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CWE-177

Improper Handling of URL Encoding (Hex Encoding)

13 CVEs Avg CVSS 6.8 MITRE
2
CRITICAL
6
HIGH
3
MEDIUM
2
LOW
3
POC
0
KEV

Monthly

CVE-2026-76172 Aug 24, 10:07 HIGH POC PATCH GHSA This Week

Parsing and serialization inconsistency in fast-uri, the Node.js URI parser core to the Fastify ecosystem, allows network-accessible, unauthenticated attackers to supply percent-encoded slashes in the scheme component, causing the library to report host as undefined during parsing while serialization emits a network-path reference with an attacker-controlled authority. Applications that allowlist requests on the parsed host value, or that treat a no-authority parse result as safe to resolve against a base URI, are bypassed - enabling server-side request forgery, off-site redirects, and address-policy evasion. No public exploit has been identified at time of analysis, but the CVSS vector (AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N) confirms exploitation requires no authentication and no special configuration, making affected deployments an immediate upgrade priority.

SSRF Node.js Red Hat Suse Fast Uri
NVD GitHub
CVSS 3.1
7.5
EPSS
0.2%
CVE-2026-15371 Aug 18, 06:52 HIGH PATCH This Week

Cross-site scripting in Velociraptor's web GUI arises from unsanitized URL scheme handling in URL-typed table columns, enabling a high-privileged attacker to inject javascript: URIs that execute when a second user clicks the crafted link in the console. The scope change (S:C) in the CVSS vector confirms the XSS crosses the application's security boundary into the victim's browser session, exposing session tokens and permitting authenticated actions on behalf of the victim. No public exploit code or CISA KEV listing has been identified at time of analysis, but the C:H/I:H impact scores reflect meaningful credential theft and session hijacking potential within the Velociraptor investigation console.

XSS Velociraptor Rapid7
NVD VulDB
CVSS 3.1
8.1
EPSS
0.2%
CVE-2026-59083 Jul 14, 08:13 CRITICAL PATCH Act Now

Security constraint bypass in Apache Tomcat (8.5.0-8.5.100, 9.0.0.M1-9.0.119, 10.1.0-M1-10.1.56, 11.0.0-M1-11.0.23) lets remote attackers reach protected resources by abusing improperly handled hex URL encoding in the RewriteValve, defeating URL-pattern security constraints. Because the flaw resides in the rewrite valve, only deployments that use the RewriteValve together with security constraints are exposed, but where present an unauthenticated attacker (per CVSS PR:N) can access or manipulate resources meant to be restricted. No public exploit identified at time of analysis, and the issue is not listed in CISA KEV; EPSS data was not provided.

Authentication Bypass Apache Red Hat Tomcat Suse +2
NVD VulDB HeroDevs
CVSS 3.1
9.1
EPSS
0.2%
CVE-2026-41041 Jul 13, 03:58 PyPI CRITICAL PATCH Act Now

Improper URL encoding in Apache Gravitino versions 1.0.0 through 1.2.0 lets remote attackers inject crafted path segments through unencoded, user-supplied metadata identifiers, redirecting or manipulating the internal HTTP requests Gravitino issues on the user's behalf. Because the CVSS vector (AV:N/PR:N) indicates no authentication and yields a 9.1 Critical score with high confidentiality and integrity impact, an attacker can potentially reach unintended endpoints, tamper with metadata operations, or exfiltrate data from back-end catalog services. No public exploit identified at time of analysis, and the flaw is fixed in version 1.2.1.

Apache Code Injection Gravitino
NVD
CVSS 3.1
9.1
EPSS
0.2%
CVE-2026-29045 Mar 04, 23:16 npm HIGH PATCH This Week

Hono versions prior to 4.12.4 suffer from an authentication bypass in serveStatic when combined with route-based middleware protections due to inconsistent URL decoding between the router and file serving components. An unauthenticated remote attacker can exploit this mismatch by encoding slashes (%2F) in request paths to access protected static resources that should be restricted by middleware rules. A patch is available in version 4.12.4 and later.

Authentication Bypass Hono
NVD GitHub
CVSS 3.1
7.5
EPSS
0.0%
CVE-2026-22037 Jan 19, 17:15 npm HIGH PATCH This Week

The @fastify/express plugin prior to version 4.0.3 allows authenticated attackers to bypass path-based middleware restrictions by submitting URL-encoded characters in requests, such as using /%61dmin instead of /admin. While the middleware engine fails to match the encoded path, the underlying Fastify router correctly decodes it and routes the request to handlers, enabling unauthorized access to protected endpoints. This affects Node.js applications using vulnerable versions of the plugin.

