Fix double free of the ha->vp_map pointer Coverity scan reported potential risk of double free of the pointer. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.
lunasvg v2.3.9 was discovered to contain a segmentation violation via the component composition_solid_source_over. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
lunasvg v2.3.9 was discovered to contain a segmentation violation via the component composition_solid_source. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.0), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
lunasvg v2.3.9 was discovered to contain an FPE (Floating Point Exception) at blend_transformed_tiled_argb.isra.0. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
lunasvg v2.3.9 was discovered to contain a stack-buffer-underflow at lunasvg/source/layoutcontext.cpp. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
An information disclosure flaw was found in OpenShift's internal image registry operator. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
In Bitcoin Core through 27.0 and Bitcoin Knots before 25.1.knots20231115, tapscript lacks a policy size limit check, a different issue than CVE-2023-50428. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
An issue in CSS Exfil Protection v.1.1.0 allows a remote attacker to obtain sensitive information due to missing support for CSS Style Rules. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
An issue in CSS Exfil Protection v.1.1.0 allows a remote attacker to obtain sensitive information due to missing support for CSS variables. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
An issue in CSS Exfil Protection v.1.1.0 allows a remote attacker to obtain sensitive information via the content.js and parseCSSRules functions. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
An issue in TVS Motor Company Limited TVS Connet Android v.4.5.1 and iOS v.5.0.0 allows a remote attacker to obtain sensitive information via an insecure API endpoint. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
An issue in FME Modules fileuploads v.2.0.3 and before and fixed in v2.0.4 allows a remote attacker to obtain sensitive information via the uploadfiles.php component. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Vault Enterprise, when configured with performance standby nodes and a configured audit device, will inadvertently log request headers on the standby node. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
A vulnerability exists in the too permissive HTTP response header web server settings of the SDM600. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.6). No vendor patch available.
XADMaster is an objective-C library for archive and file unarchiving and extraction. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
The Event Monster - Event Management, Tickets Booking, Upcoming Event plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to PHP Object Injection in all versions up to, and including, 1.3.9 via deserialization via. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable. No vendor patch available.
DMitry (Deepmagic Information Gathering Tool) 1.3a has a format-string vulnerability, with a threat model similar to CVE-2017-7938. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.4), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Open Networking Foundation SD-RAN Rimedo rimedo-ts 0.1.1 has a slice bounds out-of-range panic in "return uint64(b[2])<<16 | uint64(b[1])<<8 | uint64(b[0])" in reader.go. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
Open Networking Foundation SD-RAN Rimedo rimedo-ts 0.1.1 has a slice bounds out-of-range panic in "return plmnIdString[0:3], plmnIdString[3:]" in reader.go. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
O-RAN RIC I-Release e2mgr lacks array size checks in E2nodeConfigUpdateNotificationHandler. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity.
O-RAN RIC I-Release e2mgr lacks array size checks in RicServiceUpdateHandler. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity.
O-RAN RICAPP kpimon-go I-Release has a segmentation violation via a certain E2AP-PDU message. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.3), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
An issue in FME Modules eventsmanager before 4.4.0 allows an attacker to obtain sensitive information from the ps_customer component. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
An issue in Yealink VP59 Microsoft Teams Phone firmware 91.15.0.118 (fixed in 122.15.0.142) allows a physically proximate attacker to disable the phone lock via the Walkie Talkie menu option. Rated low severity (CVSS 2.1), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
Incorrect Usage of Seeds in Pseudo-Random Number Generator (PRNG) vulnerability in Secomea GateManager (Webserver modules) allows Session Hijacking.2.624071020. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.1), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required. No vendor patch available.
