Denial of Service
Denial of Service attacks render applications or systems unavailable by overwhelming resources or triggering failure conditions.
How It Works
Denial of Service attacks render applications or systems unavailable by overwhelming resources or triggering failure conditions. Attackers exploit asymmetry: minimal attacker effort produces disproportionate resource consumption on the target. Application-level attacks use specially crafted inputs that trigger expensive operations—a regex engine processing malicious patterns can backtrack exponentially, or XML parsers recursively expand entities until memory exhausts. Network-level attacks flood targets with connection requests or amplify traffic through reflection, but application vulnerabilities often provide the most efficient attack surface.
The attack typically begins with reconnaissance to identify resource-intensive operations or unprotected endpoints. For algorithmic complexity attacks, adversaries craft inputs hitting worst-case performance—hash collision inputs filling hash tables with collisions, deeply nested JSON triggering recursive parsing, or pathological regex patterns like (a+)+b against strings of repeated 'a' characters. Resource exhaustion attacks open thousands of connections, upload massive files to unbounded storage, or trigger memory leaks through repeated operations. Crash-based attacks target error handling gaps: null pointer dereferences, unhandled exceptions in parsers, or assertion failures that terminate processes.
Impact
- Service unavailability preventing legitimate users from accessing applications during attack duration
- Revenue loss from downtime in e-commerce, SaaS platforms, or transaction processing systems
- Cascading failures as resource exhaustion spreads to dependent services or database connections pool out
- SLA violations triggering financial penalties and damaging customer trust
- Security team distraction providing cover for data exfiltration or intrusion attempts running concurrently
Real-World Examples
CVE-2018-1000544 in Ruby's WEBrick server allowed ReDoS through malicious HTTP headers containing specially crafted patterns that caused the regex engine to backtrack exponentially, freezing request processing threads. A single attacker could saturate all available workers.
Cloudflare experienced a global outage in 2019 when a single WAF rule containing an unoptimized regex hit pathological cases on legitimate traffic spikes. The .*(?:.*=.*)* pattern exhibited catastrophic backtracking, consuming CPU cycles across their edge network until the rule was disabled.
CVE-2013-1664 demonstrated XML bomb vulnerabilities in Python's XML libraries. Attackers uploaded XML documents with nested entity definitions-each entity expanding to ten copies of the previous level. A 1KB upload could expand to gigabytes in memory during parsing, crashing applications instantly.
Mitigation
- Strict input validation enforcing size limits, complexity bounds, and nesting depth restrictions before processing
- Request rate limiting per IP address, API key, or user session with exponential backoff
- Timeout enforcement terminating operations exceeding reasonable execution windows (typically 1-5 seconds)
- Resource quotas limiting memory allocation, CPU time, and connection counts per request or tenant
- Regex complexity analysis using linear-time algorithms or sanitizing patterns to eliminate backtracking
- Circuit breakers automatically rejecting requests when error rates or latency thresholds indicate degradation
- Load balancing and autoscaling distributing traffic across instances with automatic capacity expansion
Recent CVEs (5577)
A vulnerability was identified in JasPer up to 4.2.5. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. Public exploit code available.
A vulnerability was determined in JasPer up to 4.2.5. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. Public exploit code available.
A vulnerability was found in JasPer up to 4.2.5. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. Public exploit code available.
in OpenHarmony v5.0.3 and prior versions allow a local attacker arbitrary code execution in tcb through use after free. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.4), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
in OpenHarmony v5.0.3 and prior versions allow a local attacker case DOS through NULL pointer dereference. Rated low severity (CVSS 3.3), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
in OpenHarmony v5.0.3 and prior versions allow a local attacker arbitrary code execution in tcb through use after free. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.4), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
A vulnerability was determined in Open5GS up to 2.7.5. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available.
A vulnerability was found in Open5GS up to 2.7.5. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available.
A vulnerability has been found in Open5GS up to 2.7.5. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.9), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity.
A vulnerability was determined in Open5GS up to 2.7.5. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available.
A vulnerability was found in Open5GS up to 2.7.5. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available.
A vulnerability has been found in Open5GS up to 2.7.5. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.9), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity.
