Information Disclosure
Information disclosure occurs when an application unintentionally exposes sensitive data that aids attackers in reconnaissance or directly compromises security.
How It Works
Information disclosure occurs when an application unintentionally exposes sensitive data that aids attackers in reconnaissance or directly compromises security. This happens through multiple channels: verbose error messages that display stack traces revealing internal paths and frameworks, improperly secured debug endpoints left active in production, and misconfigured servers that expose directory listings or version control artifacts like .git folders. APIs often leak excessive data in responses—returning full user objects when only a name is needed, or revealing system internals through metadata fields.
Attackers exploit these exposures systematically. They probe for common sensitive files (.env, config.php, backup archives), trigger error conditions to extract framework details, and analyze response timing or content differences to enumerate valid usernames or resources. Even subtle variations—like "invalid password" versus "user not found"—enable account enumeration. Exposed configuration files frequently contain database credentials, API keys, or internal service URLs that unlock further attack vectors.
The attack flow typically starts with passive reconnaissance: examining HTTP headers, JavaScript bundles, and public endpoints for version information and architecture clues. Active probing follows—testing predictable paths, manipulating parameters to trigger exceptions, and comparing responses across similar requests to identify information leakage patterns.
Impact
- Credential compromise: Exposed configuration files, hardcoded secrets in source code, or API keys enable direct authentication bypass
- Attack surface mapping: Stack traces, framework versions, and internal paths help attackers craft targeted exploits for known vulnerabilities
- Data breach: Direct exposure of user data, payment information, or proprietary business logic through oversharing APIs or accessible backups
- Privilege escalation pathway: Internal URLs, service discovery information, and architecture details facilitate lateral movement and SSRF attacks
- Compliance violations: GDPR, PCI-DSS, and HIPAA penalties for exposing regulated data through preventable disclosures
Real-World Examples
A major Git repository exposure affected thousands of websites when .git folders remained accessible on production servers, allowing attackers to reconstruct entire source code histories including deleted commits containing credentials. Tools like GitDumper automated mass exploitation of this misconfiguration.
Cloud storage misconfigurations have repeatedly exposed sensitive data when companies left S3 buckets or Azure Blob containers publicly readable. One incident exposed 150 million voter records because verbose API error messages revealed the storage URL structure, and no authentication was required.
Framework debug modes left enabled in production have caused numerous breaches. Django's DEBUG=True setting exposed complete stack traces with database queries and environment variables, while Laravel's debug pages revealed encryption keys through the APP_KEY variable in environment dumps.
Mitigation
- Generic error pages: Return uniform error messages to users; log detailed exceptions server-side only
- Disable debug modes: Enforce production configurations that suppress stack traces, verbose logging, and debug endpoints through deployment automation
- Access control audits: Restrict or remove development artifacts (
.git, backup files,phpinfo()) and internal endpoints before deployment - Response minimization: API responses should return only necessary fields; implement allowlists rather than blocklists for data exposure
- Security headers: Deploy
X-Content-Type-Options, remove server version banners, and disable directory indexing - Timing consistency: Ensure authentication and validation responses take uniform time regardless of input validity
Recent CVEs (68895)
Improper initialization of variables in the DXE driver may allow a privileged user to leak sensitive information via local access. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Improper initialization of variables in the DXE driver may allow a privileged user to leak sensitive information via local access. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.4), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
In Jenkins 2.423 and earlier, LTS 2.414.1 and earlier, processing file uploads using MultipartFormDataParser creates temporary files in the default system temporary directory with the default. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.1), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Jenkins 2.50 through 2.423 (both inclusive), LTS 2.60.1 through 2.414.1 (both inclusive) does not exclude sensitive build variables (e.g., password parameter values) from the search in the build. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
In EVE OS, the “measured boot” mechanism prevents a compromised device from accessing the encrypted data located in the vault. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Vault Key Sealed With SHA1 PCRs The measured boot solution implemented in EVE OS leans on a PCR locking mechanism. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
PCR14 is not in the list of PCRs that seal/unseal the “vault” key, but due to the change that was implemented in commit “7638364bc0acf8b5c481b5ce5fea11ad44ad7fd4”, fixing this issue alone would not. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Sensitive information disclosure due to insecure folder permissions. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
A batch loader function in Spring for GraphQL versions 1.1.0 - 1.1.5 and 1.2.0 - 1.2.2 may be exposed to GraphQL context with values, including security context values, from a different session. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
A user can reverse engineer the JWT token (JSON Web Token) used in authentication for Manager and API access, forging a valid NeuVector Token to perform malicious activity in NeuVector. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.4), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
An issue was discovered in Croc through 9.6.5. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.7). Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
An issue was discovered in Croc through 9.6.5. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
An issue was discovered in Croc through 9.6.5. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
