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In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: ALSA: memalloc: prefer dma_mapping_error() over explicit address checking With CONFIG_DMA_API_DEBUG enabled, the following warning. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: phy: rockchip: samsung-hdptx: Set drvdata before enabling runtime PM In some cases, rk_hdptx_phy_runtime_resume() may be invoked. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. This NULL Pointer Dereference vulnerability could allow attackers to crash the application by dereferencing a null pointer.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: drm/dp_mst: Ensure mst_primary pointer is valid in drm_dp_mst_handle_up_req() While receiving an MST up request message from one. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. This Use After Free vulnerability could allow attackers to access freed memory to execute arbitrary code or crash the application.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: virt: tdx-guest: Just leak decrypted memory on unrecoverable errors In CoCo VMs it is possible for the untrusted host to cause. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. This Memory Leak vulnerability could allow attackers to exhaust available memory leading to denial of service.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: power: supply: gpio-charger: Fix set charge current limits Fix set charge current limits for devices which allow to set the lowest. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: net/smc: check return value of sock_recvmsg when draining clc data When receiving clc msg, the field length in smc_clc_msg_hdr. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: net: ethernet: oa_tc6: fix tx skb race condition between reference pointers There are two skb pointers to manage tx skb's enqueued. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.7).

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: net: tun: fix tun_napi_alloc_frags() syzbot reported the following crash [1] Issue came with the blamed commit. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. This NULL Pointer Dereference vulnerability could allow attackers to crash the application by dereferencing a null pointer.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: drm/modes: Avoid divide by zero harder in drm_mode_vrefresh() drm_mode_vrefresh() is trying to avoid divide by zero by checking. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: ring-buffer: Fix overflow in __rb_map_vma An overflow occurred when performing the following calculation: nr_pages = ((nr_subbufs +. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. This Integer Overflow vulnerability could allow attackers to cause unexpected behavior through arithmetic overflow.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: Drivers: hv: util: Avoid accessing a ringbuffer not initialized yet If the KVP (or VSS) daemon starts before the VMBus channel's. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. This NULL Pointer Dereference vulnerability could allow attackers to crash the application by dereferencing a null pointer.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: KVM: x86: Play nice with protected guests in complete_hypercall_exit() Use is_64_bit_hypercall() instead of is_64_bit_mode() to. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: block: Prevent potential deadlocks in zone write plug error recovery Zone write plugging for handling writes to zones of a zoned. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: xfs: unlock inodes when erroring out of xfs_trans_alloc_dir Debugging a filesystem patch with generic/475 caused the system to hang. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: net: renesas: rswitch: avoid use-after-put for a device tree node The device tree node saved in the rswitch_device structure is. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: netfilter: IDLETIMER: Fix for possible ABBA deadlock Deletion of the last rule referencing a given idletimer may happen at the same. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: Bluetooth: iso: Fix circular lock in iso_listen_bis This fixes the circular locking dependency warning below, by releasing the. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: accel/ivpu: Fix general protection fault in ivpu_bo_list() Check if ctx is not NULL before accessing its fields. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: accel/ivpu: Fix WARN in ivpu_ipc_send_receive_internal() Move pm_runtime_set_active() to ivpu_pm_init() so when. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: Bluetooth: iso: Fix circular lock in iso_conn_big_sync This fixes the circular locking dependency warning below, by reworking. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: nilfs2: prevent use of deleted inode syzbot reported a WARNING in nilfs_rmdir. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: riscv: Fix IPIs usage in kfence_protect_page() flush_tlb_kernel_range() may use IPIs to flush the TLBs of all the cores, which. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: ceph: give up on paths longer than PATH_MAX If the full path to be built by ceph_mdsc_build_path() happens to be longer than. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: regulator: axp20x: AXP717: set ramp_delay AXP717 datasheet says that regulator ramp delay is 15.625 us/step, which is 10mV in our. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: ipvs: fix UB due to uninitialized stack access in ip_vs_protocol_init() Under certain kernel configurations when building with. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. This Use of Uninitialized Resource vulnerability could allow attackers to access uninitialized memory causing crashes or information disclosure.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: igb: Fix potential invalid memory access in igb_init_module() The pci_register_driver() can fail and when this happened, the. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.1), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. This Out-of-bounds Read vulnerability could allow attackers to read data from memory outside the intended buffer boundaries.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: mm: use aligned address in clear_gigantic_page() In current kernel, hugetlb_no_page() calls folio_zero_user() with the fault. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. This Out-of-bounds Write vulnerability could allow attackers to write data beyond allocated buffer boundaries leading to code execution or crashes.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: mm: use aligned address in copy_user_gigantic_page() In current kernel, hugetlb_wp() calls copy_user_large_folio() with the fault. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. This Out-of-bounds Write vulnerability could allow attackers to write data beyond allocated buffer boundaries leading to code execution or crashes.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: spi: mpc52xx: Add cancel_work_sync before module remove If we remove the module which will call mpc52xx_spi_remove it will free. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. This Use After Free vulnerability could allow attackers to access freed memory to execute arbitrary code or crash the application.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: sched/fair: Fix NEXT_BUDDY Adam reports that enabling NEXT_BUDDY insta triggers a WARN in pick_next_entity(). Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: net/smc: check iparea_offset and ipv6_prefixes_cnt when receiving proposal msg When receiving proposal msg in server, the field. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: nvme-rdma: unquiesce admin_q before destroy it Kernel will hang on destroy admin_q while we create ctrl failed, such as following. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.7), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: net/smc: check v2_ext_offset/eid_cnt/ism_gid_cnt when receiving proposal msg When receiving proposal msg in server, the fields. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: bcache: revert replacing IS_ERR_OR_NULL with IS_ERR again Commit 028ddcac477b ("bcache: Remove unnecessary NULL point check in node. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. This NULL Pointer Dereference vulnerability could allow attackers to crash the application by dereferencing a null pointer.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: stackdepot: fix stack_depot_save_flags() in NMI context Per documentation, stack_depot_save_flags() was meant to be usable from NMI. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: btrfs: don't take dev_replace rwsem on task already holding it Running fstests btrfs/011 with MKFS_OPTIONS="-O rst" to force the. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: wifi: rtw89: check return value of ieee80211_probereq_get() for RNR The return value of ieee80211_probereq_get() might be NULL, so. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. This NULL Pointer Dereference vulnerability could allow attackers to crash the application by dereferencing a null pointer.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: dlm: fix possible lkb_resource null dereference This patch fixes a possible null pointer dereference when this function is called. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: bpf: Prevent tailcall infinite loop caused by freplace There is a potential infinite loop issue that can occur when using a. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: net/smc: check smcd_v2_ext_offset when receiving proposal msg When receiving proposal msg in server, the field smcd_v2_ext_offset. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: dma-debug: fix a possible deadlock on radix_lock radix_lock() shouldn't be held while holding dma_hash_entry[idx].lock otherwise,. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: pinmux: Use sequential access to access desc->pinmux data When two client of the same gpio call pinctrl_select_state() for the same. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: drm/amdgpu: don't access invalid sched Since 2320c9e6a768 ("drm/sched: memset() 'job' in drm_sched_job_init()") accessing. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. This NULL Pointer Dereference vulnerability could allow attackers to crash the application by dereferencing a null pointer.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: i3c: mipi-i3c-hci: Mask ring interrupts before ring stop request Bus cleanup path in DMA mode may trigger a RING_OP_STAT interrupt. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. This NULL Pointer Dereference vulnerability could allow attackers to crash the application by dereferencing a null pointer.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: i3c: Use i3cdev->desc->info instead of calling i3c_device_get_info() to avoid deadlock A deadlock may happen since the. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: f2fs: fix to shrink read extent node in batches We use rwlock to protect core structure data of extent tree during its shrink,. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.1), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. This Out-of-bounds Read vulnerability could allow attackers to read data from memory outside the intended buffer boundaries.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: sched: fix warning in sched_setaffinity Commit 8f9ea86fdf99b added some logic to sched_setaffinity that included a WARN when a. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: block: avoid to reuse `hctx` not removed from cpuhp callback list If the 'hctx' isn't removed from cpuhp callback list, we can't. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. This Use After Free vulnerability could allow attackers to access freed memory to execute arbitrary code or crash the application.

