Stack-based Buffer Overflow
A stack-based buffer overflow occurs when a program writes more data to a buffer located on the stack than it was allocated to hold.
How It Works
A stack-based buffer overflow occurs when a program writes more data to a buffer located on the stack than it was allocated to hold. The stack stores local variables, function parameters, and critical control information including the return address that tells the CPU where to resume execution after a function completes. When an attacker overflows a buffer, they can overwrite adjacent memory, including this return address.
The classic exploitation path involves carefully crafting input to overwrite the return address with a pointer to attacker-controlled code. Historically, attackers would inject shellcode directly into the overflowed buffer, then redirect execution to it. Modern defenses like Data Execution Prevention (DEP/NX) mark the stack as non-executable, forcing attackers to use Return-Oriented Programming (ROP) instead—chaining together existing code snippets ("gadgets") to perform malicious operations without injecting new code.
Address Space Layout Randomization (ASLR) randomizes memory addresses to make exploitation harder, but attackers can defeat it through information disclosure vulnerabilities that leak memory addresses. Stack canaries—random values placed between buffers and control data—can detect overwrites, but may be bypassed through brute-force attacks or by carefully avoiding them in partial overwrites.
Impact
- Arbitrary code execution at the privilege level of the vulnerable process
- Complete system compromise if the vulnerable process runs with elevated privileges (root/SYSTEM)
- Memory corruption leading to crashes and denial of service
- Bypass of authentication mechanisms by redirecting execution flow around security checks
- Data theft or modification through code injection that accesses sensitive memory regions
Real-World Examples
The Morris Worm (1988) exploited a stack overflow in the Unix fingerd daemon, becoming one of the first major internet worms. The Code Red worm (2001) leveraged a stack overflow in Microsoft IIS (CVE-2001-0500) to compromise hundreds of thousands of web servers, demonstrating the massive scale of automated exploitation.
More recently, EternalBlue exploited stack corruption in Windows SMB (CVE-2017-0144), enabling the WannaCry and NotPetya ransomware outbreaks that caused billions in damage. The Heartbleed bug (CVE-2014-0160), while technically a heap-based read overflow, demonstrated how buffer handling errors remain prevalent even in security-critical software like OpenSSL.
Mitigation
- Stack canaries (compile with
-fstack-protector-allor equivalent) to detect overwrites before return - Address Space Layout Randomization (ASLR) to randomize memory locations
- DEP/NX bit enforcement to prevent code execution from stack memory
- Memory-safe string functions (use
strncpy,snprintf,strlcpyinstead ofstrcpy,sprintf,gets) - Compiler hardening flags (
-D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2, control-flow integrity) - Input validation with strict bounds checking on all externally-supplied data
- Memory-safe languages (Rust, Go) for new development to eliminate the vulnerability class entirely
Recent CVEs (2223)
CNCSoft Version 1.00.83 and prior with ScreenEditor Version 1.00.54 has multiple stack-based buffer overflow vulnerabilities that could cause the software to crash due to lacking user input. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
AVEVA InTouch 2014 R2 SP1 and prior, InTouch 2017, InTouch 2017 Update 1, and InTouch 2017 Update 2 allow an unauthenticated user to send a specially crafted packet that could overflow the buffer on. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity.
AVEVA InduSoft Web Studio v8.1 and v8.1SP1, and InTouch Machine Edition v2017 8.1 and v2017 8.1 SP1 a remote user could send a carefully crafted packet to exploit a stack-based buffer overflow. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
pdns before version 4.1.2 is vulnerable to a buffer overflow in dnsreplay. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity.
Eaton 9000X DriveA versions 2.0.29 and prior has a stack-based buffer overflow vulnerability, which may allow remote code execution. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Delta Industrial Automation COMMGR from Delta Electronics versions 1.08 and prior with accompanying PLC Simulators (DVPSimulator EH2, EH3, ES2, SE, SS2 and AHSIM_5x0, AHSIM_5x1) utilize a. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
A vulnerability has been identified in SCALANCE M875 (All versions). Rated high severity (CVSS 8.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Delta Electronics Delta Industrial Automation DOPSoft version 4.00.04 and prior utilizes a fixed-length stack buffer where a value larger than the buffer can be read from a .dpa file into the buffer,. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
IntelliVue Patient Monitors MP Series (including MP2/X2/MP30/MP50/MP70/NP90/MX700/800) Rev B-M, IntelliVue Patient Monitors MX (MX400-550) Rev J-M and (X3/MX100 for Rev M only), and Avalon. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.2), this vulnerability is no authentication required. No vendor patch available.
procps-ng before version 3.3.15 is vulnerable to a stack buffer overflow in pgrep. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
This vulnerability allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code on vulnerable installations of Foxit Reader 9.0.1.1049. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity.
