What is the CVSS score of CVE-2025-9312?

CVE-2025-9312 has a CVSS 3.1 base score of 9.8 (Critical). CVSS vector: CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H. EPSS exploitation probability: 0.1%.

How to fix or mitigate CVE-2025-9312?

Within 7 days: Identify all affected systems and apply vendor patches promptly. Audit authentication configurations and rotate any potentially compromised credentials.

Api Manager CVE-2025-9312

CRITICAL

Missing Authentication for Critical Function (CWE-306)

2025-11-18 ed10eef1-636d-4fbe-9993-6890dfa878f8

Authentication Bypass Api Control Plane Api Manager Identity Server Identity Server As Key Manager Open Banking Am Open Banking Iam Open Banking Km Traffic Manager Universal Gateway Wso2

9.8

CVSS 3.1 · NVD

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Vulnerability Assessment

Weakness	CWE CWE-306 OWASP Top 10:2025 A07:2025 - Authentication Failures ASVS 5.0 V6 - Authentication Authentication required for critical functions MITRE ATT&CK 1 technique across 1 tactic: Initial Access The technique list with ATT&CK links and the kill-chain view is part of the Basic plan and up. Sign in to read
Impact	CVSS score of 9.8 (CRITICAL). Attack characteristics: network attack vector, low complexity, no privileges required, no user interaction not required. EPSS exploitation probability: 0.06%.
Exploit ScenarioDerived	A remote attacker could access critical functionality without authentication by sending crafted requests to the affected application. No authentication is required to exploit this vulnerability.

This Week Schedule remediation this week. Why: CRITICAL severity.

No patch listed yet 0.1% exploitation probability (EPSS)

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AnalysisAIv1 – Mar 28, 2026

A missing authentication enforcement vulnerability exists in the mutual TLS (mTLS) implementation used by System REST APIs and SOAP services in multiple WSO2 products. Rated critical severity (CVSS 9.8), this vulnerability is remotely exploitable, no authentication required, low attack complexity. No vendor patch available.

RemediationAI

No vendor patch is available at time of analysis. Monitor vendor advisories for updates. Require authentication for all sensitive operations, implement defense in depth.

Affects your stack

Find out whether the stacks and servers you run are on an affected version.

Checking this CVE against your own stacks and servers is part of the Basic plan and up.

Technical ContextAI · show details

This vulnerability is classified as Missing Authentication for Critical Function (CWE-306), which allows attackers to access critical functionality without authentication. A missing authentication enforcement vulnerability exists in the mutual TLS (mTLS) implementation used by System REST APIs and SOAP services in multiple WSO2 products. Due to improper validation of client certificate-based authentication in certain default configurations, the affected components may permit unauthenticated requests even when mTLS is enabled. This condition occurs when relying on the default mTLS settings for System REST APIs or when the mTLS authenticator is enabled for SOAP services, causing these interfaces to accept requests without enforcing additional authentication. Successful exploitation allows a malicious actor with network access to the affected endpoints to gain administrative privileges and perform unauthorized operations. The vulnerability is exploitable only when the impacted mTLS flows are enabled and accessible in a given deployment. Other certificate-based authentication mechanisms such as Mutual TLS OAuth client authentication and X.509 login flows are not affected, and APIs served through the API Gateway of WSO2 API Manager remain unaffected. Affected products include: Wso2 Api Control Plane, Wso2 Api Manager, Wso2 Identity Server, Wso2 Identity Server As Key Manager, Wso2 Open Banking Am.

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Exploit and PoC references, threat intelligence from 22 sources

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Severity by source

NVD PRIMARY 9.8 CRITICAL

AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

Primary rating from NVD · only source for this CVE.

CVSS VectorNVD

Attack Vector

Network

Attack Complexity

Low

Privileges Required

None

User Interaction

None

Scope

Unchanged

Confidentiality

High

Integrity

High

Availability

High

DescriptionCVE.org

A missing authentication enforcement vulnerability exists in the mutual TLS (mTLS) implementation used by System REST APIs and SOAP services in multiple WSO2 products. Due to improper validation of client certificate-based authentication in certain default configurations, the affected components may permit unauthenticated requests even when mTLS is enabled. This condition occurs when relying on the default mTLS settings for System REST APIs or when the mTLS authenticator is enabled for SOAP services, causing these interfaces to accept requests without enforcing additional authentication.