A vulnerability was identified in Open5GS up to 2.7.5. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available.
oak is a middleware framework for Deno's native HTTP server, Deno Deploy, Node.js 16.5 and later, Cloudflare Workers and Bun. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Possible memory leak or kernel exceptions caused by reading kernel heap data after free or NULL pointer dereference kernel exception. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
A vulnerability classified as problematic was found in GNU cflow up to 1.8. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
A vulnerability was found in Open5GS up to 2.7.5. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
A null pointer dereference vulnerability exists in GStreamer's subparse plugin, specifically in the tmplayer_parse_line function when processing malformed subtitle files. This affects GStreamer through version 1.26.1 and can be triggered by an unauthenticated attacker over the network with moderate complexity, resulting in application crash (denial of service) and potential information disclosure. A public proof-of-concept exploit is available, but the EPSS score of 0.09% (25th percentile) indicates relatively low real-world exploitation probability despite POC availability.
A NULL pointer dereference vulnerability exists in GStreamer's subparse plugin, specifically in the subrip_unescape_formatting function, which can crash applications when processing maliciously crafted or malformed subtitle files. GStreamer versions through 1.26.1 are affected, and the vulnerability is exploitable through local attack vectors requiring user interaction to open a subtitle file. A public proof-of-concept is available, though the low EPSS score of 0.03% (7th percentile) suggests limited real-world exploitation likelihood despite the availability of exploit code.
GStreamer's subparse plugin contains a stack-based buffer overflow in the parse_subrip_time function that allows attackers to write data past buffer boundaries, resulting in application crashes and potential information disclosure. Affected versions through 1.26.1 are vulnerable when processing specially crafted subtitle files. A proof-of-concept exploit is publicly available, and while the EPSS score of 0.07% suggests low exploitation probability overall, the availability of working exploit code elevates practical risk for systems processing untrusted subtitle content.
Cloudflare quiche was discovered to be vulnerable to an infinite loop when sending packets containing RETIRE_CONNECTION_ID frames. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.7), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
openjpeg v 2.5.0 was discovered to contain a NULL pointer dereference via the component /openjp2/dwt.c. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Use after free in Cast in Google Chrome prior to 139.0.7258.66 allowed a remote attacker to potentially exploit heap corruption via a crafted HTML page. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Use after free in Extensions in Google Chrome prior to 139.0.7258.66 allowed a remote attacker to potentially exploit heap corruption via a crafted Chrome Extension. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
SuiteCRM is an open-source, enterprise-ready Customer Relationship Management (CRM) software application. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Middleware causes a prohibitive amount of heap allocations when processing malicious preflight requests that include a Access-Control-Request-Headers (ACRH) header whose value contains many commas. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
NVIDIA Triton Inference Server for Windows and Linux and the Tensor RT backend contain a vulnerability where an attacker could cause an underflow by a specific model configuration and a specific. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.4), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable. No vendor patch available.
NVIDIA Triton Inference Server for Windows and Linux contains a vulnerability where a user could cause a memory allocation with excessive size value, leading to a segmentation fault, by providing an. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
NVIDIA Triton Inference Server for Windows and Linux contains a vulnerability where an attacker could cause an integer overflow through specially crafted inputs. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable. No vendor patch available.
NVIDIA Triton Inference Server for Windows and Linux contains a vulnerability where an attacker could cause an integer overflow through a specially crafted input. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
NVIDIA Triton Inference Server for Windows and Linux contains a vulnerability where an attacker could cause uncontrolled recursion through a specially crafted input. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
NVIDIA Triton Inference Server for Windows and Linux contains a vulnerability where a user could cause an integer overflow or wraparound, leading to a segmentation fault, by providing an invalid. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
NVIDIA Triton Inference Server for Windows and Linux contains a vulnerability where a user could cause an integer overflow or wraparound, leading to a segmentation fault, by providing an invalid. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
NVIDIA Triton Inference Server for Windows and Linux contains a vulnerability where multiple requests could cause a double free when a stream is cancelled before it is processed. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
NVIDIA Triton Inference Server for Windows and Linux contains a vulnerability where a user could cause a divide by zero issue by issuing an invalid request. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
NVIDIA Triton Inference Server for Windows and Linux contains a vulnerability in the Python backend, where an attacker could cause an out-of-bounds write by sending a request. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.1), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required. No vendor patch available.
NVIDIA Triton Inference Server for Windows and Linux contains a vulnerability in the Python backend, where an attacker could cause an out-of-bounds write. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.1), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required. No vendor patch available.
