What is the CVSS score of CVE-2025-44655?

CVE-2025-44655 has a CVSS 3.1 base score of 9.8 (Critical). CVSS vector: CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H. EPSS exploitation probability: 0.3%.

A950rg Firmware CVE-2025-44655

CRITICAL

Incorrect Privilege Assignment (CWE-266)

2025-07-21 cve@mitre.org

Authentication Bypass Privilege Escalation A950rg Firmware T10 Firmware TOTOLINK A7100Ru Firmware

9.8

CVSS 3.1 · Vendor: mitre

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Vulnerability Assessment

Weakness

CWE

CWE-266

OWASP Top 10:2025

A06:2025 - Insecure Design

ASVS 5.0

V8 - Authorization Privilege assignment review

Act Now Prioritize within 24-48h. Why: CRITICAL severity.

No patch listed yet 0.3% exploitation probability (EPSS)

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AnalysisAIv1 – Jul 05, 2026

Privilege escalation and unauthorized file access affects TOTOLINK A7100RU (V7.4), A950RG (V5.9), and T10 (V5.9) routers because their bundled vsftpd FTP server ships with the chroot_local_user option enabled in vsftpd.conf, an insecure default that can let a local FTP user reach system files and escalate on the device. On these consumer routers the FTP daemon runs with high privilege and weak isolation, so a foothold on the FTP service can be used to read sensitive files, gain elevated access, and pivot into the internal network. There is no CISA KEV listing and no public exploit identified at time of analysis; the only reference is a researcher gist, and EPSS is low at 0.34% (26th percentile).

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Exploit and PoC references, threat intelligence from 22 sources

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Severity by source

Vendor (mitre) PRIMARY 9.8 CRITICAL

AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

Primary rating from Vendor (mitre) · only source for this CVE.

CVSS VectorVendor: mitre

Attack Vector

Network

Attack Complexity

Low

Privileges Required

None

User Interaction

None

Scope

Unchanged

Confidentiality

High

Integrity

High

Availability

High

DescriptionCVE.org

In TOTOLink A7100RU V7.4, A950RG V5.9, and T10 V5.9, the chroot_local_user option is enabled in the vsftpd.conf. This could lead to unauthorized access to system files, privilege escalation, or use of the compromised server as a pivot point for internal network attacks.

Executive ViewAI

Why It Matters

TOTOLINK routers (A7100RU, A950RG, T10) contain a critical privilege escalation vulnerability in their bundled FTP server (CVE-2025-44655) that allows authenticated FTP users to escalate privileges and access system files. This threatens organizations' network integrity by enabling attackers with FTP access to compromise device security, exfiltrate sensitive data, and pivot into internal networks.

Recommended Action

Within 24 hours: inventory all TOTOLINK A7100RU (V7.4), A950RG (V5.9), and T10 (V5.9) routers in your environment; disable FTP service if operationally feasible; review FTP access logs for suspicious authentication patterns. Within 7 days: rotate all FTP credentials on remaining active instances; implement firewall rules restricting FTP access to trusted administrative networks only; enable comprehensive FTP transaction logging. Within 30 days: contact TOTOLINK support for patched firmware versions; develop and test staged firmware deployment plan; deploy updates to all affected routers as patches become available.

Business Impact: High

Compensating Controls

Disable FTP service where operationally feasible. For required FTP deployments: restrict access to known administrative networks via firewall ACLs; enforce strong, unique FTP credentials with mandatory rotation; enable detailed logging and monitoring of FTP authentication attempts and file access; implement network segmentation to prevent pivot attacks from routers to critical systems; monitor for anomalous privilege escalation attempts within router logs.

Threat Intelligence Overview

EPSS Score

0.3%

Top 74% exploitable

Data Quality

4 sources

Confidence: Medium

NVD

CVE.org

EPSS

GitHub

How this decision was reached

The engine reads each signal below and applies a fixed list of rules from top to bottom. The first rule that matches sets the recommended action – like a statement, every line is shown.

SignalValue

Severity CRITICAL

CISA KEV No

Public POC No

EPSS 0.3%

Patch available No

Active threat No

Deciding rule

CRITICAL severity

What every action level means

Emergency Immediate action required. Criteria: CRITICAL + in CISA KEV (actively exploited) without patch, OR CRITICAL + EPSS > 30% without patch, OR CRITICAL + active threat signals without patch.

Act Now Prioritize within 24-48h. Criteria: in KEV with patch available, OR CRITICAL + public POC, OR HIGH + EPSS > 10%, OR CRITICAL + active threat, OR any CRITICAL severity.

This Week Schedule remediation this week. Criteria: HIGH severity (CVSS 7.0-8.9). Patch within normal change window.

This Month Plan within 30 days. Criteria: MEDIUM severity (CVSS 4.0-6.9), lower exploitation probability. Include in regular patch cycle.

Monitor Track and reassess. Criteria: LOW severity (CVSS 0.1-3.9), minimal exploitation risk. No immediate action needed.

SSVC AssessmentENISA

SSVC Decision· derived

Scheduled

Exploitation· derived

None

System Exposure· derived

Open

Automatable· derived

Yes

Human Impact

High

Priority Score

Low Medium High Critical

KEV: 0

EPSS: 0

CVSS: +49

PoC: 0

Weaponized: 0

Threat intel: 0

Gov advisory: 0

Attack Technique

Authentication Bypass CRITICAL

Authentication bypass attacks exploit flaws in the verification mechanisms that control access to systems and applications.

Privilege Escalation HIGH

Privilege escalation occurs when an attacker leverages flaws in access control mechanisms to gain permissions beyond what they were originally granted.