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Rack CVE-2025-27111

MEDIUM
Improper Neutralization of CRLF Sequences ('CRLF Injection') (CWE-93)
2025-03-04 security-advisories@github.com
Code Injection Red Hat Rack Suse
6.9
CVSS 4.0 · GitHub Advisory
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Vulnerability Assessment

Weakness
CWE
CWE-93
OWASP Top 10:2025
A05:2025 - Injection
ASVS 5.0
V1 - Encoding and Sanitization CRLF sequence sanitization
Impact

CVSS score of 6.9 (MEDIUM). Attack characteristics: network attack vector, low complexity, no privileges required, no user interaction not required. EPSS exploitation probability: 0.43%.
Exploit ScenarioDerived

This vulnerability can be exploited remotely over the network. Successful exploitation could compromise the medium-severity affected system.
This Month Plan within 30 days. Why: MEDIUM severity (CVSS 4.0-6.9).
Patch available 0.4% exploitation probability (EPSS)

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AnalysisAIv1 – Mar 28, 2026

Rack is a modular Ruby web server interface. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.9), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity.

RemediationAI

A vendor patch is available. Apply the latest security update as soon as possible. Apply vendor patches when available. Implement network segmentation and monitoring as interim mitigations.

Affected Packages

rubygems rack fix: 2.2.12, 3.0.13, 3.1.11

Source: OSV (Open Source Vulnerabilities)

Affects your stack

Affects 1 package in rubygems

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Technical ContextAI · show details

This vulnerability is classified under CWE-93. Rack is a modular Ruby web server interface. The Rack::Sendfile middleware logs unsanitised header values from the X-Sendfile-Type header. An attacker can exploit this by injecting escape sequences (such as newline characters) into the header, resulting in log injection. This vulnerability is fixed in 2.2.12, 3.0.13, and 3.1.11. Affected products include: Rack.

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  • Exploit and PoC references, threat intelligence from 22 sources
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Severity by source

GitHub Advisory PRIMARY 6.9 MEDIUM
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
SUSE 7.5 HIGH
AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N
Red Hat 5.3 MEDIUM

Primary rating from GitHub Advisory.

CVSS VectorGitHub Advisory

Attack Vector
Network
Attack Complexity
Low
Attack Requirements
None
Privileges Required
None
User Interaction
None
Vulnerable system: Confidentiality
None
Vulnerable system: Integrity
Low
Vulnerable system: Availability
None
Subsequent system: Confidentiality
None
Subsequent system: Integrity
None
Subsequent system: Availability
None

Lifecycle Timeline

2
Patch released
Mar 28, 2026 - 18:29 nvd
Patch available
CVE Published
Mar 04, 2025 - 16:15 nvd
MEDIUM 6.9

DescriptionGitHub Advisory

Rack is a modular Ruby web server interface. The Rack::Sendfile middleware logs unsanitised header values from the X-Sendfile-Type header. An attacker can exploit this by injecting escape sequences (such as newline characters) into the header, resulting in log injection. This vulnerability is fixed in 2.2.12, 3.0.13, and 3.1.11.

Executive ViewAI

Why It Matters

Organizations using Rack should be aware of notable risk from CVE-2025-27111 rated CVSS 6.9. Exploitation could compromise the security of affected deployments. A patch is available and should be applied during regular vulnerability management.

Business Impact: Moderate
Compensating Controls

Apply vendor patch. If patching is delayed: restrict network access and enable monitoring.

Threat Intelligence Overview

EPSS Score
0.4%
Top 38% exploitable
Data Quality
4 sources
Confidence: Medium
NVD CVE.org EPSS Vendor GitHub

How this decision was reached

The engine reads each signal below and applies a fixed list of rules from top to bottom. The first rule that matches sets the recommended action – like a statement, every line is shown.

SignalValue
Severity MEDIUM
CISA KEV No
Public POC No
EPSS 0.4%
Patch available Yes
Active threat No
Deciding rule
MEDIUM severity (CVSS 4.0-6.9)
What every action level means
Emergency Immediate action required. Criteria: CRITICAL + in CISA KEV (actively exploited) without patch, OR CRITICAL + EPSS > 30% without patch, OR CRITICAL + active threat signals without patch.
Act Now Prioritize within 24-48h. Criteria: in KEV with patch available, OR CRITICAL + public POC, OR HIGH + EPSS > 10%, OR CRITICAL + active threat, OR any CRITICAL severity.
This Week Schedule remediation this week. Criteria: HIGH severity (CVSS 7.0-8.9). Patch within normal change window.
This Month Plan within 30 days. Criteria: MEDIUM severity (CVSS 4.0-6.9), lower exploitation probability. Include in regular patch cycle.
Monitor Track and reassess. Criteria: LOW severity (CVSS 0.1-3.9), minimal exploitation risk. No immediate action needed.

