Privilege Escalation
Privilege escalation occurs when an attacker leverages flaws in access control mechanisms to gain permissions beyond what they were originally granted.
How It Works
Privilege escalation occurs when an attacker leverages flaws in access control mechanisms to gain permissions beyond what they were originally granted. The attack exploits the gap between what the system thinks a user can do and what they actually can do through manipulation or exploitation.
Vertical escalation is the classic form—a regular user obtaining administrator rights. This happens through kernel exploits that bypass OS-level security, misconfigurations in role-based access control (RBAC) that fail to enforce boundaries, or direct manipulation of authorization tokens and session data. Horizontal escalation involves accessing resources belonging to users at the same privilege level, typically through insecure direct object references (IDOR) where changing an ID in a request grants access to another user's data.
Context-dependent escalation exploits workflow logic by skipping authorization checkpoints. An attacker might access administrative URLs directly without going through proper authentication flows, manipulate parameters to bypass permission checks, or exploit REST API endpoints that don't validate method permissions—like a read-only GET permission that can be leveraged for write operations through protocol upgrades or alternative endpoints.
Impact
- Full system compromise through kernel-level exploits granting root or SYSTEM privileges
- Administrative control over applications, allowing configuration changes, user management, and deployment of malicious code
- Lateral movement across cloud infrastructure, containers, or network segments using escalated service account permissions
- Data exfiltration by accessing databases, file systems, or API endpoints restricted to higher privilege levels
- Persistence establishment through creation of backdoor accounts or modification of system configurations
Real-World Examples
Kubernetes clusters have been compromised through kubelet API misconfigurations where read-only GET permissions on worker nodes could be escalated to remote code execution. Attackers upgraded HTTP connections to WebSockets to access the /exec endpoint, gaining shell access to all pods on the node. This affected over 69 Helm charts including widely-deployed monitoring tools like Prometheus, Grafana, and Datadog agents.
Windows Print Spooler vulnerabilities (PrintNightmare class) allowed authenticated users to execute arbitrary code with SYSTEM privileges by exploiting improper privilege checks in the print service. Attackers loaded malicious DLLs through carefully crafted print jobs, escalating from low-privilege user accounts to full domain administrator access.
Cloud metadata services have been exploited where SSRF vulnerabilities combined with over-permissioned IAM roles allowed attackers to retrieve temporary credentials with elevated permissions, pivoting from compromised web applications to broader cloud infrastructure access.
Mitigation
- Enforce deny-by-default access control where permissions must be explicitly granted rather than implicitly allowed
- Implement consistent authorization checks at every layer—API gateway, application logic, and data access—never relying on client-side or single-point validation
- Apply principle of least privilege with time-limited, scope-restricted permissions and just-in-time access for administrative functions
- Audit permission inheritance and role assignments regularly to identify overly permissive configurations or privilege creep
- Separate execution contexts using containers, sandboxes, or capability-based security to limit blast radius
- Deploy runtime monitoring for unusual privilege usage patterns and anomalous access to restricted resources
Recent CVEs (13342)
A potential security vulnerability has been identified in the HP Application Enabling Software Driver for certain HP PC products, which might allow escalation of privilege. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.7). No vendor patch available.
In wlan service, there is a possible out of bounds write due to improper input validation. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
In da, there is a possible escalation of privilege due to an incorrect status check. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.9), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
In da, there is a possible escalation of privilege due to an incorrect status check. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.7), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
In keyInstall, there is a possible out of bounds write due to a missing bounds check. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.2), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
In preloader, there is a possible escalation of privilege due to an insecure default value. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.7), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
In atf spm, there is a possible way to remap physical memory to virtual memory due to a logic error. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.7), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Clario through 2024-04-11 for Desktop has weak permissions for %PROGRAMDATA%\Clario and tries to load DLLs from there as SYSTEM. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Buildroot before 0b2967e lacks the sticky bit for the /dev/shm directory. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
In Extreme XOS through 22.6.1.4, a read-only user can escalate privileges to root via a crafted HTTP POST request to the python method of the Machine-to-Machine Interface (MMI). Rated high severity (CVSS 8.6), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
A kernel handle leak issue in ProcObsrvesx.sys 4.0.0.49 in MicroWorld Technologies Inc eScan Antivirus could allow privilege escalation for low-privileged users. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
There is a ClusterRole in piraeus-operator v2.5.0 and earlier which has been granted list secrets permission, which allows an attacker to impersonate the service account bound to this ClusterRole and. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
Insecure Permissions vulnerability in e-trust Horacius 1.0, 1.1, and 1.2 allows a local attacker to escalate privileges via the password reset function. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.4), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Unquoted path or search item vulnerability in SugarSync versions prior to 4.1.3 for Windows. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
The WP Datepicker plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of data due to a missing capability check on the wpdp_add_new_datepicker_ajax() function in all versions up to, and. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. This Missing Authorization vulnerability could allow attackers to access resources or perform actions without proper authorization checks.