Incorrect Permission Assignment for Critical Resource vulnerability in Havelsan Inc. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.4), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Dell OpenManage Enterprise, versions 4.0.0 and 4.0.1, contains a sensitive information disclosure vulnerability. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Insertion of Sensitive Information into Log File vulnerability in Solid Plugins Solid Affiliate.9.1. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Exposure of Sensitive Information to an Unauthorized Actor vulnerability in User Meta user-meta.0. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
Exposure of Sensitive Information to an Unauthorized Actor vulnerability in Fastline Media LLC Assistant - Every Day Productivity Apps.4.9.1. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
E-WEBInformationCo. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
In CARLA through 0.9.15.2, the collision sensor mishandles some situations involving pedestrians or bicycles, in part because the collision sensor function is not exposed to the Blueprint library. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.9), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required. No vendor patch available.
The ejs (aka Embedded JavaScript templates) package before 3.1.10 for Node.js lacks certain pollution protection. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.0), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
IBM i 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5 and IBM Rational Development Studio for i 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5 networking and compiler infrastructure could allow a local user to gain elevated privileges due to an unqualified. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: smb: client: fix potential UAF in cifs_debug_files_proc_show() Skip sessions that are being teared down (status == SES_EXITING) to. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. This Use After Free vulnerability could allow attackers to access freed memory to execute arbitrary code or crash the application.
A vulnerability, which was classified as critical, has been found in PHPGurukul Doctor Appointment Management System 1.0. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
phpecc, as used in paragonie/phpecc before 2.0.1, has a branch-based timing leak in Point addition. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Malformed Device Reset Locally command classes can be sent to temporarily deny service to an end device. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Sidekiq is simple, efficient background processing for Ruby. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Incorrect Access Control in ASUS RT-N12+ B1 and RT-N12 D1 routers allows local attackers to obtain root terminal access via the the UART interface. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.8), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
A vulnerability classified as problematic was found in Netgear DG834Gv5 1.6.01.34. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.9), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
The WP STAGING and WP STAGING Pro plugins for WordPress are vulnerable to Sensitive Information Exposure in versions up to, and including, 3.4.3, and versions up to, and including, 5.4.3,. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Mattermost versions 9.6.x <= 9.6.0, 9.5.x <= 9.5.2, 9.4.x <= 9.4.4 and 8.1.x <= 8.1.11 fail to remove detailed error messages in API requests even if the developer mode is off which allows an. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
The Blog2Social: Social Media Auto Post & Scheduler plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Sensitive Information Exposure in all versions up to, and including, 7.4.2. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. This Missing Authorization vulnerability could allow attackers to access resources or perform actions without proper authorization checks.
The WP-Members Membership Plugin plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Information Exposure in all versions up to, and including, 3.4.9.3 due to the plugin uploading user supplied files to a publicly. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
An issue was discovered in Veritas NetBackup before 10.4. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.1), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
An issue was discovered in Veritas Backup Exec before 22.2 HotFix 917391. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.1), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
An issue was discovered in Passbolt Browser Extension before 4.6.2. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
python-jose through 3.3.0 has algorithm confusion with OpenSSH ECDSA keys and other key formats. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
ZITADEL provides users the possibility to use Time-based One-Time-Password (TOTP) and One-Time-Password (OTP) through SMS and Email. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.1), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
A flaw was found in Quay, where Quay's database is stored in plain text in mirror-registry on Jinja's config.yaml file. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.3), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
A flaw was found in how Quay's database is stored in plain-text in mirror-registry on the jinja's config.yaml file. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.3), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
A flaw was found when using mirror-registry to install Quay. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
A flaw was found when using mirror-registry to install Quay. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Vyper is a pythonic Smart Contract Language for the Ethereum virtual machine. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
Vyper is a pythonic Smart Contract Language for the Ethereum virtual machine. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available.
Vyper is a pythonic Smart Contract Language for the Ethereum virtual machine. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
Vyper is a pythonic Smart Contract Language for the Ethereum virtual machine. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
Vyper is a pythonic Smart Contract Language for the Ethereum virtual machine. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
MeterSphere is an open source continuous testing platform. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
An issue in CmsEasy v.7.7 and before allows a remote attacker to obtain sensitive information via the update function in the index.php component. Rated low severity (CVSS 3.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
A timing-based side-channel flaw exists in the perl-Crypt-OpenSSL-RSA package, which could be sufficient to recover plaintext across a network in a Bleichenbacher-style attack. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.9), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required. No vendor patch available.