In Advantech WebAccess versions V8.2_20170817 and prior, WebAccess versions V8.3.0 and prior, WebAccess Dashboard versions V.2.0.15 and prior, WebAccess Scada Node versions prior to 8.3.1, and. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
WPLSoft in Delta Electronics versions 2.45.0 and prior utilizes a fixed length stack buffer where a value larger than the buffer can be read from a file into the buffer, causing the buffer to be. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
In Lantech IDS 2102 2.0 and prior, a stack-based buffer overflow vulnerability has been identified which may allow remote code execution. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Delta PMSoft versions 2.10 and prior have multiple stack-based buffer overflow vulnerabilities where a .ppm file can introduce a value larger than is readable by PMSoft's fixed-length stack buffer. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
A buffer overflow can be triggered in LeviStudio HMI Editor, Version 1.10 part of Wecon LeviStudioU 1.8.29, and PI Studio HMI Project Programmer, Build: November 11, 2017 and prior by opening a. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.3), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
A remote attacker could send a carefully crafted packet in InduSoft Web Studio v8.1 and prior versions, and/or InTouch Machine Edition 2017 v8.1 and prior versions during a tag, alarm, or event. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Parsing malformed project files in Omron CX-One versions 4.42 and prior, including the following applications: CX-FLnet versions 1.00 and prior, CX-Protocol versions 1.992 and prior, CX-Programmer. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
In Omron CX-Supervisor Versions 3.30 and prior, parsing malformed project files may cause a stack-based buffer overflow. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.3), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
A Stack-based Buffer Overflow issue was discovered in Delta Electronics Delta Industrial Automation DOPSoft, Version 4.00.01 or prior. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
zsh through version 5.4.2 is vulnerable to a stack-based buffer overflow in the exec.c:hashcmd() function. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
A Stack-based Buffer Overflow issue was discovered in Emerson Process Management ControlWave Micro Process Automation Controller: ControlWave Micro [ProConOS v.4.01.280] firmware: CWM v.05.78.00 and. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
A Stack-based Buffer Overflow issue was discovered in GE D60 Line Distance Relay devices running firmware Version 7.11 and prior. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity.
A Stack-based Buffer Overflow issue was discovered in 3S-Smart CODESYS Web Server. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
This vulnerability allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code on vulnerable installations of Quest NetVault Backup 11.2.0.13. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
A Stack-based Buffer Overflow issue was discovered in Fuji Electric V-Server VPR 4.0.1.0 and prior. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Commvault Edge Communication Service (cvd) prior to version 11 SP7 or version 11 SP6 with hotfix 590 is prone to a stack-based buffer overflow vulnerability that could lead to arbitrary code. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and EPSS exploitation probability 46.2%.
Multiple D-Link devices including the DIR-850L firmware versions 1.14B07 and 2.07.B05 contain a stack-based buffer overflow vulnerability in the web administration interface HNAP service. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.8), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity.
plugins/preauth/pkinit/pkinit_crypto_openssl.c in MIT Kerberos 5 (aka krb5) through 1.15.2 mishandles Distinguished Name (DN) fields, which allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity.
A Stack-based Buffer Overflow issue was discovered in Advantech WebAccess versions prior to V8.2_20170817. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and EPSS exploitation probability 19.2%.
The http.c:skip_short_body() function is called in some circumstances, such as when processing redirects. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Epss exploitation probability 75.8%.
A Stack-based Buffer Overflow issue was discovered in WECON LEVI Studio HMI Editor v1.8.1 and prior. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
arch/x86/kvm/mmu.c in the Linux kernel through 4.13.5, when nested virtualisation is used, does not properly traverse guest pagetable entries to resolve a guest virtual address, which allows L1 guest. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8).
A Stack-based Buffer Overflow issue was discovered in GE CIMPLICITY Versions 9.0 and prior. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.8). No vendor patch available.
A stack-based buffer overflow issue was discovered in Advantech WebAccess versions prior to V8.2_20170817. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
A Stack-based Buffer Overflow issue was discovered in SpiderControl SCADA MicroBrowser Versions 1.6.30.144 and prior. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
A Stack-Based Buffer Overflow issue was discovered in the Continental AG Infineon S-Gold 2 (PMB 8876) chipset on BMW several models produced between 2009-2010, Ford a limited number of P-HEV. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.6), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
A stack-based buffer overflow issue was discovered in NXP i.MX 50, i.MX 53, i.MX 6ULL, i.MX 6UltraLite, i.MX 6SoloLite, i.MX 6Solo, i.MX 6DualLite, i.MX 6SoloX, i.MX 6Dual, i.MX 6Quad, i.MX. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.3). No vendor patch available.