An issue was discovered in Croc through 9.6.5. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
Incorrect Default Permissions vulnerability in Mitsubishi Electric Corporation multiple FA engineering software products allows a malicious local attacker to execute a malicious code, resulting in. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
NVIDIA DGX H100 BMC contains a vulnerability in the REST service where a host user may cause as improper authentication issue. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
NVIDIA GeForce Now for Android contains a vulnerability in the game launcher component, where a malicious application on the same device can process the implicit intent meant for the streamer. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
NVIDIA DGX H100 BMC contains a vulnerability in the REST service, where an attacker may cause improper input validation. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
NVIDIA DGX H100 BMC contains a vulnerability in the REST service where an attacker may cause improper input validation. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
NVIDIA DGX H100 BMC contains a vulnerability in the REST service where an attacker may cause improper input validation. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
NVIDIA DGX H100 BMC contains a vulnerability in IPMI, where an attacker may cause improper input validation. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
NVIDIA DGX H100 BMC contains a vulnerability in the REST service, where an attacker may cause improper input validation. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
NVIDIA DGX H100 BMC contains a vulnerability in IPMI, where an attacker may cause improper input validation. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
NVIDIA DGX H100 BMC contains a vulnerability in IPMI, where an attacker may cause improper input validation. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
NVIDIA DGX H100 BMC contains a vulnerability in the web UI, where an attacker may cause improper input validation. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
NVIDIA DGX H100 BMC contains a vulnerability in IPMI, where an attacker may cause insufficient protection of credentials. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
NVIDIA DGX H100 BMC contains a vulnerability in IPMI, where an attacker may cause insufficient protection of credentials. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
NVIDIA DGX H100 BMC contains a vulnerability in the KVM service, where an attacker may cause improper input validation. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
NVIDIA DGX H100 BMC and DGX A100 BMC contains a vulnerability in the host KVM daemon, where an unauthenticated attacker may cause a leak of another user’s session token by observing timing. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.1), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required. No vendor patch available.
NVIDIA DGX H100 baseboard management controller (BMC) contains a vulnerability in a web server plugin, where an unauthenticated attacker may cause a stack overflow by sending a specially crafted. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
NVIDIA DGX H100 BMC contains a vulnerability in the host KVM daemon, where an authenticated local attacker may cause corruption of kernel memory. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
NVIDIA Cumulus Linux contains a vulnerability in forwarding where a VxLAN-encapsulated IPv6 packet received on an SVI interface with DMAC/DIPv6 set to the link-local address of the SVI interface may. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Mastodon is a free, open-source social network server based on ActivityPub. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity.
MiniTool Power Data Recovery version 11.6 and before contains an insecure in-app payment system that allows attackers to steal highly sensitive information through a man in the middle attack. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.9), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required. No vendor patch available.
A Improper Link Resolution Before File Access ('Link Following') vulnerability in SUSE SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 15 SP5 postfix, SUSE SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP5. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
Sustainsys.Saml2 library adds SAML2P support to ASP.NET web sites, allowing the web site to act as a SAML2 Service Provider. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity.
Weak password recovery mechanism vulnerability in Fujitsu Arconte Áurea version 1.5.0.0, which exploitation could allow an attacker to perform a brute force attack on the emailed PIN number in order. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.2), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
User enumeration vulnerability in Arconte Áurea 1.5.0.0 version. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
SQL injection vulnerability in Arconte Áurea, in its 1.5.0.0 version. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
A Insecure Storage of Sensitive Information vulnerability in openSUSE opensuse-welcome allows local attackers to execute code as the user that runs opensuse-welcome if a custom layout is chosen1. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
SpringBlade <=V3.6.0 is vulnerable to Incorrect Access Control due to incorrect configuration in the default gateway resulting in unauthorized access to error logs. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
SQLpage is a SQL-only webapp builder. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.1), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available.
Pow is a authentication and user management solution for Phoenix and Plug-based apps. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
An information leak in Coffee-jumbo v13.6.1 allows attackers to obtain the channel access token and send crafted messages. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
An information leak in youmart-tokunaga v13.6.1 allows attackers to obtain the channel access token and send crafted messages. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
An information leak in TonTon-Tei_waiting Line v13.6.1 allows attackers to obtain the channel access token and send crafted messages. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
Vyper is a Pythonic Smart Contract Language for the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM). Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available.