NVIDIA Triton Inference Server contains a vulnerability in the HTTP server, where an attacker could start a reverse shell by sending a specially crafted HTTP request. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.1), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
NVIDIA Triton Inference Server contains a vulnerability where an attacker could cause a stack overflow through specially crafted HTTP requests. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
NVIDIA Triton Inference Server for Windows and Linux contains a vulnerability where an attacker could cause stack buffer overflow by specially crafted inputs. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
A Regular Expression Denial of Service (ReDoS) vulnerability exists in the Hugging Face Transformers library, specifically in the `convert_tf_weight_name_to_pt_weight_name()` function. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available.
Vision UI is a collection of enterprise-grade, dependency-free modules for modern web projects. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.7), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Mastodon is a free, open-source social network server based on ActivityPub Mastodon which facilitates LDAP configuration for authentication. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. This Allocation of Resources Without Limits vulnerability could allow attackers to exhaust system resources through uncontrolled allocation.
FPDI is a collection of PHP classes that facilitate reading pages from existing PDF documents and using them as templates in FPDF. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.0), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Fiber is an Express inspired web framework written in Go. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.7), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity.
A vulnerability, which was classified as problematic, was found in libav up to 12.3. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
A vulnerability classified as problematic was found in libav up to 12.3. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
Improper Input Validation vulnerability in Roche Diagnostics navify Monitoring allows an attacker to manipulate input data, which may lead to a denial of service (DoS) due to negatively impacting the. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.1), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
A vulnerability, which was classified as problematic, was found in Axiomatic Bento4 up to 1.6.0-641. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
Russh is a Rust SSH client & server library. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available.
A vulnerability classified as problematic was found in libtiff 4.6.0. Rated low severity (CVSS 2.0). Public exploit code available.
An issue in Artifex mupdf 1.25.6, 1.25.5 allows a remote attacker to cause a denial of service via an infinite recursion in the `mutool clean` utility. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
Cairo through 1.18.4, as used in Poppler through 25.08.0, has an "unscaled->face == NULL" assertion failure for _cairo_ft_unscaled_font_fini in cairo-ft-font.c. Rated low severity (CVSS 2.9), this vulnerability is no authentication required. No vendor patch available.
An issue in the pdfseparate utility of freedesktop poppler v25.04.0 allows attackers to cause an infinite recursion via supplying a crafted PDF file. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
Use After Free vulnerability in Arm Ltd Bifrost GPU Userspace Driver, Arm Ltd Valhall GPU Userspace Driver, Arm Ltd Arm 5th Gen GPU Architecture Userspace Driver allows a non-privileged user process. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
An unauthenticated remote attacker may trigger a NULL pointer dereference in the affected CODESYS Control runtime systems by sending specially crafted communication requests, potentially leading to a. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
In iperf before 3.19.1, iperf_auth.c has a Base64Decode assertion failure and application exit upon a malformed authentication attempt. Rated low severity (CVSS 3.7), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required.
NVIDIA vGPU software contains a vulnerability in the Virtual GPU Manager, where it allows a guest to access global resources. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
NVIDIA vGPU software contains a vulnerability in the Virtual GPU Manager, where a malicious guest could cause a stack buffer overflow. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
NVIDIA vGPU software for Linux-style hypervisors contains a vulnerability in the Virtual GPU Manager, where a malicious guest could cause stack buffer overflow. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
NVIDIA GPU Display Driver for Windows contains a vulnerability where an attacker with local unprivileged access that can win a race condition might be able to trigger a use-after-free error. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.0). No vendor patch available.
NVIDIA .run Installer for Linux and Solaris contains a vulnerability where an attacker could use a race condition to escalate privileges. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.0). No vendor patch available.
NVIDIA Display Driver for Windows and Linux contains a vulnerability where an attacker might cause an improper index validation by issuing a call with crafted parameters. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.1), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
NVIDIA Display Driver for Linux and Windows contains a vulnerability in the kernel mode driver, where an attacker could access memory outside bounds permitted under normal use cases. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.3), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
NVIDIA Installer for Windows contains a vulnerability where an attacker may be able to escalate privileges. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Copyparty is a portable file server. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available.
Traefik is an HTTP reverse proxy and load balancer. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable. This Path Traversal vulnerability could allow attackers to access files and directories outside the intended path.
A vulnerability was found in LibTIFF up to 4.7.0. Rated low severity (CVSS 2.0). Public exploit code available.
MaterialX is an open standard for the exchange of rich material and look-development content across applications and renderers. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available.
