WordPress

Unauth. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.1), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.

All of the above Aapna WordPress theme through 1.3, Anand WordPress theme through 1.2, Anfaust WordPress theme through 1.1, Arendelle WordPress theme before 1.1.13, Atlast Business WordPress theme. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.1), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.

Unauth. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.1), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.

Unauth. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.1), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.

The Font Awesome 4 Menus plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Stored Cross-Site Scripting via the 'fa' and 'fa-stack' shortcodes in versions up to, and including, 4.7.0 due to insufficient input. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.4), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.

The Order Tracking Pro plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Stored Cross-Site Scripting via the order status parameter in versions up to, and including, 3.3.6 due to insufficient input sanitization. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.7), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required. This Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) vulnerability could allow attackers to inject malicious scripts into web pages viewed by other users.

The Order Tracking Pro plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Reflected Cross-Site Scripting via the start_date and end_date parameters in versions up to, and including, 3.3.6 due to insufficient. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.1), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. This Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) vulnerability could allow attackers to inject malicious scripts into web pages viewed by other users.

The Woo Custom Emails for WordPress is vulnerable to Reflected Cross-Site Scripting via the 'wcemails_edit' parameter in versions up to, and including, 2.2 due to insufficient input sanitization and. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.1), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. This Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) vulnerability could allow attackers to inject malicious scripts into web pages viewed by other users.

The WooCommerce PDF Invoice Builder for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized access of data due to a missing capability check on the GetInvoiceDetail function in versions up to, and including,. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. This Missing Authorization vulnerability could allow attackers to access resources or perform actions without proper authorization checks.

The WooCommerce PDF Invoice Builder for WordPress is vulnerable to Cross-Site Request Forgery due to a missing nonce check on the SaveCustomField function in versions up to, and including, 1.2.90. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. This Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) vulnerability could allow attackers to trick authenticated users into performing unintended actions.

The WooCommerce PDF Invoice Builder plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Stored Cross-Site Scripting via admin settings in versions up to, and including, 1.2.90 due to insufficient input. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.4), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable. This Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) vulnerability could allow attackers to inject malicious scripts into web pages viewed by other users.

The Waiting: One-click countdowns plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Cross-Site Request Forgery in versions up to, and including, 0.6.2. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. This Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) vulnerability could allow attackers to trick authenticated users into performing unintended actions.

The Waiting: One-click countdowns plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to authorization bypass due to missing capability checks on its AJAX calls in versions up to, and including, 0.6.2. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. This Missing Authorization vulnerability could allow attackers to access resources or perform actions without proper authorization checks.

The WooCommerce PDF Invoice Builder plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Cross-Site Request Forgery in versions up to, and including, 1.2.90. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. This Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) vulnerability could allow attackers to trick authenticated users into performing unintended actions.

The WooCommerce PDF Invoice Builder plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to SQL Injection via the pageId parameter in versions up to, and including, 1.2.89 due to insufficient escaping on the user. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity.

The WP Project Manager plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to privilege escalation in versions up to, and including, 2.6.4 due to insufficient restriction on the 'save_users_map_name' function. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. This Improper Privilege Management vulnerability could allow attackers to escalate privileges to gain unauthorized elevated access.

The ProfileGrid plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized decryption of private information in versions up to, and including, 5.5.0. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.9), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity.

The Stripe Payment Plugin for WooCommerce plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to authentication bypass in versions up to, and including, 3.7.7. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity.

The CHP Ads Block Detector plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Stored Cross-Site Scripting via admin settings reachable though an AJAX action in versions up to, and including, 3.9.4 due to. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.9), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable. This Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) vulnerability could allow attackers to inject malicious scripts into web pages viewed by other users.

The CHP Ads Block Detector plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized plugin settings update and reset due to a missing capability check on the chp_abd_action function in versions up to, and. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. This Missing Authorization vulnerability could allow attackers to access resources or perform actions without proper authorization checks.

The CHP Ads Block Detector plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Cross-Site Request Forgery in versions up to, and including, 3.9.4. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. This Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) vulnerability could allow attackers to trick authenticated users into performing unintended actions.

The WP Directory Kit plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Cross-Site Request Forgery in versions up to, and including, 1.2.1. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.4), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. This Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) vulnerability could allow attackers to trick authenticated users into performing unintended actions.

The Quick Post Duplicator for WordPress is vulnerable to SQL Injection via the ‘post_id’ parameter in versions up to, and including, 2.0 due to insufficient escaping on the user supplied parameter. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.

