Information Disclosure
Information disclosure occurs when an application unintentionally exposes sensitive data that aids attackers in reconnaissance or directly compromises security.
How It Works
Information disclosure occurs when an application unintentionally exposes sensitive data that aids attackers in reconnaissance or directly compromises security. This happens through multiple channels: verbose error messages that display stack traces revealing internal paths and frameworks, improperly secured debug endpoints left active in production, and misconfigured servers that expose directory listings or version control artifacts like .git folders. APIs often leak excessive data in responses—returning full user objects when only a name is needed, or revealing system internals through metadata fields.
Attackers exploit these exposures systematically. They probe for common sensitive files (.env, config.php, backup archives), trigger error conditions to extract framework details, and analyze response timing or content differences to enumerate valid usernames or resources. Even subtle variations—like "invalid password" versus "user not found"—enable account enumeration. Exposed configuration files frequently contain database credentials, API keys, or internal service URLs that unlock further attack vectors.
The attack flow typically starts with passive reconnaissance: examining HTTP headers, JavaScript bundles, and public endpoints for version information and architecture clues. Active probing follows—testing predictable paths, manipulating parameters to trigger exceptions, and comparing responses across similar requests to identify information leakage patterns.
Impact
- Credential compromise: Exposed configuration files, hardcoded secrets in source code, or API keys enable direct authentication bypass
- Attack surface mapping: Stack traces, framework versions, and internal paths help attackers craft targeted exploits for known vulnerabilities
- Data breach: Direct exposure of user data, payment information, or proprietary business logic through oversharing APIs or accessible backups
- Privilege escalation pathway: Internal URLs, service discovery information, and architecture details facilitate lateral movement and SSRF attacks
- Compliance violations: GDPR, PCI-DSS, and HIPAA penalties for exposing regulated data through preventable disclosures
Real-World Examples
A major Git repository exposure affected thousands of websites when .git folders remained accessible on production servers, allowing attackers to reconstruct entire source code histories including deleted commits containing credentials. Tools like GitDumper automated mass exploitation of this misconfiguration.
Cloud storage misconfigurations have repeatedly exposed sensitive data when companies left S3 buckets or Azure Blob containers publicly readable. One incident exposed 150 million voter records because verbose API error messages revealed the storage URL structure, and no authentication was required.
Framework debug modes left enabled in production have caused numerous breaches. Django's DEBUG=True setting exposed complete stack traces with database queries and environment variables, while Laravel's debug pages revealed encryption keys through the APP_KEY variable in environment dumps.
Mitigation
- Generic error pages: Return uniform error messages to users; log detailed exceptions server-side only
- Disable debug modes: Enforce production configurations that suppress stack traces, verbose logging, and debug endpoints through deployment automation
- Access control audits: Restrict or remove development artifacts (
.git, backup files,phpinfo()) and internal endpoints before deployment - Response minimization: API responses should return only necessary fields; implement allowlists rather than blocklists for data exposure
- Security headers: Deploy
X-Content-Type-Options, remove server version banners, and disable directory indexing - Timing consistency: Ensure authentication and validation responses take uniform time regardless of input validity
Recent CVEs (68693)
Page table protection configuration vulnerability in the trusted firmware module Impact: Successful exploitation of this vulnerability may affect service confidentiality. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Access control vulnerability in the camera framework module Impact: Successful exploitation of this vulnerability may affect service confidentiality. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Access permission verification vulnerability in the camera driver module Impact: Successful exploitation of this vulnerability will affect availability. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Vulnerability of resources not being closed or released in the keystore module Impact: Successful exploitation of this vulnerability will affect availability. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Access permission verification vulnerability in the WMS module Impact: Successful exploitation of this vulnerability may affect service confidentiality. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Observable timing discrepancy issue exists in IPCOM EX2 Series V01L02NF0001 to V01L06NF0401, V01L20NF0001 to V01L20NF0401, V02L20NF0001 to V02L21NF0301, and IPCOM VE2 Series V01L04NF0001 to. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Permission control vulnerability in the software update module. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Input verification vulnerability in the system service module Impact: Successful exploitation of this vulnerability will affect availability. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Cleartext transmission of sensitive information vulnerability exists in multiple IDEC PLCs. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.6), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Cleartext storage of sensitive information vulnerability exists in WindLDR and WindO/I-NV4. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.1), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Authenticator is a browser extension that generates two-step verification codes. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.