SSVC AssessmentENISA

Exploitation· derived
None
System Exposure· derived
Open
Automatable· derived
Yes

Priority Score

34
Low Medium High Critical
KEV: 0
EPSS: 0
CVSS: +34
PoC: 0
Weaponized: 0
Threat intel: 0
Gov advisory: 0

Attack Technique

Code Injection CRITICAL

Code injection occurs when an application accepts user input and passes it directly into a language interpreter or evaluator without proper sanitization.

Affected Products (CPE)GitHub Advisory

cpe:2.3:a:rack:rack:*:*:*:*:*:ruby:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:rack:rack:*:*:*:*:*:ruby:*:*
cpe:2.3:a:rack:rack:*:*:*:*:*:ruby:*:*

More in Rack

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7.5 Feb 18

Directory traversal in Rack versions prior to 2.2.22, 3.1.20, and 3.2.5 allows unauthenticated remote attackers to list

CVE-2024-26141 HIGH POC
7.5 Feb 29

Rack is a modular Ruby web server interface. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable,
CVE-2024-25126 HIGH POC
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Rack is a modular Ruby web server interface. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable,
CVE-2020-8184 HIGH POC
7.5 Jun 19

A reliance on cookies without validation/integrity check security vulnerability exists in rack < 2.2.3, rack < 2.1.4 tha
CVE-2022-30123 CRITICAL
10.0 Dec 05

A sequence injection vulnerability exists in Rack <2.0.9.1, <2.1.4.1 and <2.2.3.1 which could allow is a possible shell

CVE-2025-25184 MEDIUM POC
5.7 Feb 12

Rack provides an interface for developing web applications in Ruby. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.7), this vulnerability
CVE-2026-25500 MEDIUM POC
5.4 Feb 18

Rack's Directory module fails to sanitize filenames when generating HTML directory listings, allowing attackers to craft
CVE-2026-39324 CRITICAL
9.3 Apr 07

Session authentication bypass in Rack::Session::Cookie 2.0.0 through 2.1.1 allows unauthenticated remote attackers to fo
CVE-2020-8161 HIGH
8.6 Jul 02

A directory traversal vulnerability exists in rack < 2.2.0 that allows an attacker perform directory traversal vulnerabi
CVE-2013-0263 MEDIUM
5.1 Feb 08

Rack::Session::Cookie in Rack 1.5.x before 1.5.2, 1.4.x before 1.4.5, 1.3.x before 1.3.10, 1.2.x before 1.2.8, and 1.1.x
CVE-2023-27530 HIGH
7.5 Mar 10

A DoS vulnerability exists in Rack <v3.0.4.2, <v2.2.6.3, <v2.1.4.3 and <v2.0.9.3 within in the Multipart MIME parsing co
CVE-2025-61772 HIGH
7.5 Oct 07

Memory exhaustion denial of service in the Ruby Rack web server interface (versions prior to 2.2.19, 3.1.17, and 3.2.2)

Same weakness CWE-93 – Improper Neutralization of CRLF Sequences ('CRLF Injection')

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CVE-2016-3115 MEDIUM POC
6.4
CVE-2026-84372 CRITICAL POC
9.8
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8.8
CVE-2026-23953 HIGH POC
8.7
CVE-2026-116232 HIGH POC
8.6
CVE-2026-54511 HIGH POC
8.6
CVE-2026-116235 HIGH POC
8.5
CVE-2026-116231 HIGH POC
8.6

Same technique Code Injection

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CVE-2023-3519 CRITICAL POC
9.8
CVE-2021-22205 CRITICAL POC
10.0
CVE-2024-23692 CRITICAL POC
9.8
CVE-2012-0158 HIGH POC
8.8
CVE-2021-44529 CRITICAL POC
9.8
CVE-2014-6287 CRITICAL POC
9.8
CVE-2017-7494 CRITICAL POC
9.8
CVE-2025-24893 CRITICAL POC
9.8

