Information Disclosure
Information disclosure occurs when an application unintentionally exposes sensitive data that aids attackers in reconnaissance or directly compromises security.
How It Works
Information disclosure occurs when an application unintentionally exposes sensitive data that aids attackers in reconnaissance or directly compromises security. This happens through multiple channels: verbose error messages that display stack traces revealing internal paths and frameworks, improperly secured debug endpoints left active in production, and misconfigured servers that expose directory listings or version control artifacts like .git folders. APIs often leak excessive data in responses—returning full user objects when only a name is needed, or revealing system internals through metadata fields.
Attackers exploit these exposures systematically. They probe for common sensitive files (.env, config.php, backup archives), trigger error conditions to extract framework details, and analyze response timing or content differences to enumerate valid usernames or resources. Even subtle variations—like "invalid password" versus "user not found"—enable account enumeration. Exposed configuration files frequently contain database credentials, API keys, or internal service URLs that unlock further attack vectors.
The attack flow typically starts with passive reconnaissance: examining HTTP headers, JavaScript bundles, and public endpoints for version information and architecture clues. Active probing follows—testing predictable paths, manipulating parameters to trigger exceptions, and comparing responses across similar requests to identify information leakage patterns.
Impact
- Credential compromise: Exposed configuration files, hardcoded secrets in source code, or API keys enable direct authentication bypass
- Attack surface mapping: Stack traces, framework versions, and internal paths help attackers craft targeted exploits for known vulnerabilities
- Data breach: Direct exposure of user data, payment information, or proprietary business logic through oversharing APIs or accessible backups
- Privilege escalation pathway: Internal URLs, service discovery information, and architecture details facilitate lateral movement and SSRF attacks
- Compliance violations: GDPR, PCI-DSS, and HIPAA penalties for exposing regulated data through preventable disclosures
Real-World Examples
A major Git repository exposure affected thousands of websites when .git folders remained accessible on production servers, allowing attackers to reconstruct entire source code histories including deleted commits containing credentials. Tools like GitDumper automated mass exploitation of this misconfiguration.
Cloud storage misconfigurations have repeatedly exposed sensitive data when companies left S3 buckets or Azure Blob containers publicly readable. One incident exposed 150 million voter records because verbose API error messages revealed the storage URL structure, and no authentication was required.
Framework debug modes left enabled in production have caused numerous breaches. Django's DEBUG=True setting exposed complete stack traces with database queries and environment variables, while Laravel's debug pages revealed encryption keys through the APP_KEY variable in environment dumps.
Mitigation
- Generic error pages: Return uniform error messages to users; log detailed exceptions server-side only
- Disable debug modes: Enforce production configurations that suppress stack traces, verbose logging, and debug endpoints through deployment automation
- Access control audits: Restrict or remove development artifacts (
.git, backup files,phpinfo()) and internal endpoints before deployment - Response minimization: API responses should return only necessary fields; implement allowlists rather than blocklists for data exposure
- Security headers: Deploy
X-Content-Type-Options, remove server version banners, and disable directory indexing - Timing consistency: Ensure authentication and validation responses take uniform time regardless of input validity
Recent CVEs (71028)
An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. Rated low severity (CVSS 3.3), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.8), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.2), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.6), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.9), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required. No vendor patch available.
An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. Rated low severity (CVSS 3.7), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required. No vendor patch available.
An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.9), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required. No vendor patch available.
An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.9), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required. No vendor patch available.
An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.1), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. Rated low severity (CVSS 3.3), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. Rated low severity (CVSS 3.3), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.1), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Race condition in kernel/events/core.c in the Linux kernel before 4.9.7 allows local users to gain privileges via a crafted application that makes concurrent perf_event_open system calls for moving a. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.0), this vulnerability is no authentication required.
The read_line_table_program function in dwarf_line_table_reader_common.c in libdwarf before 20160923 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (out-of-bounds read) via crafted input. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity.
Infinite recursion in wddx in Facebook HHVM before 3.15.0 allows attackers to have unspecified impact via unknown vectors. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity.
The array_*_recursive functions in Facebook HHVM before 3.15.0 allows attackers to have unspecified impact via unknown vectors, related to recursion. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Self recursion in compact in Facebook HHVM before 3.15.0 allows attackers to have unspecified impact via unknown vectors. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity.
SOGo before 2.3.12 and 3.x before 3.1.1 does not restrict access to the UID and DTSTAMP attributes, which allows remote authenticated users to obtain sensitive information about appointments with the. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. This Exposure of Sensitive Information vulnerability could allow attackers to access sensitive data that should not be disclosed.
Incomplete blacklist in SOGo before 2.3.12 and 3.x before 3.1.1 allows remote authenticated users to obtain sensitive information by reading the fields in the (1) ics or (2) XML calendar feeds. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available.