Node.js
NVD GitHub
CVSS 3.1
8.4
EPSS
0.1%
CVE-2026-22031 Jan 19, 16:15 npm HIGH PATCH This Week

Middleware path-matching bypass in @fastify/middie before version 9.1.0 allows authenticated attackers to access protected endpoints by using URL-encoded characters in requests, as the middleware engine fails to decode paths while the underlying router does. An attacker with valid credentials can exploit this inconsistency to circumvent middleware security controls and access restricted functionality. This vulnerability requires low privileges and network access, with no patch currently available.

Authentication Bypass Fastify Middie Openjsf
NVD GitHub VulDB
CVSS 3.1
8.4
EPSS
0.1%
CVE-2026-67448 Aug 20, 21:29 Go MEDIUM PATCH GHSA This Month

Cross-site WebSocket hijacking in Mailpit 1.29.0-1.30.5 exposes live email metadata to any website the developer visits, due to a percent-encoding bypass in the origin-check middleware. The origin guard inspects the raw `RequestURI` for an `/api/` prefix, but Go's `ServeMux` routes on the percent-decoded path - so a request to `/%61pi/events` skips the guard and reaches the `/api/events` WebSocket handler, whose upgrader unconditionally accepts every origin. An attacker-controlled page can receive a live stream of message IDs, headers, subjects, and body snippets from a default, unauthenticated Mailpit instance; a working proof of concept is documented in GHSA-8r62-w5wh-fc5m, though no CISA KEV listing exists at time of analysis.

Information Disclosure Mailpit Axllent
NVD GitHub
CVSS 3.1
6.5
EPSS
0.1%
CVE-2026-6414 Apr 16, 13:09 npm MEDIUM PATCH GHSA This Month

Route guard bypass in @fastify/static 8.0.0-9.1.0 exposes files protected by Fastify path-based middleware to unauthenticated remote attackers via percent-encoded path separators. The plugin decodes %2F in URLs before filesystem path resolution, while Fastify's router evaluates the raw encoded string - guards checking for a path like /protected/ never fire when the request arrives as /protected%2F, yet @fastify/static serves the file anyway. No public exploit is identified at time of analysis and EPSS is 0.01%, but confidentiality impact is rated High when route guards are the sole access control layer.

Authentication Bypass Fastify Static
NVD GitHub
CVSS 3.1
5.9
EPSS
0.0%
CVE-2025-11990 Nov 15, 08:15 LOW Monitor

GitLab has remediated an issue in GitLab EE affecting all versions from 18.4 before 18.4.4, and 18.5 before 18.5.2 that could have allowed an authenticated user to gain CSRF tokens by exploiting. Rated low severity (CVSS 3.1), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required. No vendor patch available.

CSRF Gitlab
NVD
CVSS 3.1
3.1
EPSS
0.0%
EPSS 0% CVSS 7.5
HIGH POC PATCH This Week

Parsing and serialization inconsistency in fast-uri, the Node.js URI parser core to the Fastify ecosystem, allows network-accessible, unauthenticated attackers to supply percent-encoded slashes in the scheme component, causing the library to report host as undefined during parsing while serialization emits a network-path reference with an attacker-controlled authority. Applications that allowlist requests on the parsed host value, or that treat a no-authority parse result as safe to resolve against a base URI, are bypassed - enabling server-side request forgery, off-site redirects, and address-policy evasion. No public exploit has been identified at time of analysis, but the CVSS vector (AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N) confirms exploitation requires no authentication and no special configuration, making affected deployments an immediate upgrade priority.

SSRF Node.js Red Hat +2
NVD GitHub
EPSS 0% CVSS 8.1
HIGH PATCH This Week

Cross-site scripting in Velociraptor's web GUI arises from unsanitized URL scheme handling in URL-typed table columns, enabling a high-privileged attacker to inject javascript: URIs that execute when a second user clicks the crafted link in the console. The scope change (S:C) in the CVSS vector confirms the XSS crosses the application's security boundary into the victim's browser session, exposing session tokens and permitting authenticated actions on behalf of the victim. No public exploit code or CISA KEV listing has been identified at time of analysis, but the C:H/I:H impact scores reflect meaningful credential theft and session hijacking potential within the Velociraptor investigation console.