The Colibri Page Builder for WordPress is vulnerable to SQL Injection via the ‘post_id’ parameter in versions up to, and including, 1.0.227 due to insufficient escaping on the user supplied parameter. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.2), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity.

The BadgeOS plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of data due to a missing capability check on the delete_badgeos_log_entries function in versions up to, and including,. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. This Missing Authorization vulnerability could allow attackers to access resources or perform actions without proper authorization checks.

The BadgeOS plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Insecure Direct Object Reference in versions up to, and including, 3.7.1.6. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity.

The BadgeOS plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Insecure Direct Object Reference in versions up to, and including, 3.7.1.6. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity.

The BadgeOS plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Stored Cross-Site Scripting via the plugin's shortcode(s) in versions up to, and including, 3.7.1.6 due to insufficient input sanitization and output. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.4), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. This Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) vulnerability could allow attackers to inject malicious scripts into web pages viewed by other users.

The Metform Elementor Contact Form Builder for WordPress is vulnerable to Information Disclosure via the 'mf_first_name' shortcode in versions up to, and including, 3.3.1. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity.

Auth. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.

Unauth. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.1), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.

The POEditor WordPress plugin before 0.9.8 does not have CSRF checks in various places, which could allow attackers to make logged in admins perform unwanted actions, such as reset the plugin's. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.

The User Activity Tracking and Log WordPress plugin before 4.0.9 does not have proper CSRF checks when managing its license, which could allow attackers to make logged in admins update and deactivate. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.

The Ninja Forms WordPress Ninja Forms Contact Form WordPress plugin before 3.6.26 was affected by a HTML Injection security vulnerability. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.

The Simple Blog Card WordPress plugin before 1.32 does not ensure that posts to be displayed via a shortcode are public, allowing any authenticated users, such as subscriber, to retrieve arbitrary. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.

The Simple Blog Card WordPress plugin before 1.31 does not validate and escape some of its shortcode attributes before outputting them back in a page/post where the shortcode is embed, which could. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.4), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.

The All Users Messenger WordPress plugin through 1.24 does not prevent non-administrator users from deleting messages from the all-users messenger. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.

The GDPR Cookie Compliance (CCPA, DSGVO, Cookie Consent) WordPress plugin before 4.12.5 does not have proper CSRF checks when managing its license, which could allow attackers to make logged in. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.

The PostX WordPress plugin before 3.0.6 does not sanitise and escape a parameter before outputting it back in the page, leading to a Reflected Cross-Site Scripting which could be used against high. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.1), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.

The Upload Media By URL WordPress plugin before 1.0.8 does not have CSRF check when uploading files, which could allow attackers to make logged in admins upload files (including HTML containing JS. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.

The FormCraft WordPress plugin before 1.2.7 does not sanitise and escape some of its settings, which could allow high privilege users such as admin to perform Stored Cross-Site Scripting attacks even. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.

The Subscribers Text Counter WordPress plugin before 1.7.1 does not have CSRF check in place when updating its settings, which could allow attackers to make a logged in admin change them via a CSRF. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.

Auth. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.

Unauth. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.1), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.

Auth. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.4), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.

The Front Editor WordPress plugin through 4.0.4 does not sanitize and escape some of its form settings, which could allow high-privilege users to perform Stored Cross-Site Scripting attacks even when. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.

Unauth. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.1), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.

Unauth. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.1), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.

Unauth. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.1), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.

The AffiliateWP for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of data due to a missing capability check on the 'affwp_activate_addons_page_plugin' function called via an AJAX action in. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.

Auth. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.

Unauth. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.1), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.

Unauth. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.1), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.

Auth. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.4), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.

Auth. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.4), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.

The MailArchiver plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Stored Cross-Site Scripting via an email subject in versions up to, and including, 2.10.1 due to insufficient input sanitization and output. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.2), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. This Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) vulnerability could allow attackers to inject malicious scripts into web pages viewed by other users.

The Email Encoder plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Stored Cross-Site Scripting via the 'eeb_mailto' shortcode in versions up to, and including, 2.1.8 due to insufficient input sanitization and. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.4), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.

The Slimstat Analytics plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Stored Cross-Site Scripting via the 'slimstat' shortcode in versions up to, and including, 5.0.9 due to insufficient input sanitization. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.4), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.

The Forminator plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to arbitrary file uploads due to file type validation occurring after a file has been uploaded to the server in the upload_post_image() function in. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and EPSS exploitation probability 92.1%.

Auth. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.

