Denial of Service
Denial of Service attacks render applications or systems unavailable by overwhelming resources or triggering failure conditions.
How It Works
Denial of Service attacks render applications or systems unavailable by overwhelming resources or triggering failure conditions. Attackers exploit asymmetry: minimal attacker effort produces disproportionate resource consumption on the target. Application-level attacks use specially crafted inputs that trigger expensive operations—a regex engine processing malicious patterns can backtrack exponentially, or XML parsers recursively expand entities until memory exhausts. Network-level attacks flood targets with connection requests or amplify traffic through reflection, but application vulnerabilities often provide the most efficient attack surface.
The attack typically begins with reconnaissance to identify resource-intensive operations or unprotected endpoints. For algorithmic complexity attacks, adversaries craft inputs hitting worst-case performance—hash collision inputs filling hash tables with collisions, deeply nested JSON triggering recursive parsing, or pathological regex patterns like (a+)+b against strings of repeated 'a' characters. Resource exhaustion attacks open thousands of connections, upload massive files to unbounded storage, or trigger memory leaks through repeated operations. Crash-based attacks target error handling gaps: null pointer dereferences, unhandled exceptions in parsers, or assertion failures that terminate processes.
Impact
- Service unavailability preventing legitimate users from accessing applications during attack duration
- Revenue loss from downtime in e-commerce, SaaS platforms, or transaction processing systems
- Cascading failures as resource exhaustion spreads to dependent services or database connections pool out
- SLA violations triggering financial penalties and damaging customer trust
- Security team distraction providing cover for data exfiltration or intrusion attempts running concurrently
Real-World Examples
CVE-2018-1000544 in Ruby's WEBrick server allowed ReDoS through malicious HTTP headers containing specially crafted patterns that caused the regex engine to backtrack exponentially, freezing request processing threads. A single attacker could saturate all available workers.
Cloudflare experienced a global outage in 2019 when a single WAF rule containing an unoptimized regex hit pathological cases on legitimate traffic spikes. The .*(?:.*=.*)* pattern exhibited catastrophic backtracking, consuming CPU cycles across their edge network until the rule was disabled.
CVE-2013-1664 demonstrated XML bomb vulnerabilities in Python's XML libraries. Attackers uploaded XML documents with nested entity definitions-each entity expanding to ten copies of the previous level. A 1KB upload could expand to gigabytes in memory during parsing, crashing applications instantly.
Mitigation
- Strict input validation enforcing size limits, complexity bounds, and nesting depth restrictions before processing
- Request rate limiting per IP address, API key, or user session with exponential backoff
- Timeout enforcement terminating operations exceeding reasonable execution windows (typically 1-5 seconds)
- Resource quotas limiting memory allocation, CPU time, and connection counts per request or tenant
- Regex complexity analysis using linear-time algorithms or sanitizing patterns to eliminate backtracking
- Circuit breakers automatically rejecting requests when error rates or latency thresholds indicate degradation
- Load balancing and autoscaling distributing traffic across instances with automatic capacity expansion
Recent CVEs (5589)
Stack-based buffer overflow for some Intel(R) PROSet/Wireless WiFi Software for Windows before version 23.100 may allow a privileged user to potentially enable denial of service via local access. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.3), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Uncontrolled resource consumption for some Edge Orchestrator software for Intel(R) Tiber™ Edge Platform may allow an authenticated user to potentially enable escalation of privilege via adjacent. Rated low severity (CVSS 2.1), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Insufficient resource pool in the core management mechanism for some Intel(R) Processors may allow an authenticated user to potentially enable denial of service via local access. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.7), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Out-of-bounds read for some Intel(R) Graphics Drivers may allow an authenticated user to potentially enable information disclosure or denial of service via local access. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.9), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Uncontrolled resource consumption for some Edge Orchestrator software for Intel(R) Tiber™ Edge Platform may allow an authenticated user to potentially enable denial of service via adjacent access. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.1), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
NULL pointer dereference for some Intel(R) Graphics Drivers may allow an authenticated user to potentially enable denial of service via local access. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Use after free for some Intel(R) PROSet/Wireless WiFi Software for Windows before version 23.100 may allow an unauthenticated user to potentially enable denial of service via adjacent access. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.0), this vulnerability is no authentication required. No vendor patch available.