Vendor StatusVendor

SUSE

Severity: High
Product Status
Image SLES15-SP3-SAP-Azure-LI-BYOS-Production Image SLES15-SP3-SAP-Azure-VLI-BYOS-Production Image SLES15-SP3-SAP-BYOS-Azure Image SLES15-SP3-SAP-BYOS-EC2-HVM Image SLES15-SP3-SAP-BYOS-GCE Image SLES15-SP4-SAP-Azure-LI-BYOS Image SLES15-SP4-SAP-Azure-LI-BYOS-Production Image SLES15-SP4-SAP-Azure-VLI-BYOS Image SLES15-SP4-SAP-Azure-VLI-BYOS-Production Image SLES15-SP4-SAP-BYOS Image SLES15-SP4-SAP-BYOS-Azure Image SLES15-SP4-SAP-BYOS-EC2 Image SLES15-SP4-SAP-BYOS-GCE Image SLES15-SP4-SAP-Hardened Image SLES15-SP4-SAP-Hardened-Azure Image SLES15-SP4-SAP-Hardened-BYOS Image SLES15-SP4-SAP-Hardened-BYOS-Azure Image SLES15-SP4-SAP-Hardened-BYOS-EC2 Image SLES15-SP4-SAP-Hardened-BYOS-GCE Image SLES15-SP4-SAP-Hardened-GCE Image SLES15-SP5-SAP-Azure-3P Image SLES15-SP5-SAP-Azure-LI-BYOS Image SLES15-SP5-SAP-Azure-LI-BYOS-Production Image SLES15-SP5-SAP-Azure-VLI-BYOS Image SLES15-SP5-SAP-Azure-VLI-BYOS-Production Image SLES15-SP5-SAP-BYOS-Azure Image SLES15-SP5-SAP-BYOS-EC2 Image SLES15-SP5-SAP-BYOS-GCE Image SLES15-SP5-SAP-Hardened-Azure Image SLES15-SP5-SAP-Hardened-BYOS-Azure Image SLES15-SP5-SAP-Hardened-BYOS-EC2 Image SLES15-SP5-SAP-Hardened-BYOS-GCE Image SLES15-SP5-SAP-Hardened-GCE Image SLES15-SP6-SAP-Azure-3P Image SLES15-SP6-SAP-Azure-LI-BYOS Image SLES15-SP6-SAP-Azure-LI-BYOS-Production Image SLES15-SP6-SAP-Azure-VLI-BYOS Image SLES15-SP6-SAP-Azure-VLI-BYOS-Production Image SLES15-SP6-SAP-BYOS Image SLES15-SP6-SAP-BYOS-Azure Image SLES15-SP6-SAP-BYOS-EC2 Image SLES15-SP6-SAP-BYOS-GCE Image SLES15-SP6-SAP-Hardened Image SLES15-SP6-SAP-Hardened-Azure Image SLES15-SP6-SAP-Hardened-BYOS Image SLES15-SP6-SAP-Hardened-BYOS-Azure Image SLES15-SP6-SAP-Hardened-BYOS-EC2 Image SLES15-SP6-SAP-Hardened-BYOS-GCE Image SLES15-SP6-SAP-Hardened-EC2 Image SLES15-SP6-SAP-Hardened-GCE Image SLES15-SP7-SAP-Azure Image SLES15-SP7-SAP-Azure-3P Image SLES15-SP7-SAP-Azure-LI-BYOS-Production Image SLES15-SP7-SAP-Azure-VLI-BYOS-Production Image SLES15-SP7-SAP-BYOS-Azure Image SLES15-SP7-SAP-BYOS-EC2 Image SLES15-SP7-SAP-BYOS-GCE Image SLES15-SP7-SAP-EC2 Image SLES15-SP7-SAP-GCE Image SLES15-SP7-SAP-GCE-3P Image SLES15-SP7-SAP-Hardened-Azure Image SLES15-SP7-SAP-Hardened-BYOS-Azure Image SLES15-SP7-SAP-Hardened-BYOS-EC2 Image SLES15-SP7-SAP-Hardened-BYOS-GCE Image SLES15-SP7-SAP-Hardened-GCE Affected
SUSE Linux Enterprise High Availability Extension 15 SP3 Fixed
SUSE Linux Enterprise High Availability Extension 15 SP4 Fixed
SUSE Linux Enterprise High Availability Extension 15 SP5 Fixed
SUSE Linux Enterprise High Availability Extension 15 SP6 Fixed

References

Advisories & patches
PATCH https://github.com/rack/rack/commit/803aa221e8302719715e224f4476e438f2531a53 PATCH https://github.com/rack/rack/commit/aeac570bb8080ca7b53b7f2e2f67498be7ebd30b PATCH https://github.com/rack/rack/commit/b13bc6bfc7506aca3478dc5ac1c2ec6fc53f82a3 ADVISORY https://github.com/rack/rack/security/advisories/GHSA-8cgq-6mh2-7j6v ADVISORY https://www.herodevs.com/vulnerability-directory/cve-2025-27111 ADVISORY https://www.suse.com/support/update/SUSE-SU-2025:0874/ ADVISORY https://www.suse.com/support/update/SUSE-SU-2025:14859/ ADVISORY https://www.suse.com/support/update/SUSE-SU-2025:14875/ ADVISORY https://www.suse.com/support/update/SUSE-SU-2025:1492/ REF https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025/03/msg00016.html

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