Yubico YubiKey 5 Series devices with firmware before 5.7.0 and YubiHSM 2 devices with firmware before 2.4.0 allow an ECDSA secret-key extraction attack (that requires physical access and expensive. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.2), this vulnerability is no authentication required. No vendor patch available.
High-severity information disclosure vulnerability in Tina CMS's CLI tool (versions before 1.6.2) that exposes search tokens in the tina-lock.json file, allowing unauthorized access to sensitive authentication credentials. Attackers can exploit this remotely without authentication to steal search tokens from affected websites. With an EPSS score of 0.25%, real-world exploitation likelihood is relatively low despite the high CVSS score.
The Bare Metal Operator (BMO) implements a Kubernetes API for managing bare metal hosts in Metal3. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.9), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
A difference in the handling of StructFields and ArrayTypes in WASM could be used to trigger an exploitable type confusion vulnerability. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Firefox normally asks for confirmation before asking the operating system to find an application to handle a scheme that the browser does not support. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Internal browser event interfaces were exposed to web content when privileged EventHandler listener callbacks ran for those events. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
A potentially exploitable type confusion could be triggered when looking up a property name on an object being used as the `with` environment. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Yandex Browser for Desktop before 24.7.1.380 has a DLL Hijacking Vulnerability because an untrusted search path is used. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.4), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
VMware Fusion (13.x before 13.6) contains a code-execution vulnerability due to the usage of an insecure environment variable. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Dell Path to PowerProtect, versions 1.1, 1.2, contains an Exposure of Private Personal Information to an Unauthorized Actor vulnerability. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.9), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
The registration process of uniFLOW Online (NT-ware product) apps, prior to and including version 2024.1.0, can be compromised when email login is enabled on the tenant. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Cleartext Storage of Sensitive Information vulnerability in NAC Telecommunication Systems Inc. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.7), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Hoverfly is a lightweight service virtualization/ API simulation / API mocking tool for developers and testers. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
gix-path is a crate of the gitoxide project dealing with git paths and their conversions. Rated low severity (CVSS 2.5), this vulnerability is no authentication required. No vendor patch available.
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: fuse: Initialize beyond-EOF page contents before setting uptodate fuse_notify_store(), unlike fuse_do_readpage(), does not enable. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.
Jellyfin is an open source self hosted media server. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.4), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. This Exposure of Sensitive Information vulnerability could allow attackers to access sensitive data that should not be disclosed.
Cryptographic issue while parsing RSA keys in COBR format. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.1), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Information disclosure while decoding Tracking Area Update Accept or Attach Accept message received from network. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.2), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Vault Community Edition and Vault Enterprise experienced a regression where functionality that HMAC’d sensitive headers in the configured audit device, specifically client tokens and token accessors,. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
in OpenHarmony v4.1.0 and prior versions allow a remote attacker cause information leak through out-of-bounds Read. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
in OpenHarmony v4.0.0 and prior versions allow a local attacker cause information leak through out-of-bounds Read. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
in OpenHarmony v4.0.0 and prior versions allow a local attacker cause information leak through out-of-bounds Read. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
In keyinstall, there is a possible out of bounds read due to a missing bounds check. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.4), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
In power, there is a possible out of bounds read due to a missing bounds check. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.4), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
In power, there is a possible out of bounds read due to a missing bounds check. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.4), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: kcm: Serialise kcm_sendmsg() for the same socket. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. This Use After Free vulnerability could allow attackers to access freed memory to execute arbitrary code or crash the application.
