Information Disclosure

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: net: mhi: Fix memory leak in mhi_net_dellink() MHI driver registers network device without setting the needs_free_netdev flag, and. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: erofs: fix missing xas_retry() in fscache mode The xarray iteration only holds the RCU read lock and thus may encounter. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: kcm: close race conditions on sk_receive_queue sk->sk_receive_queue is protected by skb queue lock, but for KCM sockets its RX path. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.7).

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: net: ena: Fix error handling in ena_init() The ena_init() won't destroy workqueue created by create_singlethread_workqueue() when. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. This Use of Uninitialized Resource vulnerability could allow attackers to access uninitialized memory causing crashes or information disclosure.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: bridge: switchdev: Fix memory leaks when changing VLAN protocol The bridge driver can offload VLANs to the underlying hardware. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: net/x25: Fix skb leak in x25_lapb_receive_frame() x25_lapb_receive_frame() using skb_copy() to get a private copy of skb, the new. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. This Memory Leak vulnerability could allow attackers to exhaust available memory leading to denial of service.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: net: dsa: don't leak tagger-owned storage on switch driver unbind In the initial commit dc452a471dba ("net: dsa: introduce. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: nvmet: fix a memory leak in nvmet_auth_set_key When changing dhchap secrets we need to release the old secrets as well. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: netdevsim: Fix memory leak of nsim_dev->fa_cookie kmemleak reports this issue: unreferenced object 0xffff8881bac872d0 (size 8):. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: tracing: Fix memory leak in tracing_read_pipe() kmemleak reports this issue: unreferenced object 0xffff888105a18900 (size 128):. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: tracing: Fix memory leak in test_gen_synth_cmd() and test_empty_synth_event() test_gen_synth_cmd() only free buf in fail path,. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: tracing: Fix wild-memory-access in register_synth_event() In register_synth_event(), if set_synth_event_print_fmt() failed, then. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.1), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. This Out-of-bounds Read vulnerability could allow attackers to read data from memory outside the intended buffer boundaries.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: tracing: Fix race where eprobes can be called before the event The flag that tells the event to call its triggers after reading the. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.7).

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: rethook: fix a potential memleak in rethook_alloc() In rethook_alloc(), the variable rh is not freed or passed out if handler is. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. This Memory Leak vulnerability could allow attackers to exhaust available memory leading to denial of service.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: iio: adc: at91_adc: fix possible memory leak in at91_adc_allocate_trigger() If iio_trigger_register() returns error, it should call. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: iio: trigger: sysfs: fix possible memory leak in iio_sysfs_trig_init() dev_set_name() allocates memory for name, it need be freed. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: iio: adc: mp2629: fix potential array out of bound access Add sentinel at end of maps to avoid potential array out of bound access. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.1), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. This Out-of-bounds Read vulnerability could allow attackers to read data from memory outside the intended buffer boundaries.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: io_uring: fix multishot accept request leaks Having REQ_F_POLLED set doesn't guarantee that the request is executed as a multishot. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. This Memory Leak vulnerability could allow attackers to exhaust available memory leading to denial of service.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: Input: iforce - invert valid length check when fetching device IDs syzbot is reporting uninitialized value at iforce_init_device(). Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. This Use of Uninitialized Resource vulnerability could allow attackers to access uninitialized memory causing crashes or information disclosure.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: scsi: zfcp: Fix double free of FSF request when qdio send fails We used to use the wrong type of integer in 'zfcp_fsf_req_send()'. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: misc/vmw_vmci: fix an infoleak in vmci_host_do_receive_datagram() `struct vmci_event_qp` allocated by qp_notify_peer() contains. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. This Use of Uninitialized Resource vulnerability could allow attackers to access uninitialized memory causing crashes or information disclosure.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: mmc: sdhci-pci: Fix possible memory leak caused by missing pci_dev_put() pci_get_device() will increase the reference count for the. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: blk-cgroup: properly pin the parent in blkcg_css_online blkcg_css_online is supposed to pin the blkcg of the parent, but. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: perf/x86/amd/uncore: Fix memory leak for events array When a CPU comes online, the per-CPU NB and LLC uncore contexts are freed but. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: x86/fpu: Drop fpregs lock before inheriting FPU permissions Mike Galbraith reported the following against an old fork of preempt-rt. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: scsi: target: tcm_loop: Fix possible name leak in tcm_loop_setup_hba_bus() If device_register() fails in tcm_loop_setup_hba_bus(),. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. This Memory Leak vulnerability could allow attackers to exhaust available memory leading to denial of service.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: kprobes: Skip clearing aggrprobe's post_handler in kprobe-on-ftrace case In __unregister_kprobe_top(), if the currently. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. This Use After Free vulnerability could allow attackers to access freed memory to execute arbitrary code or crash the application.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: arm64/mm: fix incorrect file_map_count for non-leaf pmd/pud The page table check trigger BUG_ON() unexpectedly when collapse. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: Input: i8042 - fix leaking of platform device on module removal Avoid resetting the module-wide i8042_platform_device pointer in. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. This Memory Leak vulnerability could allow attackers to exhaust available memory leading to denial of service.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: tcp: cdg: allow tcp_cdg_release() to be called multiple times Apparently, mptcp is able to call tcp_disconnect() on an already. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: KVM: x86/xen: Fix eventfd error handling in kvm_xen_eventfd_assign() Should not call eventfd_ctx_put() in case of error. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: drm/amd/display: Fix optc2_configure warning on dcn314 [Why] dcn314 uses optc2_configure_crc() that wraps optc1_configure_crc() +. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: ALSA: usb-audio: Drop snd_BUG_ON() from snd_usbmidi_output_open() snd_usbmidi_output_open() has a check of the NULL port with. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: ceph: avoid putting the realm twice when decoding snaps fails When decoding the snaps fails it maybe leaving the 'first_realm' and. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. This Use After Free vulnerability could allow attackers to access freed memory to execute arbitrary code or crash the application.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: 9p: trans_fd/p9_conn_cancel: drop client lock earlier syzbot reported a double-lock here and we no longer need this lock after. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: 9p/trans_fd: always use O_NONBLOCK read/write syzbot is reporting hung task at p9_fd_close() [1], for p9_mux_poll_stop() from. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: netlink: Bounds-check struct nlmsgerr creation In preparation for FORTIFY_SOURCE doing bounds-check on memcpy(), switch from. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: net/9p: use a dedicated spinlock for trans_fd Shamelessly copying the explanation from Tetsuo Handa's suggested patch[1] (slightly. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: bpf: Prevent bpf program recursion for raw tracepoint probes We got report from sysbot [1] about warnings that were caused by bpf. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: nvmet: fix a memory leak We forgot to free new_model_number. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