The dwarf_dealloc function in libdwarf before 20160923 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (out-of-bounds read and crash) via a crafted DWARF section. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available.
libdwarf before 20160923 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (out-of-bounds read and crash) via a large length value in a compilation unit header. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available.
The get_attr_value function in libdwarf before 20160923 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (out-of-bounds read) via a crafted object with all-bits on. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available.
The dwarf_get_macro_startend_file function in dwarf_macro5.c in libdwarf before 20160923 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (out-of-bounds read) via a crafted string offset for. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available.
The dump_block function in print_sections.c in libdwarf before 20160923 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (out-of-bounds read) via crafted frame data. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available.
The _dwarf_read_line_table_header function in dwarf_line_table_reader.c in libdwarf before 20160923 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (out-of-bounds read) via a crafted file. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available.
The print_exprloc_content function in libdwarf before 20160923 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (out-of-bounds read) via a crafted file. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available.
The dwarf_get_xu_hash_entry function in libdwarf before 20160923 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (crash) via a crafted file. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available.
The print_frame_inst_bytes function in libdwarf before 20160923 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (out-of-bounds read) via a crafted file. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available.
Interactions with the OS in Google Chrome prior to 56.0.2924.76 for Mac insufficiently cleared video memory, which allowed a remote attacker to possibly extract image fragments on systems with. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Google Chrome prior to 56.0.2924.76 for Linux, Windows and Mac, and 56.0.2924.87 for Android, incorrectly handled Unicode glyphs, which allowed a remote attacker to perform domain spoofing via IDN. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Google Chrome prior to 56.0.2924.76 for Linux incorrectly handled new tab page navigations in non-selected tabs, which allowed a remote attacker to spoof the contents of the Omnibox (URL bar) via a. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Google Chrome prior to 56.0.2924.76 for Windows insufficiently sanitized DevTools URLs, which allowed a remote attacker who convinced a user to install a malicious extension to read filesystem. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
The DBD::mysql module before 4.039 for Perl, when using server-side prepared statement support, allows attackers to cause a denial of service (out-of-bounds read) via vectors involving an unaligned. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.9), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required.
IBM Security Access Manager for Web 7.0.0, 8.0.0, and 9.0.0 uses weaker than expected cryptographic algorithms that could allow an attacker to decrypt highly sensitive information. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity.
An issue was discovered in icoutils 0.31.1. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
The compile_bracket_matchingpath function in pcre_jit_compile.c in PCRE through 8.x before revision 1680 (e.g., the PHP 7.1.1 bundled version) allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. This Out-of-bounds Read vulnerability could allow attackers to read data from memory outside the intended buffer boundaries.
The _dwarf_get_abbrev_for_code function in dwarf_util.c in libdwarf 20161001 and earlier allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (out-of-bounds read) by calling the dwarfdump command on. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available.
The _dwarf_get_abbrev_for_code function in dwarf_util.c in libdwarf 20161001 and earlier allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (out-of-bounds read) by calling the dwarfdump command on. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available.
The _dwarf_get_size_of_val function in libdwarf/dwarf_util.c in Libdwarf before 20161124 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (out-of-bounds read) by calling the dwarfdump command on. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available.
The IsPixelMonochrome function in MagickCore/pixel-accessor.h in ImageMagick 7.0.3.0 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (out-of-bounds read and crash) via a crafted file. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity.
The AcquireQuantumPixels function in MagickCore/quantum.c in ImageMagick before 7.0.3-1 allows remote attackers to have unspecified impact via a crafted image file, which triggers a memory allocation. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity.
Stack-based buffer overflow in the aac_sync function in aac_parser.c in Libav before 11.5 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (out-of-bounds read) via a crafted file. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity.
Heap-based buffer overflow in the fz_subsample_pixmap function in fitz/pixmap.c in MuPDF 1.10a allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (out-of-bounds read and crash) via a crafted image. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity.
IBM WebSphere Message Broker 9.0 and 10.0 could allow a remote attacker to hijack the clicking action of the victim. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.1), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity.
The read_Header function in archive_read_support_format_7zip.c in libarchive 3.2.1 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (out-of-bounds read) via multiple EmptyStream attributes in a. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity.
The mtree bidder in libarchive 3.2.1 does not keep track of line sizes when extending the read-ahead, which allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (crash) via a crafted file, which. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. This Out-of-bounds Read vulnerability could allow attackers to read data from memory outside the intended buffer boundaries.
The ReadSCTImage function in coders/sct.c in GraphicsMagick 1.3.25 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (out-of-bounds read) via a crafted SCT header. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity.
An undisclosed vulnerability in IBM Rational DOORS Next Generation 4.0, 5.0, and 6.0 could allow a JazzGuest user to see project names. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. This Exposure of Sensitive Information vulnerability could allow attackers to access sensitive data that should not be disclosed.