MaterialX is an open standard for the exchange of rich material and look-development content across applications and renderers. Rated low severity (CVSS 2.0), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available.
MaterialX is an open standard for the exchange of rich material and look-development content across applications and renderers. Rated low severity (CVSS 2.0), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available.
Asterisk is an open source private branch exchange and telephony toolkit. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
OpenEXR provides the specification and reference implementation of the EXR file format, an image storage format for the motion picture industry. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.6), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
A null pointer dereference vulnerability exists in the IOMap64.sys driver of ASUS AI Suite 3. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.7), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
LiteSpeed QUIC (LSQUIC) Library before 4.3.1 has an lsquic_engine_packet_in memory leak. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
In bootloader, there is a possible out of bounds write due to a missing bounds check. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.1), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Out-of-bounds read in macOS file processing can expose sensitive memory and crash applications when victims open maliciously crafted files. Affects macOS Ventura 13.x, Sonoma 14.x, and Sequoia 15.x prior to patched versions (13.7.7, 14.7.7, 15.6 respectively). Requires local access and user interaction (CVSS AV:L/UI:R). EPSS score of 0.02% (4th percentile) indicates minimal observed exploitation likelihood. No CISA KEV listing or public exploit identified at time of analysis, suggesting low immediate threat despite CVSS 7.1 rating.
Memory corruption vulnerabilities in Apple's graphics texture processing engine across iOS, iPadOS, macOS, tvOS, visionOS, and watchOS allow remote code execution via maliciously crafted texture files. Affects all major Apple platforms prior to July 2025 updates (iOS/iPadOS 18.6, macOS Sequoia 15.6, tvOS 18.6, visionOS 2.6, watchOS 11.6). Despite a critical CVSS 9.8 score indicating network-exploitable remote code execution without authentication, EPSS shows only 0.18% exploitation probability (40th percentile), and no public exploit identified at time of analysis. The vulnerability requires processing specially crafted texture data, likely through applications handling untrusted image or 3D content.
Out-of-bounds memory access in Apple media processing components affects iOS, iPadOS, macOS, tvOS, and visionOS, allowing local attackers to crash applications or corrupt memory via malicious media files. Fixed in iOS/iPadOS 18.6, macOS Sequoia 15.6, tvOS 18.6, and visionOS 2.6. EPSS score of 0.02% (4th percentile) indicates minimal observed exploitation probability, and no public exploit identified at time of analysis, suggesting lower immediate risk despite CVSS 7.1 rating.
Improper input validation in Apple's network configuration subsystem across iOS, iPadOS, macOS, tvOS, visionOS, and watchOS allows unauthenticated remote attackers to trigger denial-of-service conditions and enables non-privileged local users to modify restricted network settings. Fixed in iOS/iPadOS 18.6/17.7.9, macOS Sequoia 15.6, Sonoma 14.7.7, Ventura 13.7.7, tvOS 18.6, visionOS 2.6, and watchOS 11.6. EPSS score of 0.15% (36th percentile) indicates low predicted exploitation probability, and no public exploit identified at time of analysis.
Use-after-free memory corruption in Apple's operating systems (iPadOS 17.x, macOS Sequoia 15.x, Sonoma 14.x, Ventura 13.x) allows network-based attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause denial of service without authentication. The vulnerability was remediated by removing the vulnerable code entirely rather than patching it. Despite a critical CVSS 9.8 score, EPSS indicates only 0.08% exploitation probability (24th percentile), and no public exploit identified at time of analysis. Apple released patches in July 2025 across all affected platforms simultaneously.
Out-of-bounds read vulnerability in Apple media processing frameworks allows local attackers to cause application crashes or disclose sensitive process memory by tricking users into opening malicious media files. Affects iOS/iPadOS 18.x, macOS Sequoia 15.x, tvOS 18.x, and visionOS 2.x prior to July 2025 security updates. No public exploit identified at time of analysis, with EPSS score of 0.02% indicating minimal observed exploitation activity. User interaction required (opening crafted file) reduces immediate risk despite 7.1 CVSS score.
Safari and Apple operating systems contain a use-after-free vulnerability in web content processing that causes unexpected application crashes when users visit maliciously crafted websites. The flaw affects Safari 18.5 and earlier, iOS 18.5 and earlier, iPadOS 18.5 and earlier (also iPadOS 17.7.8 and earlier), macOS Sequoia 15.5 and earlier, tvOS 18.5 and earlier, visionOS 2.5 and earlier, and watchOS 11.5 and earlier. Remote attackers can trigger a denial-of-service condition requiring only user interaction to visit a malicious page, with no elevated privileges required. Apple has released patches for all affected platforms; the EPSS score of 0.10% (28th percentile) indicates low real-world exploitation probability despite the accessibility of the attack vector.
