Information Disclosure
Information disclosure occurs when an application unintentionally exposes sensitive data that aids attackers in reconnaissance or directly compromises security.
How It Works
Information disclosure occurs when an application unintentionally exposes sensitive data that aids attackers in reconnaissance or directly compromises security. This happens through multiple channels: verbose error messages that display stack traces revealing internal paths and frameworks, improperly secured debug endpoints left active in production, and misconfigured servers that expose directory listings or version control artifacts like .git folders. APIs often leak excessive data in responses—returning full user objects when only a name is needed, or revealing system internals through metadata fields.
Attackers exploit these exposures systematically. They probe for common sensitive files (.env, config.php, backup archives), trigger error conditions to extract framework details, and analyze response timing or content differences to enumerate valid usernames or resources. Even subtle variations—like "invalid password" versus "user not found"—enable account enumeration. Exposed configuration files frequently contain database credentials, API keys, or internal service URLs that unlock further attack vectors.
The attack flow typically starts with passive reconnaissance: examining HTTP headers, JavaScript bundles, and public endpoints for version information and architecture clues. Active probing follows—testing predictable paths, manipulating parameters to trigger exceptions, and comparing responses across similar requests to identify information leakage patterns.
Impact
- Credential compromise: Exposed configuration files, hardcoded secrets in source code, or API keys enable direct authentication bypass
- Attack surface mapping: Stack traces, framework versions, and internal paths help attackers craft targeted exploits for known vulnerabilities
- Data breach: Direct exposure of user data, payment information, or proprietary business logic through oversharing APIs or accessible backups
- Privilege escalation pathway: Internal URLs, service discovery information, and architecture details facilitate lateral movement and SSRF attacks
- Compliance violations: GDPR, PCI-DSS, and HIPAA penalties for exposing regulated data through preventable disclosures
Real-World Examples
A major Git repository exposure affected thousands of websites when .git folders remained accessible on production servers, allowing attackers to reconstruct entire source code histories including deleted commits containing credentials. Tools like GitDumper automated mass exploitation of this misconfiguration.
Cloud storage misconfigurations have repeatedly exposed sensitive data when companies left S3 buckets or Azure Blob containers publicly readable. One incident exposed 150 million voter records because verbose API error messages revealed the storage URL structure, and no authentication was required.
Framework debug modes left enabled in production have caused numerous breaches. Django's DEBUG=True setting exposed complete stack traces with database queries and environment variables, while Laravel's debug pages revealed encryption keys through the APP_KEY variable in environment dumps.
Mitigation
- Generic error pages: Return uniform error messages to users; log detailed exceptions server-side only
- Disable debug modes: Enforce production configurations that suppress stack traces, verbose logging, and debug endpoints through deployment automation
- Access control audits: Restrict or remove development artifacts (
.git, backup files,phpinfo()) and internal endpoints before deployment - Response minimization: API responses should return only necessary fields; implement allowlists rather than blocklists for data exposure
- Security headers: Deploy
X-Content-Type-Options, remove server version banners, and disable directory indexing - Timing consistency: Ensure authentication and validation responses take uniform time regardless of input validity
Recent CVEs (71022)
The fal_sftp extension before 0.2.6 for TYPO3 uses weak permissions for sFTP driver files and folders, which allows remote authenticated users to obtain sensitive information via unspecified vectors. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.0), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity.
The (1) get and (2) log methods in the AgentController in Red Hat CloudForms 3.0 Management Engine (CFME) 5.x allow remote attackers to insert arbitrary text into log files via unspecified vectors. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.0), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
F5 BIG-IP Analytics 11.x before 11.4.0 uses a predictable session cookie, which makes it easier for remote attackers to have unspecified impact by guessing the value. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
IBM API Management 3.x before 3.0.1.0 allows local users to obtain sensitive ciphertext information via unspecified vectors. Rated low severity (CVSS 2.1), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
The installer in IBM Security AppScan Source 8.x and 9.x through 9.0.1 has an open network port for a debug service, which allows remote attackers to obtain sensitive information by connecting to. Rated low severity (CVSS 1.8). No vendor patch available.
The Ignite Realtime Smack XMPP API 4.x before 4.0.2, and 3.x and 2.x when a custom SSLContext is used, does not verify that the server hostname matches a domain name in the subject's Common Name (CN). Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable. No vendor patch available.
The BlackBerry World app before 5.0.0.262 on BlackBerry 10 OS 10.2.0, before 5.0.0.263 on BlackBerry 10 OS 10.2.1, and before 5.1.0.53 on BlackBerry 10 OS 10.3.0 does not properly validate. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable. No vendor patch available.
EMC Avamar 6.0.x, 6.1.x, and 7.0.x in Avamar Data Store (ADS) GEN4(S) and Avamar Virtual Edition (AVE), when Password Hardening before 2.0.0.4 is enabled, uses UNIX DES crypt for password hashing,. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable. No vendor patch available.