FreeType 2.8.1 has a signed integer overflow in cf2_doFlex in cff/cf2intrp.c. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.0), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.

In Raptor RDF Syntax Library through 2.0.16, there is an integer underflow when normalizing a URI with the turtle parser in raptor_uri_normalize_path(). Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.3), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.

In Raptor RDF Syntax Library through 2.0.16, there is a heap-based buffer over-read when parsing triples with the nquads parser in raptor_ntriples_parse_term_internal(). Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.0), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. Public exploit code available and no vendor patch available.

FastCGI fcgi2 (aka fcgi) 2.x through 2.4.4 has an integer overflow (and resultant heap-based buffer overflow) via crafted nameLen or valueLen values in data to the IPC socket. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.3), this vulnerability is no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.

Mattermost versions 10.2.0, 9.11.x <= 9.11.5, 10.0.x <= 10.0.3, 10.1.x <= 10.1.3 fail to properly validate post types, which allows attackers to deny service to users with the sysconsole_read_plugins. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.

A vulnerability was found in Ruby. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.4), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required. No vendor patch available.

A flaw was found in the OpenJPEG project. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.6), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.

A flaw was found in the OpenJPEG project. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.6), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.

Due to the improper handling of batch files in child_process.spawn / child_process.spawnSync, a malicious command line argument can inject arbitrary commands and achieve code execution even if the. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.1), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required. No vendor patch available.