The Frontend Admin by DynamiApps plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to improper missing encryption exception handling on the 'fea_encrypt' function in all versions up to, and including, 3.19.4. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity.
The User Registration - Custom Registration Form, Login Form, and User Profile WordPress Plugin plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to privilege escalation due to a missing capability check on the. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Jenkins Git server Plugin 114.v068a_c7cc2574 and earlier does not perform a permission check for read access to a Git repository over SSH, allowing attackers with a previously configured SSH public. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
An Improper input validation vulnerability that could potentially lead to privilege escalation was discovered in JFrog Artifactory. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.0), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required. No vendor patch available.
An issue in spidernet-io spiderpool v.0.9.3 and before allows a local attacker to execute arbitrary code via a crafted command to get the token component. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.2), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
The anti-tampering functionality of the Zscaler Client Connector can be disabled under certain conditions when an uninstall password is enforced. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
A local privilege escalation vulnerability has been identified in Harmony Endpoint Security Client for Windows versions E88.10 and below. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.7), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
An issue with the Autodiscover component in Nagios XI 2024R1.01 allows a remote attacker to escalate privileges via a crafted Dashlet. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
An issue in TVS Motor Company Limited TVS Connet Android v.4.5.1 and iOS v.5.0.0 allows a remote attacker to escalate privileges via the Emergency Contact Feature. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.1), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
It was identified that in certain versions of Octopus Server, that a user created with no permissions could view all users, user roles and permissions. Rated low severity (CVSS 3.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
In vulnerable versions of Calico (v3.27.2 and below), Calico Enterprise (v3.19.0-1, v3.18.1, v3.17.3 and below), and Calico Cloud (v19.2.0 and below), an attacker who has local access to the. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.7), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
An issue in SUPERAntiSyware Professional X 10.0.1262 and 10.0.1264 allows unprivileged attackers to escalate privileges via a restore of a crafted DLL file into the C:\Program Files\SUPERAntiSpyware. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Local privilege escalation due to insecure folder permissions. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Local privilege escalation due to unquoted search path vulnerability. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.2), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
By default, SANnav OVA is shipped with root user login enabled. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.2), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
An issue in Insurance Management System v.1.0.0 and before allows a remote attacker to escalate privileges via a crafted POST request to /admin/core/new_staff. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.1), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Tenda N300 F3 router vulnerability allows users to bypass intended security policy and create weak passwords. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.1), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
The GLPI Agent is a generic management agent. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. This Improper Privilege Management vulnerability could allow attackers to escalate privileges to gain unauthorized elevated access.
The GLPI Agent is a generic management agent. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.