Adobe Digital Editions versions 4.5.3 and earlier have an exploitable buffer over-read vulnerability. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Adobe Digital Editions versions 4.5.3 and earlier have an exploitable buffer over-read vulnerability. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Adobe Digital Editions versions 4.5.3 and earlier have an exploitable buffer over-read vulnerability. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Adobe Digital Editions versions 4.5.3 and earlier have an exploitable buffer over-read vulnerability. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Adobe Digital Editions versions 4.5.3 and earlier have an exploitable buffer over-read vulnerability. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Adobe Digital Editions versions 4.5.3 and earlier have an exploitable buffer over-read vulnerability. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Adobe Digital Editions versions 4.5.3 and earlier have an exploitable buffer over-read vulnerability. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Adobe Digital Editions versions 4.5.3 and earlier have an exploitable buffer over-read vulnerability. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
The time subsystem in the Linux kernel through 4.9.9, when CONFIG_TIMER_STATS is enabled, allows local users to discover real PID values (as distinguished from PID values inside a PID namespace) by. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.0), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. This Exposure of Sensitive Information vulnerability could allow attackers to access sensitive data that should not be disclosed.
An issue was discovered in Smiths-Medical CADD-Solis Medication Safety Software, Version 1.0; 2.0; 3.0; and 3.1. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable. No vendor patch available.
An issue was discovered in BINOM3 Universal Multifunctional Electric Power Quality Meter. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
An issue was discovered in Sielco Sistemi Winlog Lite SCADA Software, versions prior to Version 3.02.01, and Winlog Pro SCADA Software, versions prior to Version 3.02.01. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.2). No vendor patch available.
An issue was discovered on Phoenix Contact mGuard devices that have been updated to Version 8.4.0. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
An issue was discovered in Schneider Electric Wonderware Historian 2014 R2 SP1 P01 and earlier. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
An issue was discovered in OSIsoft PI Coresight 2016 R2 and earlier versions, and PI Web API 2016 R2 when deployed using the PI AF Services 2016 R2 integrated install kit. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
An issue was discovered in Carlo Gavazzi VMU-C EM prior to firmware Version A11_U05, and VMU-C PV prior to firmware Version A17. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and EPSS exploitation probability 64.6%.
An issue was discovered in Carlo Gavazzi VMU-C EM prior to firmware Version A11_U05, and VMU-C PV prior to firmware Version A17. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
An issue was discovered in Honeywell XL Web II controller XL1000C500 XLWebExe-2-01-00 and prior, and XLWeb 500 XLWebExe-1-02-08 and prior. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.0), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
An issue was discovered in Honeywell XL Web II controller XL1000C500 XLWebExe-2-01-00 and prior, and XLWeb 500 XLWebExe-1-02-08 and prior. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
An issue was discovered in Honeywell XL Web II controller XL1000C500 XLWebExe-2-01-00 and prior, and XLWeb 500 XLWebExe-1-02-08 and prior. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
An issue was discovered in General Electric (GE) Proficy HMI/SCADA iFIX Version 5.8 SIM 13 and prior versions, Proficy HMI/SCADA CIMPLICITY Version 9.0 and prior versions, and Proficy Historian. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.7). No vendor patch available.
An issue was discovered in Advantech SUISAccess Server Version 3.0 and prior. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and EPSS exploitation probability 23.7%.
An issue was discovered in Emerson SE4801T0X Redundant Wireless I/O Card V13.3, and SE4801T1X Simplex Wireless I/O Card V13.3. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.0), this vulnerability is no authentication required. No vendor patch available.
An issue was discovered in Moxa MiiNePort E1 versions prior to 1.8, E2 versions prior to 1.4, and E3 versions prior to 1.1. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
An issue was discovered in Moxa MiiNePort E1 versions prior to 1.8, E2 versions prior to 1.4, and E3 versions prior to 1.1. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
An issue was discovered in Rockwell Automation Allen-Bradley MicroLogix 1100 controller 1763-L16AWA, Series A and B, Version 14.000 and prior versions; 1763-L16BBB, Series A and B, Version 14.000 and. Rated low severity (CVSS 2.7), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
An issue was discovered in Rockwell Automation Allen-Bradley MicroLogix 1100 controller 1763-L16AWA, Series A and B, Version 14.000 and prior versions; 1763-L16BBB, Series A and B, Version 14.000 and. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
An issue was discovered in Moxa ioLogik E1210, firmware Version V2.4 and prior, ioLogik E1211, firmware Version V2.3 and prior, ioLogik E1212, firmware Version V2.4 and prior, ioLogik E1213, firmware. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.1), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required. No vendor patch available.
An issue was discovered in Mitsubishi Electric Automation MELSEC-Q series Ethernet interface modules QJ71E71-100, all versions, QJ71E71-B5, all versions, and QJ71E71-B2, all versions. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.