Rejected reason: This CVE ID has been rejected or withdrawn by its CVE Numbering Authority. No vendor patch available.

A stack corruption vulnerability exists in the Linux kernel's ethtool CMIS CDB module due to incorrect buffer size calculation in the ethtool_cmis_module_poll() function. The vulnerability affects Linux kernel versions across multiple releases including 6.15-rc1 and 6.15-rc2, and can be triggered by local users with low privileges to cause a kernel panic and denial of service. A patch is available from the Linux kernel maintainers, and the EPSS score of 0.05% indicates low real-world exploitation probability despite the high CVSS score.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: net: mctp: Set SOCK_RCU_FREE Bind lookup runs under RCU, so ensure that a socket doesn't go away in the middle of a lookup. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: net: openvswitch: fix nested key length validation in the set() action It's not safe to access nla_len(ovs_key) if the data is. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: cxgb4: fix memory leak in cxgb4_init_ethtool_filters() error path In the for loop used to allocate the loc_array and bmap for each. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

Rejected reason: This CVE ID has been rejected or withdrawn by its CVE Numbering Authority. No vendor patch available.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: isofs: Prevent the use of too small fid syzbot reported a slab-out-of-bounds Read in isofs_fh_to_parent. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.1), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: lib/iov_iter: fix to increase non slab folio refcount When testing EROFS file-backed mount over v9fs on qemu, I encountered a folio. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

Use-after-free in Linux kernel ksmbd (SMB server) allows authenticated local attackers to corrupt memory and potentially execute arbitrary code. The vulnerability occurs in krb_authenticate when Kerberos authentication fails to reinitialize a freed session pointer, leading to dangling pointer dereference. Upstream patches available from kernel.org for affected versions including 6.15-rc1/rc2. EPSS score is low (0.07%) with no confirmed active exploitation, but the high CVSS 7.8 reflects serious local privilege escalation potential. Debian and Ubuntu have issued advisories.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: ksmbd: fix use-after-free in __smb2_lease_break_noti() Move tcp_transport free to ksmbd_conn_free. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. This Use After Free vulnerability could allow attackers to access freed memory to execute arbitrary code or crash the application.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: ksmbd: fix use-after-free in smb_break_all_levII_oplock() There is a room in smb_break_all_levII_oplock that can cause racy issues. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.0). This Use After Free vulnerability could allow attackers to access freed memory to execute arbitrary code or crash the application.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: virtiofs: add filesystem context source name check In certain scenarios, for example, during fuzz testing, the source name may be. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: drm/amd/pm: Prevent division by zero The user can set any speed value. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: drm/amd/pm: Prevent division by zero The user can set any speed value. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: drm/amd/pm/smu11: Prevent division by zero The user can set any speed value. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: drm/amd/pm: Prevent division by zero The user can set any speed value. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: drm/amd/pm: Prevent division by zero The user can set any speed value. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: drm/amd/pm: Prevent division by zero The user can set any speed value. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: drm/nouveau: prime: fix ttm_bo_delayed_delete oops Fix an oops in ttm_bo_delayed_delete which results from dererencing a dangling. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. This Use After Free vulnerability could allow attackers to access freed memory to execute arbitrary code or crash the application.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: drm/imagination: fix firmware memory leaks Free the memory used to hold the results of firmware image processing when the module is. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: drm/virtio: Fix missed dmabuf unpinning in error path of prepare_fb() Correct error handling in prepare_fb() to fix leaking. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: drm/xe: Fix an out-of-bounds shift when invalidating TLB When the size of the range invalidated is larger than. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.1), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. This Out-of-bounds Read vulnerability could allow attackers to read data from memory outside the intended buffer boundaries.