A Stack-Based Buffer Overflow issue was discovered in Schneider Electric Wonderware ArchestrA Logger, versions 2017.426.2307.1 and prior. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Epss exploitation probability 19.7% and no vendor patch available.
A Stack-Based Buffer Overflow issue was discovered in Digital Canal Structural Wind Analysis versions 9.1 and prior. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
A Stack Buffer Overflow issue was discovered in 3S-Smart Software Solutions GmbH CODESYS Web Server. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
A Stack Buffer Overflow issue was discovered in VIPA Controls WinPLC7 5.0.45.5921 and prior. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and EPSS exploitation probability 45.1%.
A Stack-Based Buffer Overflow issue was discovered in Wecon Technologies LEVI Studio HMI Editor before 1.8.1. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
An issue was discovered in Fatek Automation PLC Ethernet Module. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Stack-based buffer overflow in an unspecified DLL file in a DTM development kit in Schneider Electric Unity Pro, SoMachine, SoMove, SoMove Lite, Modbus Communication Library 2.2.6 and earlier,. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Stack-based buffer overflow in Schneider Electric Wonderware InTouch Access Anywhere Server 10.6 and 11.0 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via a request for a filename that does not. Rated critical severity (CVSS 10.0), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Stack-based buffer overflow in Adobe Flash Player before 13.0.0.259 and 14.x and 15.x before 15.0.0.246 on Windows and OS X and before 11.2.202.425 on Linux allows attackers to execute arbitrary code. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. Actively exploited in the wild (cisa kev) and no vendor patch available.
Multiple stack-based buffer overflows in Schneider Electric VAMPSET 2.2.136 and earlier allow local users to cause a denial of service (application halt) via a malformed (1) setting file or (2). Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.1). No vendor patch available.
Multiple stack-based buffer overflows in Advantech WebAccess before 7.2 allow remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via a long string in the (1) ProjectName, (2) SetParameter, (3) NodeName, (4). Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and EPSS exploitation probability 40.2%.
Stack-based buffer overflow in BKESimmgr.exe in the Expanded Test Functions package in Yokogawa CENTUM CS 1000, CENTUM CS 3000 Entry Class R3.09.50 and earlier, CENTUM VP R5.03.00 and earlier, CENTUM. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable. Public exploit code available and EPSS exploitation probability 39.8%.
Stack-based buffer overflow in WellinTech KingSCADA before 3.1.2.13 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via a crafted packet. Rated critical severity (CVSS 10.0), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and EPSS exploitation probability 50.9%.
By providing an overly long string to the UserName parameter, an attacker may be able to overflow the static stack buffer. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
An attacker may pass an overly long value from the AccessCode2 argument to the control to overflow the static stack buffer. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
An attacker may exploit this vulnerability by passing an overly long value from the AccessCode argument to the control. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
An attacker can exploit this vulnerability by copying an overly long NodeName2 argument into a statically sized buffer on the stack to overflow the static stack buffer. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
To exploit this vulnerability, the attacker sends data from the GotoCmd argument to control. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
By providing an overly long string to the NodeName parameter, an attacker may be able to overflow the static stack buffer. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Stack-based buffer overflow in BKBCopyD.exe in Yokogawa CENTUM CS 3000 R3.09.50 and earlier allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via a crafted TCP packet. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
Stack-based buffer overflow in BKHOdeq.exe in Yokogawa CENTUM CS 3000 R3.09.50 and earlier allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via a crafted TCP packet. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.0), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
Stack-based buffer overflow in the C++ sample client in Schneider Electric OPC Factory Server (OFS) TLXCDSUOFS33 - 3.35, TLXCDSTOFS33 - 3.35, TLXCDLUOFS33 - 3.35, TLXCDLTOFS33 - 3.35, and. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Stack-based buffer overflow in the SCADA server in Ecava IntegraXor before 4.1.4390 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (system crash) by triggering access to DLL code located in the. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity.
Alpine Linux: mbedtls fixed in 3.6.1-r0
radvd (Router Advertisement Daemon) on Alpine Linux was patched in package version 2.21-r0 to address an unspecified vulnerability tracked as CVE-2026-48715. The nature of the flaw - its root cause, exploitability, and potential impact - is not disclosed in the available intelligence. radvd handles IPv6 router advertisements and neighbor discovery, meaning vulnerabilities in this component can affect IPv6 network routing, neighbor discovery, or host configuration. No active exploitation, CVSS score, or proof-of-concept code has been identified at time of analysis.