Uncontrolled resource consumption for some Edge Orchestrator software for Intel(R) Tiber™ Edge Platform may allow an authenticated user to potentially enable denial of service via adjacent access. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.1), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Uncaught exception in the core management mechanism for some Intel(R) Processors may allow an authenticated user to potentially enable denial of service via local access. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Improper access control for some Intel(R) Graphics software may allow an authenticated user to potentially enable denial of service via local access. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.9), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Use after free for some Intel(R) PROSet/Wireless WiFi Software for Windows before version 23.100 may allow an unauthenticated user to potentially enable denial of service via adjacent access. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.2), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Race condition for some Intel(R) PROSet/Wireless WiFi Software for Windows before version 23.100 may allow an unauthenticated user to potentially enable denial of service via adjacent access. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.9), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Improper input validation for some Intel(R) PROSet/Wireless WiFi Software for Windows before version 23.100 may allow a privileged user to potentially enable denial of service via local access. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.3), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Improper input validation for some Intel(R) Graphics Drivers may allow an authenticated user to potentially enable denial of service via local access. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Out-of-bounds read for some Intel(R) PROSet/Wireless WiFi Software for Windows before version 23.100 may allow an unauthenticated user to potentially enable denial of service via adjacent access. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.0), this vulnerability is no authentication required. No vendor patch available.
Use after free for some Intel(R) PROSet/Wireless WiFi Software for Windows before version 23.100 may allow an unauthenticated user to potentially enable denial of service via adjacent access. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.3), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Improper access control for some Intel(R) Arc™ & Iris(R) Xe graphics software before version 32.0.101.6077 may allow an authenticated user to potentially enable denial of service via local access. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.2), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Improper access control for some Intel(R) Data Center GPU Flex Series for Windows driver before version 31.0.101.4314 may allow an authenticated user to potentially enable denial of service via local. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.9), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Improper access control for some Intel(R) Data Center GPU Flex Series for Windows driver software before version 31.0.101.4255 may allow an authenticated user to potentially enable denial of service. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.8). No vendor patch available.
Improper access control for some Intel(R) Arc™ & Iris(R) Xe graphics software before version 31.0.101.4032 may allow an authenticated user to potentially enable denial of service via local access. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.1), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Improper buffer restrictions for some Intel(R) Data Center GPU Flex Series for Windows driver before version 31.0.101.4314 may allow an authenticated user to potentially enable denial of service via. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.2), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Out-of-bounds write for some Intel(R) Graphics Driver software may allow an authenticated user to potentially enable denial of service via local access. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Improper conditions check for some Intel(R) Arc™ GPU may allow an authenticated user to potentially enable denial of service via local access. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.7). No vendor patch available.
Animate versions 24.0.8, 23.0.11 and earlier are affected by a NULL Pointer Dereference vulnerability that could lead to application denial-of-service. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Windows Ancillary Function Driver for WinSock contains a use-after-free enabling local privilege escalation through a null pointer dereference, exploited in May 2025.
Windows Common Log File System Driver contains another use-after-free for local privilege escalation, the latest in a series of CLFS kernel vulnerabilities exploited throughout 2023-2025.
Windows Desktop Window Manager (DWM) contains a use-after-free enabling local privilege escalation, exploited in the wild in May 2025 as another DWM zero-day.
Use after free in Microsoft Office Excel allows an unauthorized attacker to execute code locally. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Use after free in Microsoft Office allows an unauthorized attacker to execute code locally. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.4), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Use after free in Windows Common Log File System Driver allows an authorized attacker to elevate privileges locally. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Use after free in Microsoft Office allows an unauthorized attacker to execute code locally. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.4), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
InDesign Desktop versions ID19.5.2, ID20.2 and earlier are affected by a NULL Pointer Dereference vulnerability that could lead to application denial-of-service. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
InDesign Desktop versions ID19.5.2, ID20.2 and earlier are affected by a NULL Pointer Dereference vulnerability that could lead to application denial-of-service. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Use after free in Microsoft Office PowerPoint allows an unauthorized attacker to execute code locally. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Use after free in Microsoft Office Excel allows an unauthorized attacker to execute code locally. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Use after free in Microsoft Brokering File System allows an authorized attacker to elevate privileges locally. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Uncontrolled resource consumption in Windows Deployment Services allows an unauthorized attacker to deny service locally. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.2), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Uncontrolled resource consumption in Windows LDAP - Lightweight Directory Access Protocol allows an unauthorized attacker to deny service over a network. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.9), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required. No vendor patch available.