Incorrect Privilege Assignment vulnerability in wp-buy Login as User or Customer (User Switching) login-as-customer-or-user allows Privilege Escalation.8. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Improper Authentication vulnerability in Abdul Hakeem Build App Online allows Privilege Escalation.0.19. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Improper Authentication vulnerability in Mestres do WP Checkout Mestres WP allows Privilege Escalation.1.9.7. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Improper Privilege Management vulnerability in Jacques Malgrange Rencontre - Dating Site allows Privilege Escalation.10.1. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Incorrect Default Permissions vulnerability in Metagauss RegistrationMagic allows Accessing Functionality Not Properly Constrained by ACLs.1.9.2. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
An unquoted service path vulnerability in Terratec DMX_6Fire USB v.1.23.0.02 allows a local attacker to escalate privileges via the Program.exe component. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.7), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
Ant Media Server is live streaming engine software. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Insecure Permission vulnerability in Agasta Sanketlife 2.0 Pocket 12-Lead ECG Monitor FW Version 3.0 allows a local attacker to cause a denial of service via the Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) component. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.3), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
An issue in flusity CMS v2.33 allows a remote attacker to execute arbitrary code via the add_addon.php component. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
Improper Privilege Management vulnerability in BeyondTrust U-Series Appliance on Windows, 64 bit (local appliance api modules) allows Privilege Escalation.4 before 4.0.3. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Improper Privilege Management vulnerability in BeyondTrust U-Series Appliance on Windows, 64 bit (filesystem modules) allows DLL Side-Loading.4 before 4.0.3. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
An Improper Privilege Management vulnerability was identified in GitHub Enterprise Server that allowed an attacker to use a deploy key pertaining to an organization to bypass an organization ruleset. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.2), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Webid v1.2.1 suffers from an Insecure Direct Object Reference (IDOR) - Broken Access Control vulnerability, allowing attackers to buy now an auction that is suspended (horizontal privilege. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
In Brocade SANnav before Brocade SANnav v2.31 and v2.3.0a, it was observed that Docker instances inside the appliance have insecure mount points, allowing reading and writing access to sensitive. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.0), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Brocade SANnav OVA before v2.3.1 and v2.3.0a have an insecure file permission setting that makes files world-readable. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
The application suffers from a privilege escalation vulnerability. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.7), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
ONTAP Select Deploy administration utility versions 9.12.1.x, 9.13.1.x and 9.14.1.x are susceptible to a vulnerability which when successfully exploited could allow a read-only user to escalate their. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
This vulnerability in the Linux kernel's SMB client implementation fails to properly set user identity attributes (uid, gid, cruid) during multiuser automount operations, causing child mounts to inherit credentials from the parent mount instead of dynamically assigning correct values. A local attacker with unprivileged user access can exploit this to gain unauthorized access to files or perform operations with elevated privileges on SMB shares, potentially leading to privilege escalation. The vulnerability affects multiple kernel versions from 5.15.124 through 6.8-rc4, patches are available from the kernel maintainers, and the EPSS score of 0.03% indicates low real-world exploitation probability despite the moderate CVSS rating.
An issue in sanluan flipped-aurora gin-vue-admin 2.4.x allows an attacker to escalate privileges via the Session Expiration component. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.7), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
Vulnerability in the Oracle VM VirtualBox product of Oracle Virtualization (component: Core). Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Vulnerability in the Oracle Outside In Technology product of Oracle Fusion Middleware (component: Outside In Core). Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.3), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Vulnerability in the Oracle VM VirtualBox product of Oracle Virtualization (component: Core). Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Vulnerability in the Oracle VM VirtualBox product of Oracle Virtualization (component: Core). Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
Vulnerability in the MySQL Cluster product of Oracle MySQL (component: Cluster: General). Rated low severity (CVSS 2.2), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable. No vendor patch available.
Vulnerability in the Oracle Solaris product of Oracle Systems (component: Utility). Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8). No vendor patch available.
Vulnerability in the Oracle Complex Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul product of Oracle E-Business Suite (component: LOV). Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.1), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Vulnerability in the Oracle Java SE, Oracle GraalVM Enterprise Edition product of Oracle Java SE (component: JavaFX). Rated low severity (CVSS 2.5), this vulnerability is no authentication required. No vendor patch available.
Vulnerability in the Oracle Java SE, Oracle GraalVM Enterprise Edition product of Oracle Java SE (component: JavaFX). Rated low severity (CVSS 3.1), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required. No vendor patch available.
Vulnerability in the Oracle Java SE, Oracle GraalVM Enterprise Edition product of Oracle Java SE (component: JavaFX). Rated low severity (CVSS 2.5), this vulnerability is no authentication required. No vendor patch available.
