What is the CVSS score of CVE-2025-60021?

CVE-2025-60021 has a CVSS 3.1 base score of 9.8 (Critical). CVSS vector: CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H. EPSS exploitation probability: 0.1%.

How to fix or mitigate CVE-2025-60021?

Within 24 hours: Identify all affected systems and apply vendor patches immediately. Validate that input sanitization is in place for all user-controlled parameters.

Brpc CVE-2025-60021

Q: Which versions of Brpc are affected by CVE-2025-60021?

CVE-2025-60021 presents critical security risk, a command injection vulnerability rated CVSS 9.8.

CRITICAL

Command Injection (CWE-77)

2026-01-16 security@apache.org

Apache Command Injection Github Brpc

9.8

CVSS 3.1 · NVD

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Vulnerability Assessment

Weakness	CWE CWE-77 OWASP Top 10:2025 A05:2025 - Injection ASVS 5.0 V1 - Encoding and Sanitization Command injection prevention MITRE ATT&CK 1 technique across 1 tactic: Execution The technique list with ATT&CK links and the kill-chain view is part of the Basic plan and up. Sign in to read
Impact	High impact for services exposing bRPC's built-in debug/profiling endpoints. The heap profiler is often enabled in development but may persist in production deployments.
Exploit ScenarioDerived	An attacker sends a crafted request to the heap profiler endpoint, injecting OS commands that execute with the bRPC service's privileges, potentially gaining a shell on the server.

Act Now Prioritize within 24-48h. Why: CRITICAL severity.

No patch listed yet 0.1% exploitation probability (EPSS)

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AnalysisAIv1 – Mar 12, 2026

Apache bRPC versions before 1.15.0 contain a remote command injection vulnerability in the heap profiler built-in service, allowing attackers to execute arbitrary OS commands.

Earlier versions of this analysis (1)

v1 Mar 12, 2026 - 21:54 CVSS 9.8

Remote command injection in Apache bRPC's heap profiler enables OS-level RCE.

RemediationAI

Upgrade to Apache bRPC 1.15.0 or later. Disable built-in profiling services in production. Restrict access to debug endpoints.

Affects your stack

Find out whether the stacks and servers you run are on an affected version.

Checking this CVE against your own stacks and servers is part of the Basic plan and up.

Technical ContextAI · show details

The built-in heap profiler service in Apache bRPC (all versions < 1.15.0) processes user input without proper sanitization (CWE-77), allowing injection of arbitrary OS commands through the profiling interface.

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Exploit and PoC references, threat intelligence from 22 sources

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Severity by source

NVD PRIMARY 9.8 CRITICAL

AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

Primary rating from NVD · only source for this CVE.

CVSS VectorNVD

Attack Vector

Network

Attack Complexity

Low

Privileges Required

None

User Interaction

None

Scope

Unchanged

Confidentiality

High

Integrity

High

Availability

High

DescriptionCVE.org

Remote command injection vulnerability in heap profiler builtin service in Apache bRPC ((all versions < 1.15.0)) on all platforms allows attacker to inject remote command.

Root Cause: The bRPC heap profiler built-in service (/pprof/heap) does not validate the user-provided extra_options parameter and executes it as a command-line argument. Attackers can execute remote commands using the extra_options parameter..

Affected scenarios: Use the built-in bRPC heap profiler service to perform jemalloc memory profiling.

How to Fix: we provide two methods, you can choose one of them:

Upgrade bRPC to version 1.15.0.
Apply this patch ( https://github.com/apache/brpc/pull/3101 ) manually.

Executive ViewAI

Why It Matters

CVE-2025-60021 presents critical security risk, a command injection vulnerability rated CVSS 9.8. Successful exploitation could allow attackers to execute arbitrary code or commands on affected systems, potentially leading to full system compromise. Organizations should apply vendor updates immediately when available and implement compensating controls in the interim.

Business Impact: Severe

Compensating Controls

Apply vendor patch. If immediate patching is not feasible: (1) Deploy WAF rules to block injection patterns; (2) Restrict network access to affected components; (3) Enable enhanced logging for suspicious activity.

Threat Intelligence Overview

EPSS Score

0.1%

Top 68% exploitable

Data Quality

3 sources

Confidence: Low

NVD

CVE.org

EPSS

How this decision was reached

The engine reads each signal below and applies a fixed list of rules from top to bottom. The first rule that matches sets the recommended action – like a statement, every line is shown.

SignalValue

Severity CRITICAL

CISA KEV No

Public POC No

EPSS 0.1%

Patch available No

Active threat No

Deciding rule

CRITICAL severity

What every action level means

Emergency Immediate action required. Criteria: CRITICAL + in CISA KEV (actively exploited) without patch, OR CRITICAL + EPSS > 30% without patch, OR CRITICAL + active threat signals without patch.

Act Now Prioritize within 24-48h. Criteria: in KEV with patch available, OR CRITICAL + public POC, OR HIGH + EPSS > 10%, OR CRITICAL + active threat, OR any CRITICAL severity.

This Week Schedule remediation this week. Criteria: HIGH severity (CVSS 7.0-8.9). Patch within normal change window.

This Month Plan within 30 days. Criteria: MEDIUM severity (CVSS 4.0-6.9), lower exploitation probability. Include in regular patch cycle.

Monitor Track and reassess. Criteria: LOW severity (CVSS 0.1-3.9), minimal exploitation risk. No immediate action needed.