Safari and related Apple platforms crash when processing maliciously crafted web content due to improper memory handling in a buffer overflow condition (CWE-119). The vulnerability affects Safari 18.5 and earlier, iOS 18.5 and earlier, iPadOS 18.5 and earlier, macOS Sequoia 15.5 and earlier, tvOS 18.5 and earlier, visionOS 2.5 and earlier, and watchOS 11.5 and earlier. An unauthenticated remote attacker can trigger denial of service by hosting or injecting malicious web content that causes an unexpected browser crash. No public exploit code or active exploitation has been confirmed at time of analysis, though the low EPSS score (0.15%) suggests minimal real-world exploitation likelihood despite the moderate CVSS 6.5 severity.
Safari and Apple platform web content processing crashes due to a buffer overflow vulnerability when handling maliciously crafted web content. Affects Safari 18.5 and earlier, iOS 18.5 and earlier, iPadOS 18.5 and earlier, macOS Sequoia 15.5 and earlier, tvOS 18.5 and earlier, visionOS 2.5 and earlier, and watchOS 11.5 and earlier. Unauthenticated remote attackers can trigger a denial of service by enticing users to visit a malicious webpage, resulting in application crash with no data theft or code execution capability. No public exploit identified at time of analysis; EPSS score of 0.12% indicates low real-world exploitation probability despite moderate CVSS rating.
Safari and related Apple platforms crash when processing maliciously crafted web content due to a memory handling vulnerability (buffer overflow). Affects Safari 18.5 and earlier, iOS 18.5 and earlier, iPadOS 18.5 and earlier, macOS Sequoia 15.5 and earlier, tvOS 18.5 and earlier, visionOS 2.5 and earlier, and watchOS 11.5 and earlier. An unauthenticated remote attacker can trigger a denial of service by hosting or injecting malicious web content, with user interaction required to visit the affected content. No public exploit code or active exploitation has been confirmed (EPSS 0.08% indicates minimal real-world exploitation activity to date).
Denial-of-service vulnerability in Apple's WebKit engine affects Safari, iOS, iPadOS, macOS, tvOS, visionOS, and watchOS through improper memory handling during web content processing. Local attackers without authentication can trigger this vulnerability via crafted web content to cause application crashes. Vendor-released patches are available across all affected platforms; EPSS score of 0.02% indicates minimal real-world exploitation likelihood despite the moderate CVSS 6.2 rating.
Out-of-bounds write vulnerability in WebKit across Apple's entire operating system ecosystem allows remote code execution via maliciously crafted web content without user interaction or authentication. Affects iOS, iPadOS, macOS (Ventura through Sequoia), tvOS, visionOS, and watchOS prior to July 2025 security updates. Despite a critical 9.8 CVSS score indicating maximum severity, EPSS probability remains low at 0.14% (34th percentile), and no public exploit identified at time of analysis, suggesting limited observed exploitation attempts despite the theoretical remote attack surface.
Memory handling flaw in macOS allows remote denial-of-service via malicious application, affecting Sequoia 15.x, Sonoma 14.x, and Ventura 13.x systems prior to July 2025 security updates. Despite a critical 9.8 CVSS score indicating network-accessible attack with no authentication required, EPSS probability is low (0.10%, 27th percentile) and no public exploit identified at time of analysis. The severity rating appears inconsistent with the described impact (DoS only, no code execution), suggesting CVSS vector may require validation against actual attack requirements.
Buffer overflow memory corruption in Apple file parsing components allows remote code execution across iOS 18.6, iPadOS 18.6, macOS (Sequoia 15.6, Sonoma 14.7.7, Ventura 13.7.7), tvOS 18.6, visionOS 2.6, and watchOS 11.6. Unauthenticated attackers can trigger arbitrary code execution by delivering a maliciously crafted file requiring no user interaction beyond parsing. Despite CVSS 9.8 critical severity, EPSS score of 0.16% (37th percentile) indicates low observed exploitation probability. No public exploit identified at time of analysis and not listed in CISA KEV, suggesting theoretical risk exceeds current real-world threat activity.