Successful exploitation allows a malicious actor with network access to the affected endpoints to gain administrative privileges and perform unauthorized operations. The vulnerability is exploitable only when the impacted mTLS flows are enabled and accessible in a given deployment. Other certificate-based authentication mechanisms such as Mutual TLS OAuth client authentication and X.509 login flows are not affected, and APIs served through the API Gateway of WSO2 API Manager remain unaffected.

Executive ViewAI

Why It Matters

CVE-2025-9312 presents critical security risk, a missing authentication vulnerability rated CVSS 9.8. Attackers could bypass security controls to gain unauthorized access to protected resources and sensitive data. Organizations should apply vendor updates immediately when available and implement compensating controls in the interim.

Business Impact: Severe

Compensating Controls

Apply vendor patch. If immediate patching is not feasible: (1) Implement network-level access controls; (2) Enable MFA where possible; (3) Monitor authentication logs for anomalous access.

Threat Intelligence Overview

EPSS Score

0.1%

Top 82% exploitable

How this decision was reached

The engine reads each signal below and applies a fixed list of rules from top to bottom. The first rule that matches sets the recommended action – like a statement, every line is shown.

SignalValue

Severity CRITICAL

CISA KEV No

Public POC No

EPSS 0.1%

Patch available No

Active threat No

Deciding rule

CRITICAL severity

What every action level means

Emergency Immediate action required. Criteria: CRITICAL + in CISA KEV (actively exploited) without patch, OR CRITICAL + EPSS > 30% without patch, OR CRITICAL + active threat signals without patch.

Act Now Prioritize within 24-48h. Criteria: in KEV with patch available, OR CRITICAL + public POC, OR HIGH + EPSS > 10%, OR CRITICAL + active threat, OR any CRITICAL severity.

This Week Schedule remediation this week. Criteria: HIGH severity (CVSS 7.0-8.9). Patch within normal change window.

This Month Plan within 30 days. Criteria: MEDIUM severity (CVSS 4.0-6.9), lower exploitation probability. Include in regular patch cycle.

Monitor Track and reassess. Criteria: LOW severity (CVSS 0.1-3.9), minimal exploitation risk. No immediate action needed.

SSVC AssessmentENISA

SSVC Decision· derived

Out-of-Cycle

Exploitation· derived

None

System Exposure· derived

Open

Automatable· derived

Yes

Human Impact

Very High

Priority Score

Low Medium High Critical

KEV: 0

EPSS: 0

CVSS: +49

PoC: 0

Weaponized: 0

Threat intel: 0

Gov advisory: 0

Attack Technique

Authentication Bypass CRITICAL

Authentication bypass attacks exploit flaws in the verification mechanisms that control access to systems and applications.

Affected Products (CPE)CVE.org

cpe:2.3:a:wso2:api_control_plane:4.5.0:-:*:*:*:*:*:*

cpe:2.3:a:wso2:api_manager:2.2.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*

cpe:2.3:a:wso2:api_manager:2.5.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*

cpe:2.3:a:wso2:api_manager:2.6.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*

cpe:2.3:a:wso2:api_manager:3.0.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*

cpe:2.3:a:wso2:api_manager:3.1.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*

cpe:2.3:a:wso2:api_manager:3.2.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*

cpe:2.3:a:wso2:api_manager:3.2.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*

cpe:2.3:a:wso2:api_manager:4.0.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*

cpe:2.3:a:wso2:api_manager:4.1.0:-:*:*:*:*:*:*

cpe:2.3:a:wso2:api_manager:4.2.0:-:*:*:*:*:*:*

cpe:2.3:a:wso2:api_manager:4.3.0:-:*:*:*:*:*:*

cpe:2.3:a:wso2:api_manager:4.4.0:-:*:*:*:*:*:*

cpe:2.3:a:wso2:api_manager:4.5.0:-:*:*:*:*:*:*

cpe:2.3:a:wso2:identity_server:5.2.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*

cpe:2.3:a:wso2:identity_server:5.3.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*

cpe:2.3:a:wso2:identity_server:5.4.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*

cpe:2.3:a:wso2:identity_server:5.4.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*

cpe:2.3:a:wso2:identity_server:5.5.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*

cpe:2.3:a:wso2:identity_server:5.6.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*

+ 24 more

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References

Advisories & patches

ADVISORY https://security.docs.wso2.com/en/latest/security-announcements/security-advisories/2025/WSO2-2025-4494/

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GitHub PoC

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