The EMC NetWorker Module for MEDITECH (aka NMMEDI) 3.0 build 87 through 90, when EMC RecoverPoint and Plink are used, stores cleartext RecoverPoint Appliance credentials in nsrmedisv.raw log files,. Rated low severity (CVSS 2.1), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
ejabberd before 2.1.13 does not enforce the starttls_required setting when compression is used, which causes clients to establish connections without encryption. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.0), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity.
Certificates.java in Not Yet Commons SSL before 0.3.15 does not properly verify that the server hostname matches a domain name in the subject's Common Name (CN) field of the X.509 certificate, which. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable.
IBM Sametime Classic Meeting Server 8.0.x and 8.5.x allows remote attackers to obtain sensitive information by reading an exported Record and Playback (RAP) file. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.0), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
The ajax_mediadiff function in DokuWiki before 2014-05-05a allows remote attackers to access arbitrary images via a crafted namespace in the ns parameter. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.0), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
inc/template.php in DokuWiki before 2014-05-05a only checks for access to the root namespace, which allows remote attackers to access arbitrary images via a media file details ajax call. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.0), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Shim allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (out-of-bounds read) via a crafted DHCPv6 packet. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.0), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity.
iCloud Data Access in Apple iOS before 8.1 does not verify X.509 certificates from TLS servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive information via a. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable. No vendor patch available.
House Arrest in Apple iOS before 8.1 relies on the hardware UID for its encryption key, which makes it easier for physically proximate attackers to obtain sensitive information from a Documents. Rated low severity (CVSS 1.9). No vendor patch available.
The Gangsta Auto Thief III (aka com.apptreestudios.gdup3) application 1.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.4). No vendor patch available.
The Woodward Bail (aka com.onesolutionapps.woodwardbailandroid) application 1.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.4). No vendor patch available.
The Top Roller Coasters Europe 2 (aka com.appaapps.top10tallesteuropeanrollercoasters2) application @7F050001 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.4). No vendor patch available.
The Daily Green (aka it.opentt.blog.dailygreen) application 2014.07 dlygrn for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.4). No vendor patch available.
The Squishy birds (aka com.tatmob.squishybirds) application 1.0.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.4). No vendor patch available.
The Coca-Cola FM Brasil (aka com.enyetech.radio.coca_cola.fm_br) application 2.0.41709 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.4). No vendor patch available.
The Thai food (aka com.foods.thaifood) application 1.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.4). No vendor patch available.
The House365 Radio (aka com.nobexinc.wls_27853803.rc) application 3.2.3 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.4). No vendor patch available.
The Harpers Bazaar Art (aka com.itp.harpersart) application @7F080181 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.4). No vendor patch available.
The Knights of the Void (aka me.narr8.android.serial.knights_of_the_void) application 2.1.7 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.4). No vendor patch available.
The CB - Calciatori Brutti (aka com.calciatori.brutti) application 1.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.4). No vendor patch available.
The Backyard Wrestling (aka com.wBackyardWrestling) application 0.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.4). No vendor patch available.
The Zillion Muslims (aka com.zillionmuslims.src) application 1.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.4). No vendor patch available.
The Best Free Giveaways (aka com.wIphone5GiveAways) application 0.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.4). No vendor patch available.
The iShuttle (aka com.synapse.ishuttle_user) application 1.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.4). No vendor patch available.
The English Football Magazine (aka com.magzter.englishfootball) application 3.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.4). No vendor patch available.
The AAAA Discount Bail (aka com.onesolutionapps.aaaadiscountbailandroid) application 1.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.4). No vendor patch available.
The Schon!. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.4). No vendor patch available.
The Bill G. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.4). No vendor patch available.
The Macedonia Hacienda Hotel (aka appinventor.ai_orolimpio999.HotelMacedonia) application 1.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.4). No vendor patch available.
The Marijuana Handbook Lite - Weed (aka com.fallacystudios.marijuanahandbooklite) application 3.2 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.4). No vendor patch available.
The Pakistan Cricket News (aka com.conduit.app_cf18df8bdf454eb0a836e2d29886bc40.app) application 1.21.38.6504 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.4). No vendor patch available.
The Kuran'in Bilimsel Mucizeleri (aka com.wKurannBilimselMucizeleri) application 0.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.4). No vendor patch available.
The Epc World (aka com.magzter.epcworld) application 3.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.4). No vendor patch available.
The Slingshot Forum (aka com.tapatalk.theslingshotforumcom) application 3.9.14 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.4). No vendor patch available.
The Kavita KS (aka com.snaplion.kavitaks) application 2.4 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.4). No vendor patch available.
The Champak - Hindi (aka com.magzter.champakhindi) application 3.0.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.4). No vendor patch available.
The Herbs & Flowers Dictionary (aka com.wHerbsNFlowersDictionary) application 0.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.4). No vendor patch available.
The Cleveland Football STREAM (aka com.appstronautme.clevelandfootballstream) application 2.1.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.4). No vendor patch available.
The MB Tickets (aka com.xcr.android.mbtickets) application 3.0.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.4). No vendor patch available.