Vulnerability in the Oracle Solaris product of Oracle Systems (component: Zones). Rated high severity (CVSS 8.2), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Amazon AWS Amplify CLI before 12.10.1 incorrectly configures the role trust policy of IAM roles associated with Amplify projects. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available.
A vulnerability was reported in a system recovery bootloader that was part of the Lenovo preloaded Windows 7 and 8 operating systems from 2012 to 2014 that could allow a privileged attacker with. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.7), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
An issue discovered in 360 Total Security Antivirus through 11.0.0.1061 for Windows allows attackers to gain escalated privileges via Symbolic Link Follow to Arbitrary File Delete. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
In Foxit PDF Reader and Editor before 2024.1, Local Privilege Escalation could occur during update checks because weak permissions on the update-service folder allow attackers to place crafted DLL. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
wn-dusk-plugin (Dusk plugin) is a plugin which integrates Laravel Dusk browser testing into Winter CMS. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
An Incorrect Default Permissions vulnerability in Juniper Networks Junos OS and Junos OS Evolved allows a local, low-privileged attacker to access confidential information on the system. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.1), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Missing Authorization vulnerability in Undsgn Uncode Core allows Privilege Escalation.8.8. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
A vulnerability in the GlobalProtect Gateway in Palo Alto Networks PAN-OS software enables an authenticated attacker to impersonate another user and send network packets to internal assets. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.0), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
A vulnerability in mintplex-labs/anything-llm allows users with manager roles to escalate their privileges to admin roles through a mass assignment issue. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.2), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available.
An issue in Canimaan Software LTD ClamXAV v3.1.2 through v3.6.1 and fixed in v.3.6.2 allows a local attacker to escalate privileges via the ClamXAV helper tool component. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
The RegistrationMagic - Custom Registration Forms, User Registration, Payment, and User Login plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to privilege escalation due to a missing capability check on the. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. This Missing Authorization vulnerability could allow attackers to access resources or perform actions without proper authorization checks.
Improper privilege management in the installer for Zoom Desktop Client for macOS before version 5.17.10 may allow a privileged user to conduct an escalation of privilege via local access. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.7), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Improper privilege management in the installer for Zoom Desktop Client for Windows before version 5.17.10 may allow an authenticated user to conduct an escalation of privilege via local access. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Windows Storage Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. This Improper Privilege Management vulnerability could allow attackers to escalate privileges to gain unauthorized elevated access.
Microsoft Brokering File System Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8). No vendor patch available.
Microsoft Brokering File System Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8). No vendor patch available.
Microsoft Defender for IoT Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.2), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
In Eclipse Kura LogServlet component included in versions 5.0.0 to 5.4.1, a specifically crafted request to the servlet can allow an unauthenticated user to retrieve the device logs. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
A race condition was identified through which privilege escalation was possible in certain configurations. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable. No vendor patch available.
An issue in GNU Savane v.3.12 and before allows a remote attacker to escalate privileges via the form_id in the form_header() function. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
NVIDIA ChatRTX for Windows contains a vulnerability in the UI, where an attacker can cause improper privilege management by sending open file requests to the application. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.2), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
An issue in secdiskapp 1.5.1 (management program for NewQ Fingerprint Encryption Super Speed Flash Disk) allows attackers to gain escalated privileges via vsVerifyPassword and vsSetFingerPrintPower. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
Redon Hub is a Roblox Product Delivery Bot, also known as a Hub. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. This Incorrect Default Permissions vulnerability could allow attackers to access resources due to overly permissive default settings.
Insecure Permissions vulnerability in Wondershare Filmora v.13.0.51 allows a local attacker to execute arbitrary code via a crafted script to the WSNativePushService.exe. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Vulnerability of improper permission control in the window management module. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.1), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
IBM Personal Communications 14.0.6 through 15.0.1 includes a Windows service that is vulnerable to remote code execution (RCE) and local privilege escalation (LPE). Rated critical severity (CVSS 10.0), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Quick Facts
- Typical Severity
- HIGH
- Category
- auth
- Total CVEs
- 13342