NVIDIA CUDA Toolkit contains a vulnerability in command `cuobjdump` where a user may cause a crash by passing in a malformed ELF file. Rated low severity (CVSS 3.3), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Dell PowerScale OneFS versions 8.2.2.x through 9.8.0.0 contains an incorrect privilege assignment vulnerability. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.7), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: netfilter: nfnetlink: Initialise extack before use in ACKs Add missing extack initialisation when ACKing BATCH_BEGIN and BATCH_END. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.
The Attire theme for WordPress is vulnerable to PHP Object Injection in all versions up to, and including, 2.0.6 via deserialization of untrusted input. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. This Deserialization of Untrusted Data vulnerability could allow attackers to execute arbitrary code through malicious serialized objects.
IBM Sterling Connect:Direct Web Services 6.0, 6.1, 6.2, and 6.3 uses default credentials for potentially critical functionality. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
A flaw was found in Kroxylicious. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.9), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable. No vendor patch available.
A vulnerability was found in master-nan Sweet-CMS up to 5f441e022b8876f07cde709c77b5be6d2f262e3f. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity.
A SMB force-authentication vulnerability exists in all versions of OPA for Windows prior to v0.68.0. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.3), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
The Clean Login plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Local File Inclusion in all versions up to, and including, 1.14.5 via the 'template' attribute of the clean-login-register shortcode. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity.
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: netfilter: ctnetlink: use helper function to calculate expect ID Delete expectation path is missing a call to the. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. This Memory Leak vulnerability could allow attackers to exhaust available memory leading to denial of service.
The Web Directory Free WordPress plugin before 1.7.3 does not validate a parameter before using it in an include(), which could lead to Local File Inclusion issues. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.1), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
The Betheme theme for WordPress is vulnerable to PHP Object Injection in all versions up to, and including, 27.5.6 via deserialization of untrusted input of the 'mfn-page-items' post meta value. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Fault Injection vulnerability in wc_ed25519_sign_msg function in wolfssl/wolfcrypt/src/ed25519.c in WolfSSL wolfssl5.6.6 on Linux/Windows allows remote attacker co-resides in the same system with a. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
The side-channel protected T-Table implementation in wolfSSL up to version 5.6.5 protects against a side-channel attacker with cache-line resolution. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
An application can be configured to block boot attempts after consecutive tamper resets are detected, which may not occur as expected. Rated low severity (CVSS 2.0), this vulnerability is no authentication required. No vendor patch available.
Sensitive information disclosure due to insecure folder permissions. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
zksolc is a Solidity compiler for ZKsync. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.9), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required.
A vulnerability was found in kitsada8621 Digital Library Management System 1.0. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.9), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity.
The Premium SEO Pack - WP SEO Plugin plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Sensitive Information Exposure in all versions up to, and including, 1.6.002. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
The Popup Builder plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Sensitive Information Exposure in all versions up to, and including, 4.3.6 via the Subscribers Import feature. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
The The Post Grid - Shortcode, Gutenberg Blocks and Elementor Addon for Post Grid plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Sensitive Information Exposure in all versions up to, and including, 7.7.11 via. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. This Exposure of Sensitive Information vulnerability could allow attackers to access sensitive data that should not be disclosed.
The GiveWP - Donation Plugin and Fundraising Platform plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Full Path Disclosure in all versions up to, and including, 3.15.1. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
core/authorize.php in Drupal 11.x-dev allows Full Path Disclosure (even when error logging is None) if the value of hash_salt is file_get_contents of a file that does not exist. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
Dell PowerEdge Platform, 14G Intel BIOS version(s) prior to 2.22.x, contains an Access of Memory Location After End of Buffer vulnerability. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Dell PowerEdge Platform, 14G Intel BIOS version(s) prior to 2.22.x, contains an Improper Input Validation vulnerability. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.0), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Chartist 1.x through 1.3.0 allows Prototype Pollution via the extend function. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
Type Confusion in V8 in Google Chrome prior to 128.0.6613.113 allowed a remote attacker to potentially exploit heap corruption via a crafted HTML page. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
i-Educar is free, fully online school management software that can be used by school secretaries, teachers, coordinators, and area managers. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.1), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available.