The World Tamil Bayan (aka com.wWorldTamilBayan) application 0.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.4). No vendor patch available.
The Lagu POP Indonesia (aka com.lagu.pop.indonesia.xygwphqpuomclljvaa) application 2.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.4). No vendor patch available.
The Accurate Lending (aka com.soln.S7B193908AEA1937C7CBB4E889A46D3C0) application 1.0021.b0021 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.4). No vendor patch available.
The Analects of Confucius (aka com.azbc88881.lunyu) application 8.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.4). No vendor patch available.
The A+ (aka cn.xrzcm) application 1.0.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive information via. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.4). No vendor patch available.
The 7 Habits Personal Development (aka appinventor.ai_ingka_d_jiw.TheCompleteGuideToApplyingThe7HabitsInHolisticPersonalDevelopment) application 1.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.4). No vendor patch available.
The Hundred Thousands Kid Book (aka it.tinytap.attsa.thousands) application 1.6.3 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.4). No vendor patch available.
The Semper Invicta Fitness (aka com.semper.invicta.fitness) application 1.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.4). No vendor patch available.
The Listen up!. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.4). No vendor patch available.
The Bite it!. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.4). No vendor patch available.
The Ink Cards (aka com.sincerely.android.ink) application 2.0.4 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.4). No vendor patch available.
The Health assistance service (aka net.nttcloud.ft.karada) application 2.4.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.4). No vendor patch available.
The Jazz Lovers Radio (aka com.nobexinc.wls_99273254.rc) application 3.2.3 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.4). No vendor patch available.
The AMKAMAL Science Portfolio (aka com.wAMKAMALSciencePortfolio) application 0.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.4). No vendor patch available.
The Awful Ninja Game (aka com.absolutelyawfulapplications.awfulninjagame) application 1.0.23 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.4). No vendor patch available.
The Radiohead fan (aka nl.jborsje.android.bandnews.radiohead) application 4.6.2 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.4). No vendor patch available.
The eTopUpOnline (aka com.moremagic.etopup.client.android) application 3.4.9 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.4). No vendor patch available.
The Condor S.E. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.4). No vendor patch available.
The Circa News (aka cir.ca) application 2.1.3 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.4). No vendor patch available.
The NASIOC (aka net.endoftime.android.forumrunner.nasioc) application 3.8.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.4). No vendor patch available.
The Recetas de Tragos (aka com.wRecetasdeTragos) application 0.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.4). No vendor patch available.
The Taster Magazine (aka com.magazinecloner.taster) application @7F080183 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.4). No vendor patch available.
The CamDictionary (aka com.intsig.camdict) application 2.3.0.20131118 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.4). No vendor patch available.
The Garip Ve Ilginc Olaylar (aka com.wGaripveeIlgincOlay) application 0.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.4). No vendor patch available.
The Fusion Flowers - Weddings (aka com.triactivemedia.fusionweddings) application @7F0801AA for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.4). No vendor patch available.
The Flight Manager (aka com.flightmanager.view) application 4.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.4). No vendor patch available.
The Musulmanin.com (aka com.wSalyafiyailimurdjiya) application 0.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.4). No vendor patch available.
The Humor Ironias y Realidades (aka com.wHumork) application 0.63.13371.13576 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.4). No vendor patch available.
The Noticias del Vaticano (aka com.wNoticiasdelVaticano) application 0.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.4). No vendor patch available.
The Healing Bookstore (aka com.wHealingBookstore) application 0.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.4). No vendor patch available.
The Pony Magazine (aka com.triactivemedia.ponymagazine) application @7F080193 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.4). No vendor patch available.
The Anahi A Adopter FR (aka com.wAnahiAAdopterFR) application 0.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.4). No vendor patch available.
The FMAC : Federation Culinaire (aka com.fmac) application 1.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.4). No vendor patch available.
The Dr. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.4). No vendor patch available.
The Reds Anytime Bail (aka com.onesolutionapps.redsanytimebailandroid) application 1.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.4). No vendor patch available.
The Karaf Magazin (aka com.magzter.karafmagazin) application 3.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.4). No vendor patch available.
The Radio de la Cato (aka com.radio.de.la.cato) application 2.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.4). No vendor patch available.
The Logan Banner (aka com.soln.S8B5C1F53B8CBE06D5DE0A0E7E23DCDA7) application 1.0010.b0010 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.4). No vendor patch available.
The Dj Brad H (aka com.dreamstep.wDjBradH) application 0.90 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.4). No vendor patch available.
The Golosinas Simpson1 (aka com.wGolosinasSimpson1) application 0.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.4). No vendor patch available.
The Rally Albania Live 2014 (aka com.wRallyAlbaniaLIVE2014) application 0.11 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.4). No vendor patch available.
The Chemssou Blink (aka com.chemssou.blink) application 1.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.4). No vendor patch available.
The Carnegie Mellon Silicon Valley (aka edu.cmu.sv.mobile) application 0.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.4). No vendor patch available.