XSS Velociraptor Rapid7
NVD VulDB
EPSS 0% CVSS 9.1
CRITICAL PATCH Act Now

Security constraint bypass in Apache Tomcat (8.5.0-8.5.100, 9.0.0.M1-9.0.119, 10.1.0-M1-10.1.56, 11.0.0-M1-11.0.23) lets remote attackers reach protected resources by abusing improperly handled hex URL encoding in the RewriteValve, defeating URL-pattern security constraints. Because the flaw resides in the rewrite valve, only deployments that use the RewriteValve together with security constraints are exposed, but where present an unauthenticated attacker (per CVSS PR:N) can access or manipulate resources meant to be restricted. No public exploit identified at time of analysis, and the issue is not listed in CISA KEV; EPSS data was not provided.

Authentication Bypass Apache Red Hat +4
NVD VulDB HeroDevs
EPSS 0% CVSS 9.1
CRITICAL PATCH Act Now

Improper URL encoding in Apache Gravitino versions 1.0.0 through 1.2.0 lets remote attackers inject crafted path segments through unencoded, user-supplied metadata identifiers, redirecting or manipulating the internal HTTP requests Gravitino issues on the user's behalf. Because the CVSS vector (AV:N/PR:N) indicates no authentication and yields a 9.1 Critical score with high confidentiality and integrity impact, an attacker can potentially reach unintended endpoints, tamper with metadata operations, or exfiltrate data from back-end catalog services. No public exploit identified at time of analysis, and the flaw is fixed in version 1.2.1.

Apache Code Injection Gravitino
NVD
EPSS 0% CVSS 7.5
HIGH PATCH This Week

Hono versions prior to 4.12.4 suffer from an authentication bypass in serveStatic when combined with route-based middleware protections due to inconsistent URL decoding between the router and file serving components. An unauthenticated remote attacker can exploit this mismatch by encoding slashes (%2F) in request paths to access protected static resources that should be restricted by middleware rules. A patch is available in version 4.12.4 and later.

Authentication Bypass Hono
NVD GitHub
EPSS 0% CVSS 8.4
HIGH PATCH This Week

The @fastify/express plugin prior to version 4.0.3 allows authenticated attackers to bypass path-based middleware restrictions by submitting URL-encoded characters in requests, such as using /%61dmin instead of /admin. While the middleware engine fails to match the encoded path, the underlying Fastify router correctly decodes it and routes the request to handlers, enabling unauthorized access to protected endpoints. This affects Node.js applications using vulnerable versions of the plugin.

Node.js
NVD GitHub
EPSS 0% CVSS 8.4
HIGH PATCH This Week

Middleware path-matching bypass in @fastify/middie before version 9.1.0 allows authenticated attackers to access protected endpoints by using URL-encoded characters in requests, as the middleware engine fails to decode paths while the underlying router does. An attacker with valid credentials can exploit this inconsistency to circumvent middleware security controls and access restricted functionality. This vulnerability requires low privileges and network access, with no patch currently available.

Authentication Bypass Fastify Middie Openjsf
NVD GitHub VulDB
EPSS 0% CVSS 6.5
MEDIUM PATCH This Month

Cross-site WebSocket hijacking in Mailpit 1.29.0-1.30.5 exposes live email metadata to any website the developer visits, due to a percent-encoding bypass in the origin-check middleware. The origin guard inspects the raw `RequestURI` for an `/api/` prefix, but Go's `ServeMux` routes on the percent-decoded path - so a request to `/%61pi/events` skips the guard and reaches the `/api/events` WebSocket handler, whose upgrader unconditionally accepts every origin. An attacker-controlled page can receive a live stream of message IDs, headers, subjects, and body snippets from a default, unauthenticated Mailpit instance; a working proof of concept is documented in GHSA-8r62-w5wh-fc5m, though no CISA KEV listing exists at time of analysis.

Information Disclosure Mailpit Axllent
NVD GitHub
EPSS 0% CVSS 5.9
MEDIUM PATCH This Month

Route guard bypass in @fastify/static 8.0.0-9.1.0 exposes files protected by Fastify path-based middleware to unauthenticated remote attackers via percent-encoded path separators. The plugin decodes %2F in URLs before filesystem path resolution, while Fastify's router evaluates the raw encoded string - guards checking for a path like /protected/ never fire when the request arrives as /protected%2F, yet @fastify/static serves the file anyway. No public exploit is identified at time of analysis and EPSS is 0.01%, but confidentiality impact is rated High when route guards are the sole access control layer.

Authentication Bypass Fastify Static
NVD GitHub
EPSS 0% CVSS 3.1
LOW Monitor

GitLab has remediated an issue in GitLab EE affecting all versions from 18.4 before 18.4.4, and 18.5 before 18.5.2 that could have allowed an authenticated user to gain CSRF tokens by exploiting. Rated low severity (CVSS 3.1), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required. No vendor patch available.

CSRF Gitlab
NVD

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