NVIDIA TensorRT-LLM for any platform contains a vulnerability in python executor where an attacker may cause a data validation issue by local access to the TRTLLM server. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.

NVIDIA GPU Display Driver for Linux contains a vulnerability which could allow an unprivileged attacker to escalate permissions. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.

APM server logs could contain parts of the document body from a partially failed bulk index request. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.7), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: tipc: fix memory leak in tipc_link_xmit In case the backlog transmit queue for system-importance messages is overloaded,. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: net: tls: explicitly disallow disconnect syzbot discovered that it can disconnect a TLS socket and then run into all sort of. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

Rejected reason: This CVE ID has been rejected or withdrawn by its CVE Numbering Authority. No vendor patch available.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: x86/cpu: Avoid running off the end of an AMD erratum table The NULL array terminator at the end of erratum_1386_microcode was. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: smb: client: fix UAF in decryption with multichannel After commit f7025d861694 ("smb: client: allocate crypto only for primary. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. This Use After Free vulnerability could allow attackers to access freed memory to execute arbitrary code or crash the application.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: net: ppp: Add bound checking for skb data on ppp_sync_txmung Ensure we have enough data in linear buffer from skb before accessing. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.1), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. This Out-of-bounds Read vulnerability could allow attackers to read data from memory outside the intended buffer boundaries.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: perf: Fix hang while freeing sigtrap event Perf can hang while freeing a sigtrap event if a related deferred signal hadn't managed. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: perf/dwc_pcie: fix duplicate pci_dev devices During platform_device_register, wrongly using struct device pci_dev as platform_data. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: PM: hibernate: Avoid deadlock in hibernate_compressor_param_set() syzbot reported a deadlock in lock_system_sleep() (see below). Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: wifi: ath12k: fix memory leak in ath12k_pci_remove() Kmemleak reported this error: unreferenced object 0xffff1c165cec3060 (size. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: wifi: ath12k: Avoid memory leak while enabling statistics Driver uses monitor destination rings for extended statistics mode and. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: jfs: Fix uninit-value access of imap allocated in the diMount() function syzbot reports that hex_dump_to_buffer is using. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. This Use of Uninitialized Resource vulnerability could allow attackers to access uninitialized memory causing crashes or information disclosure.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: jfs: Prevent copying of nlink with value 0 from disk inode syzbot report a deadlock in diFree. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: jfs: add sanity check for agwidth in dbMount The width in dmapctl of the AG is zero, it trigger a divide error when calculating the. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: f2fs: fix to avoid out-of-bounds access in f2fs_truncate_inode_blocks() syzbot reports an UBSAN issue as below: ------------[ cut. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.1), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. This Out-of-bounds Read vulnerability could allow attackers to read data from memory outside the intended buffer boundaries.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: ext4: ignore xattrs past end Once inside 'ext4_xattr_inode_dec_ref_all' we should ignore xattrs entries past the 'end' entry. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. This Use After Free vulnerability could allow attackers to access freed memory to execute arbitrary code or crash the application.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: net: vlan: don't propagate flags on open With the device instance lock, there is now a possibility of a deadlock: [ 1.211455]. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: drm/xe/vf: Don't try to trigger a full GT reset if VF VFs don't have access to the GDRST(0x941c) register that driver uses to reset. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: PCI: vmd: Make vmd_dev::cfg_lock a raw_spinlock_t type The access to the PCI config space via pci_ops::read and pci_ops::write is a. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: media: mediatek: vcodec: Fix a resource leak related to the scp device in FW initialization On Mediatek devices with a system. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. This Memory Leak vulnerability could allow attackers to exhaust available memory leading to denial of service.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: media: venus: hfi_parser: add check to avoid out of bound access There is a possibility that init_codecs is invoked multiple times. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.1), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. This Out-of-bounds Read vulnerability could allow attackers to read data from memory outside the intended buffer boundaries.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: media: venus: hfi_parser: refactor hfi packet parsing logic words_count denotes the number of words in total payload, while data. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.1), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. This Out-of-bounds Read vulnerability could allow attackers to read data from memory outside the intended buffer boundaries.

A use-after-free vulnerability exists in the Linux kernel's stmmac network driver affecting the MSI interrupt affinity hint mechanism. An unprivileged local attacker can read a dangling kernel pointer exposed via procfs (with S_IRUGO permissions), potentially causing kernel panics or leaking sensitive kernel data into userspace. The vulnerability affects all platforms using stmmac with PCI MSI support (Intel, Loongson, etc.), with an EPSS score of 0.11% and patches available from kernel maintainers.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: io_uring/net: fix io_req_post_cqe abuse by send bundle [ 114.987980][ T5313] WARNING: CPU: 6 PID: 5313 at io_uring/io_uring.c:872. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: arm/crc-t10dif: fix use of out-of-scope array in crc_t10dif_arch() Fix a silly bug where an array was used outside of its scope. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.