Null pointer dereference in Windows Drivers allows an unauthorized attacker to elevate privileges locally. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.4), this vulnerability is no authentication required. No vendor patch available.
Use after free in Remote Desktop Gateway Service allows an unauthorized attacker to execute code over a network. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required. No vendor patch available.
Uncontrolled resource consumption in Remote Desktop Gateway Service allows an unauthorized attacker to deny service over a network. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Epss exploitation probability 37.9% and no vendor patch available.
A vulnerability has been identified in SCALANCE LPE9403 (6GK5998-3GS00-2AC2) (All versions < V4.0 HF0). Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.4). No vendor patch available.
A vulnerability has been identified in SCALANCE LPE9403 (6GK5998-3GS00-2AC2) (All versions < V4.0 HF0). Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.4). No vendor patch available.
A vulnerability has been identified in SCALANCE LPE9403 (6GK5998-3GS00-2AC2) (All versions < V4.0 HF0). Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.3), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
A vulnerability has been identified in SCALANCE LPE9403 (6GK5998-3GS00-2AC2) (All versions < V4.0 HF0). Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.3), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
A vulnerability has been identified in BACnet ATEC 550-440 (All versions), BACnet ATEC 550-441 (All versions), BACnet ATEC 550-445 (All versions), BACnet ATEC 550-446 (All versions). Rated high severity (CVSS 7.1), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
A vulnerability has been identified in APOGEE PXC+TALON TC Series (BACnet) (All versions). Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.3), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
A vulnerability has been identified in SIMATIC PCS neo V4.1 (All versions), SIMATIC PCS neo V5.0 (All versions), SINEC NMS (All versions < V4.0), SINEMA Remote Connect (All versions), Totally. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.7), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
A vulnerability has been identified in SIMATIC PCS neo V4.1 (All versions), SIMATIC PCS neo V5.0 (All versions), SINEC NMS (All versions < V4.0), SINEMA Remote Connect (All versions), Totally. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.7), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
A vulnerability has been identified in SIMATIC PCS neo V4.1 (All versions), SIMATIC PCS neo V5.0 (All versions), SINEC NMS (All versions < V4.0), SINEMA Remote Connect (All versions), Totally. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.7), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
A vulnerability has been identified in MS/TP Point Pickup Module (All versions). Rated high severity (CVSS 7.1), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
The issue was addressed with improved input sanitization. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
The issue was addressed with improved checks. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
A logic issue was addressed with improved checks. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
The issue was addressed with improved input validation. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
The issue was addressed with improved checks. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
The issue was addressed with improved UI. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
A type confusion issue was addressed with improved state handling. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
IBM 4769 Developers Toolkit 7.0.0 through 7.5.52 could allow a remote attacker to cause a denial of service in the Hardware Security Module (HSM) due to improper memory allocation of an excessive. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
A null pointer dereference vulnerability was discovered in Netis WF2880 v2.1.40207. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
nimiq/core-rs-albatross is a Rust implementation of the Nimiq Proof-of-Stake protocol based on the Albatross consensus algorithm. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
A vulnerability classified as problematic was found in JeecgBoot up to 3.8.0. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.1), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
A Denial of Service (DoS) vulnerability has been identified in the KnowledgeBaseWebReader class of the run-llama/llama_index project, affecting version ~ latest(v0.12.15). Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available.
An issue has been discovered in GitLab CE/EE affecting all versions starting from 17.1 prior to 17.9.8, from 17.10 prior to 17.10.6, and from 17.11 prior to 17.11.2. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
A flaw was found in Rust's Ring package. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Uncontrolled Resource Consumption vulnerability in Apache Commons Configuration 1.x. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: net/mlx5: Fix null-ptr-deref in mlx5_create_{inner_,}ttc_table() Add NULL check for mlx5_get_flow_namespace() returns in. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. This NULL Pointer Dereference vulnerability could allow attackers to crash the application by dereferencing a null pointer.
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: pds_core: handle unsupported PDS_CORE_CMD_FW_CONTROL result If the FW doesn't support the PDS_CORE_CMD_FW_CONTROL command the. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. This Use of Uninitialized Resource vulnerability could allow attackers to access uninitialized memory causing crashes or information disclosure.