Type Confusion in V8 in Google Chrome prior to 131.0.6778.264 allowed a remote attacker to execute arbitrary code inside a sandbox via a crafted HTML page. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Epss exploitation probability 12.1% and no vendor patch available.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: soc: imx8m: Probe the SoC driver as platform driver With driver_async_probe=* on kernel command line, the following trace is. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: MIPS: Loongson64: DTS: Really fix PCIe port nodes for ls7a Fix the dtc warnings:. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: drm/amd/display: Adding array index check to prevent memory corruption [Why & How] Array indices out of bound caused memory. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. This Out-of-bounds Write vulnerability could allow attackers to write data beyond allocated buffer boundaries leading to code execution or crashes.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: netfilter: nft_socket: remove WARN_ON_ONCE on maximum cgroup level cgroup maximum depth is INT_MAX by default, there is a cgroup. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: ACPI: x86: Add adev NULL check to acpi_quirk_skip_serdev_enumeration() acpi_dev_hid_match() does not check for adev == NULL,. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. This NULL Pointer Dereference vulnerability could allow attackers to crash the application by dereferencing a null pointer.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: quota: flush quota_release_work upon quota writeback One of the paths quota writeback is called from is: freeze_super(). Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: nfsd: fix nfs4_openowner leak when concurrent nfsd4_open occur The action force umount(umount -f) will attempt to kill all rpc_task. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. This Memory Leak vulnerability could allow attackers to exhaust available memory leading to denial of service.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: drm/sti: avoid potential dereference of error pointers in sti_hqvdp_atomic_check The return value of drm_atomic_get_crtc_state(). Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: drm/sti: avoid potential dereference of error pointers in sti_gdp_atomic_check The return value of drm_atomic_get_crtc_state(). Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: drm/sti: avoid potential dereference of error pointers The return value of drm_atomic_get_crtc_state() needs to be checked. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: drm/amd/display: Fix handling of plane refcount [Why] The mechanism to backup and restore plane states doesn't maintain refcount,. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. This Memory Leak vulnerability could allow attackers to exhaust available memory leading to denial of service.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: btrfs: add a sanity check for btrfs root in btrfs_search_slot() Syzbot reports a null-ptr-deref in btrfs_search_slot(). Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. This NULL Pointer Dereference vulnerability could allow attackers to crash the application by dereferencing a null pointer.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: kunit: Fix potential null dereference in kunit_device_driver_test() kunit_kzalloc() may return a NULL pointer, dereferencing it. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. This NULL Pointer Dereference vulnerability could allow attackers to crash the application by dereferencing a null pointer.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: kunit: string-stream: Fix a UAF bug in kunit_init_suite() In kunit_debugfs_create_suite(), if alloc_string_stream() fails in the. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.8), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. This Use After Free vulnerability could allow attackers to access freed memory to execute arbitrary code or crash the application.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: mtd: spinand: winbond: Fix 512GW, 01GW, 01JW and 02JW ECC information These four chips: * W25N512GW * W25N01GW * W25N01JW *. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

Command Injection in Minidlna version v1.3.3 and before allows an attacker to execute arbitrary OS commands via a specially crafted minidlna.conf configuration file. Rated high severity (CVSS 8.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. Epss exploitation probability 32.7% and no vendor patch available.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: net/sched: netem: account for backlog updates from child qdisc In general, 'qlen' of any classful qdisc should keep track of the. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

Soft Serve is a self-hostable Git server for the command line. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. This Path Traversal vulnerability could allow attackers to access files and directories outside the intended path.

When batch jobs are executed by pgAgent, a script is created in a temporary directory and then executed. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.

matrix-rust-sdk is an implementation of a Matrix client-server library in Rust. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.3), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.

Exposure of Environmental Variables and arbitrary INI file values to an Unauthorized Actor vulnerability in The Document Foundation LibreOffice. Rated medium severity (CVSS 6.7), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.

Deno is a JavaScript, TypeScript, and WebAssembly runtime with secure defaults. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.

In FRRouting (FRR) before 10.3 from 6.0 onward, all routes are re-validated if the total size of an update received via RTR exceeds the internal socket's buffer size, default 4K on most OSes. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.

Redis is an open source, in-memory database that persists on disk. Rated medium severity (CVSS 4.4), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.

Redis versions prior to 7.4.2, 7.2.7, and 6.2.17 contain a use-after-free vulnerability in the Lua scripting engine that allows authenticated users to achieve remote code execution. By manipulating the garbage collector through crafted Lua scripts, attackers can corrupt memory and execute arbitrary code on the Redis server.

Suricata is a network Intrusion Detection System, Intrusion Prevention System and Network Security Monitoring engine. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity.

Suricata is a network Intrusion Detection System, Intrusion Prevention System and Network Security Monitoring engine. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity.

Suricata is a network Intrusion Detection System, Intrusion Prevention System and Network Security Monitoring engine. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.9), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required.

go-git is a highly extensible git implementation library written in pure Go. Rated high severity (CVSS 7.5), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.

go-git is a highly extensible git implementation library written in pure Go. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.2), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: media: dvb-frontends: dib3000mb: fix uninit-value in dib3000_write_reg Syzbot reports [1] an uninitialized value issue found by. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity. This Use of Uninitialized Resource vulnerability could allow attackers to access uninitialized memory causing crashes or information disclosure.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: bpf: Fix bpf_get_smp_processor_id() on !CONFIG_SMP On x86-64 calling bpf_get_smp_processor_id() in a kernel with CONFIG_SMP. Rated medium severity (CVSS 5.5), this vulnerability is low attack complexity.