The FV Flowplayer Video Player plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Stored Cross-Site Scripting via the ‘_fv_player_user_video’ parameter saved via the 'save' function hooked via init, and the. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.4), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required. This Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) vulnerability could allow attackers to inject malicious scripts into web pages viewed by other users.

Unauth. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.1), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.

The Donation Forms by Charitable plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to privilege escalation in versions up to, and including, 1.7.0.12 due to insufficient restriction on the 'update_core_user'. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.

The MultiParcels Shipping For WooCommerce WordPress plugin before 1.15.4 does not sanitise and escape a parameter before outputting it back in the page, leading to a Reflected Cross-Site Scripting. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.1), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.

The Blog2Social WordPress plugin before 7.2.1 does not sanitise and escape a parameter before outputting it back in the page, leading to a Reflected Cross-Site Scripting which could be used against. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.1), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.

The Bit Assist WordPress plugin before 1.1.9 does not sanitise and escape some of its settings, which could allow high privilege users such as admin to perform Stored Cross-Site Scripting attacks. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.

The Change WP Admin Login WordPress plugin before 1.1.4 discloses the URL of the hidden login page when accessing a crafted URL, bypassing the protection offered. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.

The MultiParcels Shipping For WooCommerce WordPress plugin before 1.15.2 does not have CRSF check when deleting a shipment, allowing attackers to make any logged in user, delete arbitrary shipment. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.

Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) leading to Stored Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) vulnerability in realmag777 WOLF - WordPress Posts Bulk Editor and Manager Professional plugin <= 1.0.6 versions. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.1), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.

Unauth. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.1), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.

The Stripe Payment Plugin for WooCommerce plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of data due to a missing capability check on the eh_callback_handler function in versions up. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity.

Auth. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.4), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.

Auth. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.

The Comments Like Dislike plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of data due to a missing capability check on the restore_settings function called via an AJAX action in. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.

The Tiempo.com WordPress plugin through 0.1.2 does not sanitise and escape the page parameter before outputting it back in the page, leading to a Reflected Cross-Site Scripting which could be used. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.1), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.

The Tiempo.com WordPress plugin through 0.1.2 does not have CSRF check when deleting its shortcode, which could allow attackers to make logged in admins delete arbitrary shortcode via a CSRF attack. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.

The Ko-fi Button WordPress plugin before 1.3.3 does not properly some of its settings, which could allow high-privilege users to perform Stored Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) attacks even when the. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.

The SEO ALert WordPress plugin through 1.59 does not sanitise and escape some of its settings, which could allow high privilege users such as admin to perform Stored Cross-Site Scripting attacks even. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.

The WP Inventory Manager WordPress plugin before 2.1.0.13 does not sanitise and escape a parameter before outputting it back in the page, leading to a Reflected Cross-Site Scripting. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.1), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.

The Image Optimizer by 10web WordPress plugin before 1.0.27 does not sanitise and escape the iowd_tabs_active parameter before rendering it in the plugin admin panel, leading to a reflected. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.1), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.

The Booking Manager WordPress plugin before 2.0.29 does not validate URLs input in it's admin panel or in shortcodes for showing events from a remote .ics file, allowing an attacker with privileges. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.

The WP EasyPay WordPress plugin before 4.1 does not escape some generated URLs before outputting them back in pages, leading to Reflected Cross-Site Scripting issues which could be used against high. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.1), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.

The Yellow Yard Searchbar WordPress plugin before 2.8.12 does not validate and escape some of its shortcode attributes before outputting them back in a page/post where the shortcode is embed, which. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.4), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.

The YARPP WordPress plugin before 5.30.3 does not validate and escape some of its shortcode attributes before using them in SQL statement/s, which could allow any authenticated users, such as. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.

The REST API TO MiniProgram WordPress plugin through 4.6.1 does not have authorisation and CSRF checks in an AJAX action, allowing ay authenticated users, such as subscriber to call and delete. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.4), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.

The URL Params WordPress plugin before 2.5 does not validate and escape some of its shortcode attributes before outputting them back in a page/post where the shortcode is embed, which could allow. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.4), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.

The Tiempo.com WordPress plugin through 0.1.2 does not have CSRF check when creating and editing its shortcode, and is missing sanitisation as well as escaping, which could allow attackers to make. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.1), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.

Unauth. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.1), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.

The WP Remote Users Sync plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized access of data and addition of data due to a missing capability check on the 'refresh_logs_async' functions in versions up. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.

The WP Remote Users Sync plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Server Side Request Forgery via the 'notify_ping_remote' AJAX function in versions up to, and including, 1.2.12. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. This Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF) vulnerability could allow attackers to make the server perform requests to unintended internal or external resources.