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: pds_core: make wait_context part of q_info Make the wait_context a full part of the q_info struct rather than a stack variable that. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. This NULL Pointer Dereference vulnerability could allow attackers to crash the application by dereferencing a null pointer.
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: s390/sclp: Add check for get_zeroed_page() Add check for the return value of get_zeroed_page() in sclp_console_init() to prevent. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. This NULL Pointer Dereference vulnerability could allow attackers to crash the application by dereferencing a null pointer.
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: usb: gadget: aspeed: Add NULL pointer check in ast_vhub_init_dev() The variable d->name, returned by devm_kasprintf(), could be. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. This NULL Pointer Dereference vulnerability could allow attackers to crash the application by dereferencing a null pointer.
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: iommu: Clear iommu-dma ops on cleanup If iommu_device_register() encounters an error, it can end up tearing down already-configured. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: netfs: Only create /proc/fs/netfs with CONFIG_PROC_FS When testing a special config: CONFIG_NETFS_SUPPORTS=y CONFIG_PROC_FS=n The. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. This NULL Pointer Dereference vulnerability could allow attackers to crash the application by dereferencing a null pointer.
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: igc: fix PTM cycle trigger logic Writing to clear the PTM status 'valid' bit while the PTM cycle is triggered results in unreliable. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: eth: bnxt: fix missing ring index trim on error path Commit under Fixes converted tx_prod to be free running but missed masking it. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: HID: pidff: Fix null pointer dereference in pidff_find_fields This function triggered a null pointer dereference if used to search. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: scsi: mpi3mr: Synchronous access b/w reset and tm thread for reply queue When the task management thread processes reply queues. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. This Use After Free vulnerability could allow attackers to access freed memory to execute arbitrary code or crash the application.
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: page_pool: avoid infinite loop to schedule delayed worker We noticed the kworker in page_pool_release_retry() was waken up. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: fs/jfs: Prevent integer overflow in AG size calculation The JFS filesystem calculates allocation group (AG) size using 1 <<. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: drm/amd/display: Guard Possible Null Pointer Dereference [WHY] In some situations, dc->res_pool may be null. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: drm/amdkfd: Fix mode1 reset crash issue If HW scheduler hangs and mode1 reset is used to recover GPU, KFD signal user space to. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. This Use After Free vulnerability could allow attackers to access freed memory to execute arbitrary code or crash the application.
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: drm/amdkfd: debugfs hang_hws skip GPU with MES debugfs hang_hws is used by GPU reset test with HWS, for MES this crash the kernel. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. This NULL Pointer Dereference vulnerability could allow attackers to crash the application by dereferencing a null pointer.
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: drm/amdgpu: handle amdgpu_cgs_create_device() errors in amd_powerplay_create() Add error handling to propagate. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. This NULL Pointer Dereference vulnerability could allow attackers to crash the application by dereferencing a null pointer.
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: cifs: avoid NULL pointer dereference in dbg call cifs_server_dbg() implies server to be non-NULL so move call under condition to. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: pm: cpupower: bench: Prevent NULL dereference on malloc failure If malloc returns NULL due to low memory, 'config' pointer can be. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. This NULL Pointer Dereference vulnerability could allow attackers to crash the application by dereferencing a null pointer.
dialect/mod.rs in the libsql-sqlite3-parser crate through 0.13.0 before 14f422a for Rust can crash if the input is not valid UTF-8. Rated low severity (CVSS 2.9), this vulnerability is no authentication required. No vendor patch available.
Pixmeo OsiriX MD is vulnerable to a local use after free scenario, which could allow an attacker to locally import a crafted DICOM file and cause memory corruption or a system crash. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.9), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Pixmeo OsiriX MD is vulnerable to a use after free scenario, which could allow an attacker to upload a crafted DICOM file and cause memory corruption leading to a denial-of-service condition. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.7), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Dell PowerScale OneFS, versions 9.4.0.0 through 9.10.1.0, contains an out-of-bounds write vulnerability. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Dell PowerScale OneFS, versions 9.8.0.0 through 9.10.1.0, contain a time-of-check time-of-use (TOCTOU) race condition vulnerability. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.4), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.