A flaw was found in the ansible automation platform. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.1), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
A credentials leak vulnerability was found in the cluster monitoring operator in OCP. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.7), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
A vulnerability was found in jberet-core logging. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
A flaw was found in coredns. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
An out-of-bounds read vulnerability exists in the RAWCodec::DecodeBytes functionality of Mathieu Malaterre Grassroot DICOM 3.0.23. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
An issue has been discovered in GitLab CE/EE affecting all versions starting from 7.8 before 16.9.6, all versions starting from 16.10 before 16.10.4, all versions starting from 16.11 before 16.11.1. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
Unicode transformation vulnerability in Hyperion affecting version 2.0.15. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.4), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Improper Restriction of Excessive Authentication Attempts vulnerability in LoginPress LoginPress Pro allows Removing Important Client Functionality.0.0. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
The Essential Addons for Elementor - Best Elementor Templates, Widgets, Kits & WooCommerce Builders plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Sensitive Information Exposure in all versions up to, and. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. This Exposure of Sensitive Information vulnerability could allow attackers to access sensitive data that should not be disclosed.
Exposure of Sensitive Information to an Unauthorized Actor vulnerability in CodeRevolution WP Setup Wizard.0.8.1. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
A vulnerability in Brocade SANnav exposes Kafka in the wan interface. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
In Brocade SANnav, before Brocade SANnav v2.3.0, syslog traffic received clear text. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Brocade SANnav before v2.3.0a lacks protection mechanisms on port 2377/TCP and 7946/TCP, which could allow an unauthenticated attacker to sniff the SANnav Docker information. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
An Improper Check for Unusual or Exceptional Conditions vulnerability in the web component of Ivanti Connect Secure (9.x, 22.x) and Ivanti Policy Secure (9.x, 22.x) allows a remote unauthenticated. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: binder: check offset alignment in binder_get_object() Commit 6d98eb95b450 ("binder: avoid potential data leakage when copying txn"). Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: netfilter: nf_tables: release mutex after nft_gc_seq_end from abort path The commit mutex should not be released during the. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: af_unix: Fix garbage collector racing against connect() Garbage collector does not take into account the risk of embryo getting. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.7).
An out-of-bounds read vulnerability in WLAvalancheService component of Ivanti Avalanche before 6.4.3, in certain conditions can allow an unauthenticated remote attacker to read sensitive information. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Python Social Auth is a social authentication/registration mechanism. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.9), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable. No vendor patch available.
Insufficient argument checking in Secure state Entry functions in software using Cortex-M Security Extensions (CMSE), that has been compiled using toolchains that implement 'Arm v8-M Security. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required. No vendor patch available.
MongoDB Compass may accept and use insufficiently validated input from an untrusted external source. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable. No vendor patch available.
This issue was addressed through improved state management. Rated low severity (CVSS 3.3), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Improper restriction of excessive authentication attempts on some authentication methods in Checkmk before 2.3.0b5 (beta), 2.2.0p26, 2.1.0p43, and in Checkmk 2.0.0 (EOL) facilitates password. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Insertion of Sensitive Information into Log File vulnerability in Newsletters.9.5. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Sensitive information disclosure in the Simply Static WordPress plugin (versions up to and including 3.1.3) allows remote unauthenticated attackers to access data that should not be exposed in generated static site output. Publicly available exploit code exists, though EPSS scoring (0.29%, 53rd percentile) suggests exploitation interest is modest. The flaw was reported through Patchstack's audit program and is tagged as an information disclosure issue.
Exposure of Sensitive Information to an Unauthorized Actor vulnerability in PickPlugins Post Grid.2.78. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Insertion of Sensitive Information Into Sent Data vulnerability in Jack Arturo WP Fusion Lite wp-fusion-lite allows Retrieve Embedded Sensitive Data.42.10. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Insertion of Sensitive Information into Log File vulnerability in Frédéric GILLES FG Joomla to WordPress.20.2. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.