The web application that owns the device clearly stores the credentials within the user management section. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
An information leak in THE_B_members card v13.6.1 allows attackers to obtain the channel access token and send crafted messages. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
An information leak in YKC Tokushima_awayokocho Line v13.6.1 allows attackers to obtain the channel access token and send crafted messages. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
An information leak in Cheese Cafe Line v13.6.1 allows attackers to obtain the channel access token and send crafted messages. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
An information leak in Camp Style Project Line v13.6.1 allows attackers to obtain the channel access token and send crafted messages. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
Sending some requests in the web application of the vulnerable device allows information to be obtained due to the lack of security in the authentication process. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Session management within the web application is incorrect and allows attackers to steal session cookies to perform a multitude of actions that the web app allows on the device. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
An issue in TDSQL Chitu management platform v.10.3.19.5.0 allows a remote attacker to obtain sensitive information via get_db_info function in install.php. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
A vulnerability, which was classified as problematic, has been found in China Unicom TEWA-800G 4.16L.04_CT2015_Yueme. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.6), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
A vulnerability, which was classified as problematic, was found in Topaz OFD 2.11.0.201. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
An issue was discovered in Qubo Smart Plug10A version HSP02_01_01_14_SYSTEM-10 A, allows local attackers to gain sensitive information and other unspecified impact via UART console. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Microsoft Edge (Chromium-based) Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.6), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. This Use After Free vulnerability could allow attackers to access freed memory to execute arbitrary code or crash the application.
Microsoft Edge (Chromium-based) Spoofing Vulnerability. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.1), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity.
Microsoft Edge (Chromium-based) Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.1), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. This Use After Free vulnerability could allow attackers to access freed memory to execute arbitrary code or crash the application.
SHIRASAGI is a Content Management System. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
Wasmtime is a standalone runtime for WebAssembly. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity.
OP-TEE is a Trusted Execution Environment (TEE) designed as companion to a non-secure Linux kernel running on Arm; Cortex-A cores using the TrustZone technology. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.4), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. Public exploit code available.
Jetty is a Java based web server and servlet engine. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Contiki-NG is an operating system for internet-of-things devices. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. This Out-of-bounds Read vulnerability could allow attackers to read data from memory outside the intended buffer boundaries.
Contiki-NG is an operating system for internet-of-things devices. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. This Out-of-bounds Read vulnerability could allow attackers to read data from memory outside the intended buffer boundaries.
Strapi is the an open-source headless content management system. Rated low severity (CVSS 2.7), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
Eclipse Jetty Canonical Repository is the canonical repository for the Jetty project. Rated low severity (CVSS 3.1), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable. Public exploit code available.
Strapi is an open-source headless content management system. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.7), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
A vulnerability was found in NextBX QWAlerter 4.50. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
A vulnerability classified as problematic was found in Supcon InPlant SCADA up to 20230901. Rated low severity (CVSS 2.5). Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
A vulnerability was found in didi KnowSearch 0.3.2/0.3.1.2. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
An issue was discovered in OPSWAT MetaDefender KIOSK 4.6.1.9996. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Race condition in Lapce v0.2.8 allows an attacker to elevate privileges on the system. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.0), this vulnerability is no authentication required. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
HashiCorp Vault and Vault Enterprise transit secrets engine allowed authorized users to specify arbitrary nonces, even with convergent encryption disabled. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable. No vendor patch available.
I-doit pro 25 and below and I-doit open 25 and below employ weak password requirements for Administrator account creation. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
An out-of-bounds read flaw was found in the parse_module function in bfd/vms-alpha.c in Binutils. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.1), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity.
Incorrect Use of Privileged APIs vulnerability in Yepas Digital Yepas allows Collect Data as Provided by Users.0.1. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
Insecure Permissions vulnerability in Sichuan Tianyi Kanghe Communication Co., Ltd China Telecom Tianyi Home Gateway v.TEWA-700G allows a local attacker to obtain sensitive information via the. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.
Movim prior to version 0.22 is affected by a Cross-Site WebSocket Hijacking vulnerability. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity.
A vulnerability has been identified in SIMATIC PCS neo (Administration Console) V4.0 (All versions), SIMATIC PCS neo (Administration Console) V4.0 Update 1 (All versions). Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.
In the Apache Airflow HDFS Provider, versions prior to 4.1.1, a documentation info pointed users to an install incorrect pip package. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity.
The SolarWinds Platform was susceptible to the Incorrect Comparison Vulnerability. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.2), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
The SolarWinds Platform was susceptible to the Incorrect Comparison Vulnerability. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.2), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
A problem with a protection mechanism in the Palo Alto Networks Cortex XDR agent on Windows devices allows a local user to disable the agent. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
This CVE exists because of an incomplete fix for CVE-2021-3750. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.2), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
A vulnerability in the iPXE boot function of Cisco IOS XR software could allow an authenticated, local attacker to install an unverified software image on an affected device. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.
An improper check for an exceptional condition in the Insider Threat Management (ITM) Server could be used by an attacker to change the server's configuration of any already-registered agent so that. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.2), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable. No vendor patch available.
An improper certification validation vulnerability in the Insider Threat Management (ITM) Agent for MacOS could be used by an anonymous actor on an adjacent network to establish a man-in-the-middle. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is no authentication required. No vendor patch available.