Hwameistor is an HA local storage system for cloud-native stateful workloads. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.7), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. This Exposure of Sensitive Information vulnerability could allow attackers to access sensitive data that should not be disclosed.
The OpenTelemetry Collector module AWS firehose receiver is for ingesting AWS Kinesis Data Firehose delivery stream messages and parsing the records received based on the configured record type. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
Improper access control in the clipboard synchronization feature in TeamViewer Full Client prior version 15.57 and TeamViewer Meeting prior version 15.55.3 can lead to unintentional sharing of the. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
JustEnoughItems (JEI) 19.5.0.33 and before contains an Improper Validation of Specified Index, Position, or Offset in Input vulnerability. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity.
EMI v.1.1.10 and before, fixed in v.1.1.11, contains an Improper Validation of Specified Index, Position, or Offset in Input vulnerability. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Roughly Enough Items (REI) v.16.0.729 and before contains an Improper Validation of Specified Index, Position, or Offset in Input vulnerability. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity.
The Permalink Manager Lite plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized access of data due to a missing capability check on the 'debug_data', 'debug_query', and 'debug_redirect' functions in. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. This Missing Authorization vulnerability could allow attackers to access resources or perform actions without proper authorization checks.
HyperView Geoportal Toolkit in versions lower than 8.5.0 does not restrict cross-domain requests when fetching remote content pointed by one of GET request parameters. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: mm: gup: stop abusing try_grab_folio A kernel warning was reported when pinning folio in CMA memory when launching SEV virtual. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.
Improper Privilege Management vulnerability in OpenText NetIQ Access Manager allows user account impersonation in specific scenario.0.4.1 and before 5.1. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
QBiC CLOUD CC-2L v1.1.30 and earlier and Safie One v1.8.2 and earlier do not properly validate certificates, which may allow a network-adjacent unauthenticated attacker to obtain and/or alter. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.8), this vulnerability is no authentication required. No vendor patch available.
The Mollie Payments for WooCommerce plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to information exposure in all versions up to, and including, 7.7.0. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. This Exposure of Sensitive Information vulnerability could allow attackers to access sensitive data that should not be disclosed.
The Ultimate Store Kit Elementor Addons, Woocommerce Builder, EDD Builder, Elementor Store Builder, Product Grid, Product Table, Woocommerce Slider plugin is vulnerable to PHP Object Injection via. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. This Deserialization of Untrusted Data vulnerability could allow attackers to execute arbitrary code through malicious serialized objects.
The Relevanssi Live Ajax Search plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to argument injection in all versions up to, and including, 2.4. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Meshtastic device firmware is a firmware for meshtastic devices to run an open source, off-grid, decentralized, mesh network built to run on affordable, low-power devices. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
An issue was discovered in wolfSSL before 5.7.0. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.9), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required. No vendor patch available.
Generating the ECDSA nonce k samples a random number r and then truncates this randomness with a modular reduction mod n where n is the order of the elliptic curve. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.9), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
The default credentials for the setup HSQL database (HSQLDB) for FileCatalyst Workflow are published in a vendor knowledgebase article. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
An attacker with local access to machine where MicroSCADA X SYS600 is installed, could enable the session logging supporting the product and try to exploit a session hijacking of an already. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.2), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
In certain highly specific configurations of the host system and MongoDB server binary installation on Linux Operating Systems, it may be possible for a unintended actor with host-level access to. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.7), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Insertion of Sensitive Information Into Sent Data vulnerability in mischiefmarmot Create by Mediavine mediavine-create.9.8. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Insertion of Sensitive Information Into Sent Data vulnerability in WebFactory Order Export for WooCommerce order-export-and-more-for-woocommerce.23. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Exposure of Sensitive Information to an Unauthorized Actor vulnerability in Store Locator Plus.17.01. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Exposure of Sensitive Information to an Unauthorized Actor vulnerability in Nouthemes Leopard - WordPress offload media.0.36. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Exposure of Sensitive Information to an Unauthorized Actor vulnerability in Bit Apps Bit Form Pro.6.4. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.